Percepciones de Riesgo con respecto a COVID-19 y Cumplimiento de Medidas de Protección en Estudiantes Seniors de Obstetricia y Enfermería

Ulaş, Seval Cambaz; Açıl, Dilay; Büyük, Damla Şahin; Durgun, Seçil Köken; Açışlı, Fatma Uyar

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Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 58 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2023-0303en copiar

Percepciones de Riesgo con respecto a COVID-19 y Cumplimiento de Medidas de Protección en Estudiantes Seniors de Obstetricia y Enfermería

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar las percepciones de riesgo de los estudiantes seniors de obstetricia y enfermería con respecto a COVID-19 y su cumplimiento con la vacunación y las medidas de protección.

Método:

Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo en dos años académicos con estudiantes seniors de obstetricia y enfermería (n = 358). En el presente estudio, se utilizaron las características descriptivas de los estudiantes y la escala de percepción de riesgo de COVID-19.

Resultados:

Las puntuaciones en la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de COVID-19 de los estudiantes estaban en un nivel moderado y similar en ambos años de este estudio. Más del 80% de los estudiantes estaban completamente vacunados y la historia familiar de COVID-19 fue positiva en aproximadamente la mitad de ellos. En el segundo año de la pandemia, prestaron menos atención a la distancia social y a evitar estar en interiores.

Conclusión:

Aunque las percepciones de riesgo de COVID-19 de los futuros profesionales de la salud se mantuvieron en un nivel similar durante el período examinado, se encontró que en el segundo año de la pandemia, empezaron a acostumbrarse al proceso y prestaron menos atención a las medidas de protección social.

DESCRIPTORES
COVID-19; Riesgo a la Salud; Vacunas; Medidas de Seguridad; Empleos en Salud; Estudiantes

		1st year		2nd year
		n	%	n	%
Had COVID-19	Yes	28	14.4	19	11.7
Had COVID-19	No	167	85.6	144	88.3
Signs	Fever	12	6.2	9	5.5
	Cough	8	4.1	7	4.3
	Headache	5	2.6	6	3.7
	Throat pain	1	0.5	3	1.8
	Rhinorrhea	1	0.5	1	0.6
	Malaise-fatigue	9	4.6	5	3.1
	Dyspnea	4	2.1	1	0.6
	Waist-back pain	0	0.0	3	1.8
	Nausea-vomiting	3	1.5	0	0.0
	Loss of taste/smell	9	4.6	5	3.1
	Muscle-joint pain	9	4.6	6	3.7
	Palpitation	1	0.5	0	0.0
COVID-19 vaccination	Yes	181	92.8	163	100.0
COVID-19 vaccination	No	14	7.2	0	0.0
Vaccination status	Fully vaccinated	158	81.0	143	87.7
Vaccination status	Not vaccinated/not fully vaccinated	37	19.0	20	12.3
Reason for not getting vaccinated	(S)he thinks he already has antibodies	8	2.2	0	0.0
Reason for not getting vaccinated	Distrust	6	1.7	0	0.0
Vaccine	Sinovac	141	72.3	12	7.4
	BioNTech	17	8.7	134	82.2
	Sinovac + BioNTech	13	6.7	7	4.3
Experiencing a post-vaccination reaction	Yes	80	41.0	86	52.8
Experiencing a post-vaccination reaction	No	102	52.3	74	45.4
Post-vaccination reaction	Regional pain	79	40.5	91	55.8
	Regional swelling	11	5.6	15	9.2
	Regional erythema	5	2.6	10	6.1
	Mild fever	10	5.1	30	18.4
	Chills	10	5.1	22	13.5
	Diarrhea	1	0.5	0	0.0
	Muscle-joint pain	18	9.2	34	20.9
	Nausea-vomiting	10	5.1	12	7.4
	Headache	29	14.9	32	19.6
	Malaise-fatigue	52	26.7	60	36.8
	Rhinorrhea	1	0.5	0	0.0
Having COVID-19 after vaccination (n = 344)	Yes	3	1.7	5	3.1
Having COVID-19 after vaccination (n = 344)	No	178	98.3	158	96.9
Family history of COVID-19	Yes	87	44.6	75	46.0
Family history of COVID-19	No	108	55.4	88	54.0
The degree of proximity of the relative who had COVID-19	First-degree relative	33	16.9	44	27.0
	Second-degree relative	52	26.7	35	21.5
	Other	33	16.9	22	13.5
COVID-19-related deaths in the family	Yes	19	9.7	10	6.1
COVID-19-related deaths in the family	No	176	90.3	153	93.9

