Vulnerabilities associated with violence against women before entering the prison system

Oliveira, Tyane Mayara Ferreira de; Ferreira, Hellen Lívia Oliveira Catunda; Freitas, Vívien Cunha Alves de; Lima, Fabiane da Silva Severino; Vasconcelos, Flávia Ximenes; Costa, Nicolau da; Pinheiro, Ana Karina Bezerra

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0167en

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 56 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0167en copy

Vulnerabilities associated with violence against women before entering the prison system

Vulnerabilidades asociadas a la violencia contra las mujeres antes de ingresar al sistema penitenciario

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to analyze the individual and social vulnerabilities of women deprived of their liberty for violence suffered before entering the prison system.

Method:

an analytical crosssectional study, carried out with 272 inmates of a female prison unit, in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, Ceará. We applied two instruments: a form to analyze sociodemographic information and the violence suffered prior to entering the prison and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), which analyzed the history of psychoactive substance use.

Results:

44.5% of women suffered violence. Most of the total sample was between 18 and 29 years old, with children, low education and income, early onset of sexual life and history of illicit drug use. Age between 18 and 29 years proved to be a protective factor against violence (OR = 0.632). Cocaine and crack use (p =0.002), amphetamines and ecstasy (p =0.018) increase the chance of violence by 2.2 to 3.3 times.

Conclusion:

aspects of the individual and social dimensions of vulnerability are associated with the occurrence of violence in women in the female prison system. Effective strategies need to be designed based on vulnerabilities to prevent violence against women.

DESCRIPTORS
Health Vulnerability; Violence Against Women; Prisons; Prisoners

Sociodemographic characterization	Report of some violence				p-value	OR^¶	95%CI
	Yes		No
	N	%	N	%
Gender identity					0.929^‡
Women	107	44.58	133	55.42		1.00	–
Not woman	14	43.75	18	56.25		0.966	0.459; 2.033
Age group					0.176^‡
18 to 29 years	73	41.48	103	58.52		0.708	0.429; 1.168
30 years and older	48	50.00	48	50.00		1.00	–
Skin color					0.669‡
White	14	50.00	14	50.00		1.00	–
Black	8	42.11	11	57.89		0.727	0.224; 2.352
Yellow	5	62.50	3	37.50		1.666	0.332; 8.352
Brown	94	43.32	123	56.68		0.764	0.347; 1.680
Marital status					0.296^†
Does not know	0	0	3	100.00		⋆	⋆
Without partner	69	45.10	84	54.90		1.01	0.622; 1.642
With partner	52	44.83	64	55.17		1.00	–
Education					0.172‡
Up to 9 years (low education)	78	47.85	85	52.15		1.408	0.862; 2.303
10 years or more (high education)	43	39.45	66	60.55		1.00	–
Occupation					0.925‡
Inactive	57	44.19	72	55.81		1.00	–
Active	64	44.76	79	55.24		0.977	0.605; 1.577
Children					0.575^‡
Yes	91	45.50	109	54.50		1.168	0.677; 2.015
No	30	41.67	42	58.33		1.00	–
Money received in the last 30 days					0.655^†
No income	63	42.57	85	57.43		1.00	–
Less than a MW"	16	41.03	23	58.97		0.938	0.458; 1.921
Between one MW" and two MW"	2	66.67	1	33.33		2.698	0.239; 30.420
Does not know the value	40	48.78	42	51.22		1.284	0.747; 2.209
Religion					0.322^‡
Without religion	17	37.78	28	62.22		1.00	–
With religion	104	45.81	123	54.19		0.718	0.372; 1.384
Welcomed by religion					0.409^‡
Does not have religion	17	37.78	28	62.22		⋆	⋆
Yes	97	45.12	118	54.88		1.0	–
No	7	58.33	5	41.67		1.703	0.524; 5.535
Coitarche					0.624^†
Virgin	1	25.00	3	75.00		⋆	⋆
Early sexual life onset (up to 15 years)	102	45.54	122	54.46		1.0	–
Non-early sexual life onset	18	40.91	26	59.09		0.840	0.436; 1.617
Drug use before being arrested during sex with a fixed partner					0.374‡
Always	30	49.18	31	50.82		1.0	–
Most of the time	7	53.85	6	46.15		1.205	0.362; 4.004
Sometimes	17	32.69	35	67.31		0.501	0.233; 1.080
Rarely	12	50.00	12	50.00		1.033	0.401; 2.657
Never	55	45.08	67	54.92		0.848	0.458; 1.570
Drug use before being arrested during sexual intercourse with casual partner					0.783^‡
Always	7	38.89	11	61.11		1.0	–
Most of the time	1	20.00	4	80.00		0.392	0.036; 4.276
Sometimes	10	41.67	14	58.33		1.122	0.322; 3.908
Rarely	2	40.00	3	60.00		1.047	0.138; 7.934
Never	101	45.91	119	54.09		1.333	0.498; 3.568

Substances used	Report of some violence				p-value	95%CI^¶	OR
	Yes		No
	N	%	N	%
Tobacco products					0.091
Yes	78	48.75	82	51.25		1.526	0.934; 2.494
No	43	38.39	69	61.61		1.0	–
Alcoholic beverages					0.177
Yes	93	46.97	105	53.03		1.455	0.842; 2.513
No	28	37.84	46	62.16		1.0	–
Marijuana					0.034
Yes	90	48.91	94	51.09		1.760	1.042; 2.973
No	31	35.23	57	64.77		1.0	–
Cocaine, crack					<0.001
Yes	77	54.61	64	45.39		2.378	1.455; 3.888
No	44	33.59	87	66.41		1.0	–
Amphetamines or ecstasy					0.003
Yes	17	73.91	6	26.09		3.950	1.506; 10.360
No	104	41.77	45	58.23		1.0	–
Inhalants					0.001
Yes	36	63.16	21	36.84		2.621	1.433; 4.794
No	85	39.53	130	60.47		1.0	–
Hypnotics/sedatives					0.049
Yes	27	57.45	20	42.55		1.881	0.995; 3.553
No	94	41.78	131	58.22		1.0	–
Hallucinogens					0.670
Yes	7	50.00	7	50.00		1.263	0.430; 3.705
No	114	44.19	144	55.81		1.0	–
Opioids					0.876
Yes	9	42.86	12	57.14		0.930	0.378; 2.287
No	112	44.62	139	55.38		1.0	–
Others					0.823
Yes	2	50.00	2	50.00		1.252	0.173; 9.020
No	119	44.40	149	55.60		1.0	–
None					0.249
Yes	109	45.80	129	54.20		1.549	0.733; 3.273
No	12	35.29	22	64.71		1.0	–

Variables	S.E.^†	x^2‡	gl	p-value	95%CI^¶	OR
Age	0.168	1.73	1	0.048	0.632	0.375; 0.904
Cocaine, crack	0.572	3.09	1	0.002	2.219	1.338; 3.679
Amphetamines or ecstasy	1.672	2.37	1	0.018	3.312	1.231; 8.910
Constantly	0.090	3.86	1	<0.001	0.486	–
Model adjustment measures
Hosmer and Lemeshow test – p-value				0.491
Omnibus test – p-value				<0.001
Nagelkerke R²				0.061

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E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Tyane Mayara Ferreira de Oliveira Rua Alexandre Baraúna, 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo 60430-160 – Fortaleza, CE, Brazil tyanemayara@hotmail.com