<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> latent infection in healthcare students: systematic review of prevalence

Lima, Renata Silva de; Silva, Rodrigo Nogueira da; André, Suzana Rosa; Pinheiro, Ana Kedma Correa; Sousa, Ana Inês; Silva, Ingrid Fabiane Santos da; Santos, Juliano dos; Nogueira, Laura Maria Vidal; Zeitoune, Regina Célia Gollner

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2023-0238en

Renata Silva de Lima

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-9052

Rodrigo Nogueira da Silva

Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-5239

Suzana Rosa André

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4219-9279

Ana Kedma Correa Pinheiro

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-2942

Ana Inês Sousa

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-0723

Ingrid Fabiane Santos da Silva

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-833X

Juliano dos Santos

Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9961-3576

Laura Maria Vidal Nogueira

Universidade do Estado do Pará, Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata, Belém, PA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-065-4509

Regina Célia Gollner Zeitoune

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-8166

Corresponding author: Regina Célia Gollner Zeitoune , Rua Pereira de Siqueira, 20/101, Tijuca., 20550-020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, regina.zeitoune@gmail.com

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Elizabeth Fujimori

Study ID	Study type	Country	Undergraduate course	Diagnostic cut-off point	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
A1(²⁰20. Verso MG, Serra N, Ciccarello A, Romanin B, Di Carlo P. Latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare students and postgraduates in a mediterranean italian area: what correlation with work exposure? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):137. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010137. PubMed PMID: 31878124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010137... )	Cross-sectional analytic study	Italy	Undergraduate and graduate medical students	TST: ≥10 mm; IGRA: ≥ 0.35 IU	Asymptomatic undergraduate and graduate students who provided informed consent	Previous positive reaction to the Mantoux test or QTF-IT; loss to follow-up due to missed appointments for data collection, such as the TST test, quantiferon analysis, and the clinical record; inaccurate data provided; and refusal to sign the terms of free and informed consent
A2(²¹21. Durando P, Sotgiu G, Spigno F, Piccinini M, Mazzarello G, Viscoli C, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors among undergraduate healthcare students in Italy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):443. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-443. PubMed PMID: 24059355. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-443... )	Cross-sectional analytic study	Italy	Medical, nursing, pediatric and obstetrical nursing	TST: ≥10 mm; IGRA: not informed	Students in the last three years of medical school (clinical practice) and all the first-year students in the nursing school, pediatric nursing, and obstetrics	Students in the last three years of medical school
A3(²²22. Hohmuth BA, Yamanija JC, Dayal AS, Nardell E, Salazar JJ, Smith Fawzi MC. Latent tuberculosis infection: risks to health care students at a hospital in Lima, Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(10):1146–51. PubMed PMID: 17044209.)	Cohort study	Peru	Nursing, medical, pharmacology, laboratory technicians, engineering, preclinical nutrition, and veterinary	TST: ≥10 mm	Health care students (Nursing, Medical, Pharmacy and Laboratory Technicians) and non-health care students (mostly Engineering, plus Preclinical Nutrition and Veterinary)	History of active TB, history of positive TST, diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or cancer, and chronic immunosuppressive treatment
A4(²³23. Andrade AV, Rubio IV, Guzmán LL, Lira AJ. Prevalencia de tuberculosis latente en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México. RUE [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 8];12(2):37–42. Available from: http://rue.fenf.edu.uy/index.php/rue/article/view/227/221. http://rue.fenf.edu.uy/index.php/rue/art... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Mexico	Undergraduate nursing students	Not informed	All the first and eighth semester students who wished to participate and signed the Free and Informed Consent Form	History of pulmonary or extra pulmonary tuberculosis; HIV infection; history of cancer, connective tissue disease, liver or kidney disease, those receiving chronic treatment with immunosuppressants, and pregnant women
A5(²⁴24. Lamberti M, Uccello R, Monaco MGL, Muoio M, Sannolo N, Arena P, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors among 1557 nursing students in a context of low endemicity. Open Nurs J. 2015;9(1):10–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434601509010010. 25852786. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874434601509010... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Italy	Nursing and pediatric nursing students	TST: ≥10 mm; IGRA: ≥ 0.35 IU	All nursing and pediatric nursing students, attending 1st and 3rd years, were actively recruited to screen for TB risk assessment	Not informed