		1st year		2nd year
		n	%	n	%
Protective measures taken for COVID-19	I wash my hands frequently.	185	94.9	151	92.6
	I always wear my mask when I’m out of the house.	171	87.7	133	81.6
	While working in the clinic, I pay attention to the precautions to protect myself, my teammates and my patients.	168	86.2	135	82.8
	I follow the social distancing rules.	155	79.5	88	54.0
	I avoid being in indoors.	136	69.7	62	38.0
	I always have hand sanitizer/cologne with me when I go out.	135	69.2	90	55.2
	I change my mask when necessary and after using it for a maximum of four hours.	131	67.2	73	44.8
	I wear double masks.	119	61.0	41	25.2
	I do not meet my friends indoors.	32	16.4	5	3.1
	I don’t take public transport.	20	10.3	5	3.1
	I don’t eat or drink anything outside.	10	5.1	0	0.0
Influence of clinical practice on the perception of COVID-19	I have better learned about COVID-19 prevention measures.	154	79.0	108	66.3
	Continuing to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic gave me relief before I started my professional life.	142	72.8	93	57.1
	I felt lucky to have been allowed to get the COVID-19 vaccine.	140	71.8	43	26.4
	My perception of the seriousness towards the COVID-19 infection has increased.	19	9.7	25	15.3
	I felt bad about having to get the COVID-19 vaccine.	18	9.2	10	6.1
	Continuing to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic worried me before I started my career.	7	3.6	17	10.4
Total		195	100.0	163	100.0

Descriptive characteristic		COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale, Cognitive Dimension		COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale, Emotional Dimension		COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale, Total Score
		1st year 9.11 ± 3.13 (4.00–18.00)	2nd year 10.62 ± 4.00 (4.00–20.00)	1st year 12.27 ± 5.27 (4.00–20.00)	2nd year 13.21 ± 5.25 (4.00–20.00)	1st year 21.37 ± 7.01 (8.00–36.00)	2nd year 23.83 ± 8.20 (8.00–40.00)
		Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
Age group	≥22	8.50 (2.00)	10.00 (5.00)	12.00 (10.25)	14.00 (9.00)	21.00 (11.00)	24.00 (13.00)
	≤23	9.00 (4.50)	12.00 (3.00)	12.00 (7.00)	14.00 (10.25)	22.00 (9.00)	26.00 (10.25)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –0.071 p = 0.943	z = –1.292 p = 0.196	z = –0.540 p = 0.589	z = –0.148 p = 0.882	z = –0.413 p = 0.679	z = –0.743 p = 0.458
Gender	Female	9.00 (4.75)	11.00 (6.00)	12.00 (10.00)	14.00 (8.00)	22.00 (11.00)	25.00 (12.00)
	Male	7.00 (6.00)	10.00 (3.00)	11.00 (8.00)	9.00 (9.00)	17.00 (10.00)	20.00 (9.00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –3.317 p = 0.001	z = –1.876 p = 0.061	z = –1.741 p = 0.082	z = –3.175 p = 0.001	z = –2.727 p = 0.006	z = –2.998 p = 0.003
Department	Midwifery	10.00 (5.00)	9.00 (6.50)	12.00 (11.00)	13.50 (12.25)	22.00 (12.00)	22.00 (16.75)
	Nursery	8.00 (4.00)	11.00 (4.50)	12.00 (8.00)	14.00 (7.00)	21.50 (10.00)	25.00 (9.00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –2.262 p = 0.024	z = –0.956 p = 0.339	z = –.290 p = 0.772	z = –0.795 p = 0.426	z = –0.663 p = 0.508	z = –1.017 p = .309
Stays in	Family House	9.00 (4.00)	11.00 (5.50)	12.50 (10.75)	14.00 (8.75)	22.00 (11.00)	24.00 (12.00)
	Student House	8.00 (7.00)	10.50 (5.00)	12.00 (7.50)	16.00 (11.50)	20.00 (8.00)	25.50 (13.50)
	Dorm	9.00 (5.00)	10.00 (6.00)	11.50 (8.25)	14.00 (9.00)	21.00 (13.25)	24.00 (11.00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	x² = 1.302 p = 0.521	x² = 0.197 p = 0.906	x² = 1.473 p = 0.479	x² = 1.995 p = 0.369	x² = 0.163 p = 0.922	x² = 0.557 p = 0.757
Family history of COVID-19	Yes	9.00 (4.00)	10.00 (6.00)	12.00 (6.00)	12.00 (9.00)	22.00 (12.00)	22.00 (14.00)
	No	9.00 (4.00)	11.00 (5.75)	12.00 (9.75)	15.00 (6.00)	21.00 (10.75)	25.00 (11.00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –0.271 p = 0.787	z = –1.503 p = 0.133	z = –1.516 p = 0.130	z = –2.878 p = 0.004	z = –0.985 p = 0.325	z = –2.509 p = 0.012
Deaths in the family	Yes	8.00 (5.00)	11.00 (9.00)	10.00 (6.00)	16.00 (15.25)	18.00 (8.00)	26.00 (4.25)
	No	9.00 (2.00)	11.00 (5.00)	12.00 (9.00)	14.00 (9.00)	22.00 (10.75)	24.00 (11.00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –1.064 p = 0.287	z = 0.000 p = 1.000	z = –0.640 p = 0.522	z = –0.555 p = 0.579	z = –1.041 p = 0.298	z = –0.235 p = 0.814
Personal history of COVID-19	Yes	8.50 (3.75)	10.00 (4.00)	13.50 (9.00)	14.00 (8.00)	22.50 (8.25)	25.00 (12.00)
	No	9.00 (5.00)	11.00 (5.00)	12.00 (9.00)	14.00 (8.75)	21.00 (10.00)	24.00 (11.75)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –0.520 p = 0.603	z = –0.231 p = 0.817	z = –1.636 p = 0.102	z = –0.755 p = 0.450	z = –1.025 p = 0.305	z = –0.458 p = 0.647
Vaccination	Fully vaccinated	10.00 (5.00)	11.00 (5.00)	13.00 (9.00)	14.00 (10.00)	23.00 (12.00)	26.00 (13.00)
	Not fully vaccinated/not vaccinated	10.00 (5.50)	10.50 (5.50)	12.00 (9.00)	16.00 (7.50)	22.00 (10.00)	24.00 (9.75)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test	z = –0.031 p = 0.975	z = –0.195 p = 0.845	z = –1.066 p = 0.287	z = –1.414 p = 0.157	z = –0.808 p = 0.419	z = –1.045 p = 0.296

