Fear of COVID-19 and related factors affecting mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy during the pandemic

Ergün, Sibel; Kaynak, Serap; Aydın, Beray

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0130en

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 56 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0130en copy

Fear of COVID-19 and related factors affecting mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy during the pandemic

O Medo da COVID-19 e Fatores Relacionados que Afetam a Autoeficácia do Aleitamento Materno durante a Pandemia

El Miedo al COVID-19 y Factores Relacionados que Afectan la Autoeficacia de Lactancia Materna durante la Pandemia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers during the pandemic period, to compare them according to various characteristics, and to examine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Method:

The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional were collected through a web-based survey of 392 mothers between June and August 2021. The data collection tools were the Introductory Data Form, the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.

Results:

The mean score for breastfeeding self-efficacy was found to be 56.18 ± 8.24, while the mean score for the Fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.77 ± 6.14. Having a high fear of COVID-19, breastfeeding more frequently in this period, and suspecting that they had COVID-19 affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy scores positively, whereas graduating from primary school had a negative effect on self-efficacy.

Conclusion:

The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers who were fearful of COVID-19, who breastfed more frequently during the pandemic, and who had a higher education level were positively affected.

DESCRIPTORS
Breast Feeding; Pandemic; Mothers; COVID-19; Self Efficacy

	Items	Min–Max	X	SD
BSES–SF	14	14–70	56.18	8.24
FCV–19S	7	7–35	21.77	6.14

Variables	Frequency	Breastfeeding self-efficacy, mean (SD)	Fear of COVID-19, mean (SD)
Mother’s age (y) (avg. age: 29.53 ± 4.99 (min:18, max:45))
Baby’s age (m) (avg. age: 9.56 ± 5.73 (min:1, max:24))
Education
Primary school	50 (12.8)	52.96 (8.75)	21.84 (4.87)
High school	221 (56.4)	55.68 (8.74)	21.36 (6.54)
University	121 (30.9)	58.43 (6.33)	22.50 (5.84)
		F = 9.113; p = .000,	F = 1.355; p = .259
		1 < 3^, 2 < 3^
Occupation
Housewife	211	56.10 (8.17)	6.00 (0.41)
Government employee	135	56.02 (8.01)	6.33 (0.54)
Self-employed	46	57.04 (9.30)	6.23 (0.91)
		F = .285; p = .752	F = .960; p = .384
Residence
Village	19 (4.8)	54.05 (9.96)	19.15 (7.00)
District	125 (31.9)	55.50 (8.59)	21.15 (3.37)
Urban area	248 (63.3)	56.69 (7.90)	22.29 (5.90)
		F = 1.537; p = .216	F = 3.272; p = .039,
			3 < 1, 3 < 2
Economic Status
Low-income	29	55.44 (6.77)	23.65 (6.00)
Middle-income	342	56.26 (8.17)	21.64 (6.06)
High-income	21	55.95 (11.15)	21.23 (7.43)
		F = .139; p = .870	F = 1.512; p = .222

	M (SD)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Breastfeeding self-efficacy	56.18 (8.24)	1
2. Fear of COVID-19	21.77 (6.14)	.148^**	1
3. Having COVID-19 while breastfeeding	0.204 (0.40)	–.013	.039	1
4. Expressing breast milk during the pandemic	0.096 (0.29)	–.091	.022	.155^**	1
5. Breastfeeding behavior of mothers with suspected COVID-19	0.760 (0.42)	.197^**	.094	.136^**	.043	1
6. Mother with COVID-19 breastfeeding her baby while masked	0.257 (0.43)	–.041	.191^**	.150^**	.182^**	–.011	1
7. Breast milk protects baby from COVID-19	0.765 (0.42)	.048	.109^*	.041	.059	.154^**	.106^*	1

Variables	Unstandardized Standardized			t	p	95% CI
Variables	B	SE	β	t	p	95% CI
(Constant)	41.500	2.135		19.441	.000	37.30 to 45.69
Fear of COVID-19	.178	.063	.133	2.811	.005^**	.05 to .30
Breastfeeding more frequently during the pandemic (1 = Yes)	11.442	1.615	.333	7.085	.000^***	8.26 to .14.61
Breastfeeding by mothers with COVID-19 (1 = Yes)	–1.890	1.369	–.084	–1.381	.168	–4.58 to 0.80
Breastfeeding behavior of mothers with suspected COVID-19 (1 = Yes)	3.208	1.154	.166	2.779	.006^**	.93 to 5.47
Wearing a mask while breastfeeding (1 = Yes)	–.957	.900	–.051	–1.063	.288	–2.72 to 0.81
Education level (1:Primary school)	–3.068	1.159	–.124	–2.646	.008^**	–5.34 to –.78
Expressing breast milk during the pandemic (1 = Yes)	–1.307	1.318	–.047	–.992	.322	–3.89 to 1.28
COVID-19 diagnosis during pregnancy (1 = Yes)	–.204	1.309	–.007	–.156	.876	–2.77 to –2.37

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419 , 05403-000 São Paulo - SP/ Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 3061-7553, - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Sibel Ergün Bigadiç Street, Çağış Campus 10145 - Balıkesir, Turkey sibel.ergun@balikesir.edu.tr