A6(²⁵25. Medina J, Hernández J, Fuentes Alcala Z, Briceño Caveda E, Fariñas Fuentes G. Prevalencia de Infección Tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Acta odontol venez [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Jan 8];51(3):2013.tab. Available from: https://www.actaodontologica.com/ediciones/2013/3/art-10/. https://www.actaodontologica.com/edicion... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Venezuela	Dentistry	TST: ≥10 mm (students with induration > 15 mm were assessed for active TB)	Students in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of the Universidad Central de Venezuela School of Dentistry in 2007 who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study	History of pulmonary or extra pulmonary tuberculosis; HIV infection; history of cancer, connective tissue diseases, liver or kidney disease, and those who have received chronic treatment with immunosuppressants
A7(²⁶26. Bonini S, Riccelli M, Goldoni M, Selis L, Corradi M. Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in health profession’s students of the University of Parma. Acta Biomed. 2017;88(1S):54–60. 28327495.)	Analytical cross-sectional study	Italy	Undergraduate medical and surgical students and health professions	TST: ≥10 mm	Students of the Undergraduate Course of Medicine and Surgery and the Health Profession at the University of Parma	Not informed
A8(²⁷27. Christopher DJ, Shankar D, Datey A, Zwerling A, Pai M. Safety of the two-step tuberculin skin test in Indian health care workers. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2014;3(4):247–51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10.004. PubMed PMID: 26786623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10... )	Cohort study	India	Nursing	TST: ≥10 mm	All nursing students were prospectively approached for participation in a cohort study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for LTBI and the annual rate of TB infection	Not informed
A9(²⁸28. Pérez-Lu JE, Cárcamo CP, García PJ, Bussalleu A, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Tuberculin skin test conversion among health sciences students: A retrospective cohort study. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2013;93(2):257–62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.001. PubMed PMID: 23116653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.0... )	Cohort study	Peru	Dentistry, nursing, medical technology, medical, education, science, health administration, and veterinary	TST: ≥10 mm	Career variables were established: – Clinical career: dentistry, nursing, medical technology, and medical – Non-clinical career: education, health sciences and administration, veterinary	Students with a positive TST at the beginning of the study were excluded from the TST conversion analysis
A10(²⁹29. Christopher DJ, Daley P, Armstrong L, James P, Gupta R, Premkumar B, et al. Tuberculosis Infection among Young Nursing Trainees in South India. PLoS One. 2010 Apr 29;5(4):e10408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.001... )	Cohort study	India	Nursing	TST: ≥10 mm	All nursing students enrolled in 2007 in the different undergraduate and graduate programs	Students with a prior history of active TB were excluded from the study
A11(³⁰30. Calixto-Aguilar L, Manrique-Zegarra M, Gotuzzo-Herencia E, Samalvides-Cuba F. Conductas frente al viraje de la prueba de Tuberculina en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Lima, Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2016;33(2):283–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332.2216. PubMed PMID: 27656929. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Peru	Medicine	TST: ≥10 mm	Medical school students from the second to the seventh year of study	Not informed
A12(³¹31. Garza GAM, Llodra CJC, Arce MAY. Detección de anticuerpos IgM e IgG contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis en estudiantes de la facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. Oral [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jan 8];12(37):724–30. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=33616. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Mexico	Dentistry	Not informed	Students of the Faculty of Dentistry	Not informed
A13(³²32. Dagnew AF, Hussein J, Abebe M, Zewdie M, Mihret A, Bedru A, et al. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthy young adults in a country with high tuberculosis burden and BCG vaccination at birth. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):415. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-415. PubMed PMID: 22870897. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-415... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Ethiopia	Physicians and paramedics	TST: ≥10 mm;	A13	Analytical cross-sectional study
A14(³³33. Rennie TW, Udjombala B, Chipeio M, Kraeker C, Hunter CJ. Health students’ knowledge and infectious disease exposure: findings from a cross-sectional study in Namibia. Int Health. 2019;11(6):616–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz052. PubMed PMID: 31260043. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz052... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Namibia	Not informed	Not informed	Not informed	Not informed