Protective measures for COVID-19	COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale Total Score
		1st year	2nd year
		Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
I wash my hands frequently.	Yes	22,00 (10,00)	25,00 (12,00)
	No	17,00 (17,75)	20,00 (7,25)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –0,950, p = 0,342	z = –0,878, p = 0,380
I always wear my mask when I’m out of the house.	Yes	22,00 (9,00)	25,00 (11,00)
	No	18,00 (11,75)	23,00 (12,75)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z=-1,755, p = 0,079	z = –0,426, p= 0,670
While working in the clinic, I pay attention to the precautions to protect myself, my teammates, and my patients.	Yes	21,00 (10,00)	24,00 (12,00)
	No	24,00 (10,00)	25,00 (12,75)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –1,793, p = 0,073	z = –0,225, p = 0,822
I follow the social distancing rules.	Yes	22,00 (11,50)	24,00 (11,00)
	No	19,00 (11,00)	24,00 (12,00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –2,015, p = 0,044	z = –0,622, p = 0,534
I always have hand sanitizer/cologne with me when I go out.	Yes	23,00 (10,00)	25,50 (11,00)
	No	18,00 (11,75)	22,00 (11,50)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –2,757, p =0,006	z = –2,452, p = 0,014
I change my mask when necessary and after using it for a maximum of four hours.	Yes	22,00 (11,00)	24,00 (11,00)
	No	19,50 (11,50)	24,50 (12,25)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –1,110, p = 0,267	z = –0,179, p = 0,858
I avoid being in indoors.	Yes	23,00 (10,00)	26,00 (12,25)
	No	18,00 (12,00)	24,00 (12,00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –2,171, p = 0,030	z = –1,695, p = 0,090
I wear double masks.	Yes	23,00 (111,00)	27,00 (11,00)
	No	19,00 (10,75)	23,00 (13,00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –2,462, p = 0,014	z = –3,172, p = 0,002
I have better learned about COVID-19 prevention measures.	Yes	20,50 (10,25)	24,50 (12,50)
	No	25,00 (13,00)	24,00 (11,00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –3,242, p = 0,001	z = –0,223, p = 0,823
Continuing to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic gave me relief before I started my professional life.	Yes	22,00 (10,00)	25,00 (11,00)
	No	23,00 (12,50)	23,00 (12,00)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –0,267, p = 0,790	z = –0,114, p = 0,909
I felt lucky to have been given the opportunity to get the COVID-19 vaccine.	Yes	23,00 (10,00)	25,00 (10,00)
	No	19,00 (11,00)	24,00 (11,75)
	Statistical Test^* * Mann-Whitney U test.	z = –2,306, p = 0,021	z = –0,296, p = 0,767

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[1] Corresponding author: Fatma Uyar Açis¸li , 5526 Street, Uncubozköy Neighborhood, No: 8/4 , 45030 – Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey, fatmauyarege@gmail.com