A15(³⁴34. Alsharif MH, Alsulami AA, Alsharef M, Albanna AS, Wali SO. Incidence of latent tuberculosis infection among health science students during clinical training. Ann Thorac Med. 2020;15(1):33–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_230_19. PubMed PMID: 32002045. https://doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_230_19... )	Cohort study	Saudi Arabia	Medical, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy, laboratory sciences, and nutrition	TST: ≥10 mm	Undergraduate students who completed clinical training at the following colleges from 2010 to 2017: medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, and applied medical sciences (including physical therapy, laboratory sciences, and nutrition). Students tested for TB with the TST before and after clinical training as undergraduate students were included	Students with active TB were excluded
A16(³⁵35. Abdullah M, Daut U, Daud S, Mohd Romli N, Jalil M, Muhammad N, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection among medical students in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2019;12(4):181. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.257119. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.257119... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Malaysia	Medical	IGRA: ≥ 0.35 IU	1st and 5th year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia	Active TB, treated for TB, pregnant, with acute infection, or taking immunosuppressive drugs
A17(³⁶36. Teixeira EG, Menzies D, Comstock GW, Cunha AJLA, Kritski AL, Soares LC, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection among undergraduate medical students in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(8):841–7. PubMed PMID: 16104628.)	Analytical cross-sectional study	Brazil	Medical	TST: ≥10 mm	Undergraduate medical students from March 2002 to September 2003	Active TB and those who did not want to participate
A18(³⁷37. Chung-Delgado K, Guillén-Bravo S, Navarro-Huamán L, Quiroz-Portella R, Revilla-Montag A, Ruíz-Alejos A, et al. Estudiantes de medicina en riesgo: prevalencia e incidencia de conversión de PPD. Rev Chil infectología. 2012 Aug;29(4):375–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182012000400002. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-1018201200... )	Cohort study	Peru	Medical	TST: ≥10 mm	Students enrolled in medical school at the time of data collection and consenting to the use of their clinical information for analysis	Those who had a positive reading (positive TST) at the beginning of the study were excluded
A19(³⁸38. de Magalhães EF, Beraldo CL, Costa Jr JP, Mata DGMM, Beraldo BLM. Nível de exposição ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis em estudantes de medicina de uma universidade do sul de Minas. Rev Med (São Paulo). 2011;90(2):94–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v90i2p94-99. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Brazil	Medical	TST: ≥5 mm	Medical students at the Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí in 2010	Not informed
A20(³⁹39. Chaudhry D, Jain N, Singh S, Prajapat B, Agarwal A. Prevalence of Latent tuberculosis among exposed population of medical students as compared with unexposed population of non-medical students and its relation with duration of exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A3992. doi: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2017.195.1_MeetingAbstracts.A3992. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	India	MBBS, Bachelor of Science (nursing), and engineering	TST: ≥10 mm	Students admitted to MBBS, Bachelor of Science (nursing) and engineering courses from 2011 to 2014	Those on treatment for active tuberculosis, with a previous history of the disease, and immunocompromised in whom the interpretation of the TST could be falsely negative
A21(⁴⁰40. Rogerio WP, Baraona CMO, do Prado TN, Lacerda TC, Carlesso GF, Maciel ELN. Prevalência de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre estudantes da área da saúde de uma universidade pública em Vitória, ES, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet. 2013;18(5):1331–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013000500018. PubMed PMID: 23670461. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300... )	Analytical cross-sectional study	Brazil	Nursing and medicine	TST: ≥10 mm	Undergraduate nursing and medical students	Not informed
A22(⁴¹41. Chumpa N, Kawkitinarong K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Paitoonpong L, Suwanpimolkul G. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among pre-clinical and clinical medical students using QuantiFERON-TB gold plus and tuberculin skin test at a teaching hospital in Thailand: A cross-sectional study. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15(4):400–5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.02.010. PubMed PMID: 35325687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.02.0... )	Descriptive cross-sectional study	Thailand	Medicine	TST: ≥10 mm IGRA: ≥ 0.35 IU/ml	Fourth-year and sixth-year medical students	Medical students who had a history of TB, were pregnant, received systemic immunosuppressive therapy, or aged < 18 years

Study ID	Events	Sample	Prevalence (%)	Country	High-burden country
A1(²⁰20. Verso MG, Serra N, Ciccarello A, Romanin B, Di Carlo P. Latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare students and postgraduates in a mediterranean italian area: what correlation with work exposure? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):137. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010137. PubMed PMID: 31878124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010137... )	23	2082	1.10	Italy	No
A5(²⁴24. Lamberti M, Uccello R, Monaco MGL, Muoio M, Sannolo N, Arena P, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors among 1557 nursing students in a context of low endemicity. Open Nurs J. 2015;9(1):10–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434601509010010. 25852786. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874434601509010... )	20	1564	1.28	Italy	No
A2(²¹21. Durando P, Sotgiu G, Spigno F, Piccinini M, Mazzarello G, Viscoli C, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors among undergraduate healthcare students in Italy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):443. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-443. PubMed PMID: 24059355. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-443... )	10	733	1.36	Italy	No
A7(²⁶26. Bonini S, Riccelli M, Goldoni M, Selis L, Corradi M. Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in health profession’s students of the University of Parma. Acta Biomed. 2017;88(1S):54–60. 28327495.)	17	513	3.31	Italy	No
A22(⁴¹41. Chumpa N, Kawkitinarong K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Paitoonpong L, Suwanpimolkul G. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among pre-clinical and clinical medical students using QuantiFERON-TB gold plus and tuberculin skin test at a teaching hospital in Thailand: A cross-sectional study. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15(4):400–5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.02.010. PubMed PMID: 35325687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.02.0... )	6	158	3.79	Thailand	TB and TB/HIV
A16(³⁵35. Abdullah M, Daut U, Daud S, Mohd Romli N, Jalil M, Muhammad N, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection among medical students in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2019;12(4):181. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.257119. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.257119... )	6	143	4.20	Malaysia	No
A15(³⁴34. Alsharif MH, Alsulami AA, Alsharef M, Albanna AS, Wali SO. Incidence of latent tuberculosis infection among health science students during clinical training. Ann Thorac Med. 2020;15(1):33–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_230_19. PubMed PMID: 32002045. https://doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_230_19... )	108	1822	5.93	Saudi Arabia	No
A17(³⁶36. Teixeira EG, Menzies D, Comstock GW, Cunha AJLA, Kritski AL, Soares LC, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection among undergraduate medical students in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(8):841–7. PubMed PMID: 16104628.)	71	1032	6.88	Brazil	TB and TB/HIV
A14(³³33. Rennie TW, Udjombala B, Chipeio M, Kraeker C, Hunter CJ. Health students’ knowledge and infectious disease exposure: findings from a cross-sectional study in Namibia. Int Health. 2019;11(6):616–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz052. PubMed PMID: 31260043. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz052... )	28	290	9.66	Namibia	TB and TB/HIV
A9(²⁸28. Pérez-Lu JE, Cárcamo CP, García PJ, Bussalleu A, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Tuberculin skin test conversion among health sciences students: A retrospective cohort study. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2013;93(2):257–62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.001. PubMed PMID: 23116653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.0... )	527	3994	13.19	Peru	MDR/RR-TB
A18(³⁷37. Chung-Delgado K, Guillén-Bravo S, Navarro-Huamán L, Quiroz-Portella R, Revilla-Montag A, Ruíz-Alejos A, et al. Estudiantes de medicina en riesgo: prevalencia e incidencia de conversión de PPD. Rev Chil infectología. 2012 Aug;29(4):375–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182012000400002. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-1018201200... )	79	505	15.64	Peru	MDR/RR-TB
A3(²²22. Hohmuth BA, Yamanija JC, Dayal AS, Nardell E, Salazar JJ, Smith Fawzi MC. Latent tuberculosis infection: risks to health care students at a hospital in Lima, Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(10):1146–51. PubMed PMID: 17044209.)	164	944	17.37	Peru	MDR/RR-TB
A11(³⁰30. Calixto-Aguilar L, Manrique-Zegarra M, Gotuzzo-Herencia E, Samalvides-Cuba F. Conductas frente al viraje de la prueba de Tuberculina en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Lima, Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2016;33(2):283–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332.2216. PubMed PMID: 27656929. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332... )	98	548	17.88	Peru	MDR/RR-TB
A6(²⁵25. Medina J, Hernández J, Fuentes Alcala Z, Briceño Caveda E, Fariñas Fuentes G. Prevalencia de Infección Tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Acta odontol venez [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Jan 8];51(3):2013.tab. Available from: https://www.actaodontologica.com/ediciones/2013/3/art-10/. https://www.actaodontologica.com/edicion... )	23	127	18.11	Venezuela	No
A4(²³23. Andrade AV, Rubio IV, Guzmán LL, Lira AJ. Prevalencia de tuberculosis latente en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México. RUE [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 8];12(2):37–42. Available from: http://rue.fenf.edu.uy/index.php/rue/article/view/227/221. http://rue.fenf.edu.uy/index.php/rue/art... )	15	70	21.43	Mexico	No
A21(⁴⁰40. Rogerio WP, Baraona CMO, do Prado TN, Lacerda TC, Carlesso GF, Maciel ELN. Prevalência de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre estudantes da área da saúde de uma universidade pública em Vitória, ES, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet. 2013;18(5):1331–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013000500018. PubMed PMID: 23670461. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300... )	54	225	24.00	Brazil	TB and TB/HIV
A19(³⁸38. de Magalhães EF, Beraldo CL, Costa Jr JP, Mata DGMM, Beraldo BLM. Nível de exposição ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis em estudantes de medicina de uma universidade do sul de Minas. Rev Med (São Paulo). 2011;90(2):94–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v90i2p94-99. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.... )	34	120	28.33	Brazil	TB and TB/HIV
A20(³⁹39. Chaudhry D, Jain N, Singh S, Prajapat B, Agarwal A. Prevalence of Latent tuberculosis among exposed population of medical students as compared with unexposed population of non-medical students and its relation with duration of exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:A3992. doi: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2017.195.1_MeetingAbstracts.A3992. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/... )	155	522	29.69	India	TB, TB/HIV and MDR/RR-TB
A12(³¹31. Garza GAM, Llodra CJC, Arce MAY. Detección de anticuerpos IgM e IgG contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis en estudiantes de la facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. Oral [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jan 8];12(37):724–30. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=33616. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/... )	70	200	35.00	Mexico	No
A8(²⁷27. Christopher DJ, Shankar D, Datey A, Zwerling A, Pai M. Safety of the two-step tuberculin skin test in Indian health care workers. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2014;3(4):247–51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10.004. PubMed PMID: 26786623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10... )	339	755	44.90	India	TB, TB/HIV and MDR/RR-TB
A13(³²32. Dagnew AF, Hussein J, Abebe M, Zewdie M, Mihret A, Bedru A, et al. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthy young adults in a country with high tuberculosis burden and BCG vaccination at birth. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):415. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-415. PubMed PMID: 22870897. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-415... )	50	107	46.73	Ethiopia	TB and TB/HIV
A10(²⁹29. Christopher DJ, Daley P, Armstrong L, James P, Gupta R, Premkumar B, et al. Tuberculosis Infection among Young Nursing Trainees in South India. PLoS One. 2010 Apr 29;5(4):e10408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.001... )	219	436	50.23	India	TB, TB/HIV and MDR/RR-TB

[1] Corresponding author: Regina Célia Gollner Zeitoune , Rua Pereira de Siqueira, 20/101, Tijuca., 20550-020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, regina.zeitoune@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent infection in healthcare students: systematic review of prevalence

Infecção latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis em estudantes da área da saúde: revisão sistemática de prevalência

Infección latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en estudiantes de la salud: revisión sistemática de la prevalencia

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: