Disminución del gasto cardíaco: revisión integradora

Silva, Ricardo Costa da; Gondim, Micaelle Costa; Melo, Gabriela Moreira; Silva, Viviane Martins da; Cavalcante, Agueda Maria Ruiz Zimmer; Almeida, Miriam de Abreu; Lucena, Amália de Fátima

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Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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Brasil

Español English

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Sumário

REVIEW • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 76 (2) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0265 copiar

Disminución del gasto cardíaco: revisión integradora

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar, en la literatura científica, las características definidoras y los factores contribuyentes (factores relacionados, condiciones asociadas y poblaciones de riesgo) para el diagnóstico de enfermería de gasto cardíaco disminuido.

Método:

revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada entre septiembrey octubre de 2020, con actualización en marzo de 2022, en las bases de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, CINAHL y EMBASE. Utilizando la sigla PEO, se incluyeron estudios publicados en los últimos 10 años en portugués, inglés y español. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo para presentar los elementos mapeados en la literatura.

Resultados:

el análisis de 31 artículos identificó diferentes elementos, con énfasis en 4 nuevos factores relacionados: estrés hiperglucémico, posición prona, posición lateral izquierda, privación del sueño. Las personas con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular y los hombres se identificaron como posibles poblaciones en riesgo.

Consideraciones finales:

los elementos para gasto cardíaco disminuido, identificados en la literatura, suman evidencias que justifican la permanencia de este diagnóstico en la clasificación NANDA-I.

Descriptores:
Gasto Cardíaco; Diagnóstico de Enfermería; Revisión; Enfermería Basada em la Evidencia; Terminología Normalizada de Enfermería

	Controlled descriptors	Uncontrolled descriptors
Strategy 1 (broad)	Cardiac Output [MeSH Terms]; Cardiac Output, Low [MeSH Terms]; cardiac output, decreased [Título CINAHAL];‘heart output’ [emtree]; Débito Cardíaco [DeCS]; Baixo Débito Cardíaco [DeCS]	decreased; risk; diminuído; risco
Strategy 2 (restricted)	Cardiac Output [MeSH Terms]; Cardiac Output, Low [MeSH Terms]; cardiac output, decreased [Título CINAHAL]; Débito Cardíaco [DeCS]; Baixo Débito Cardíaco [DeCS]; ‘heart output’ [emtree]; NANDA Nursing Diagnoses [Título CINAHAL];‘nursing diagnosis’ [emtree]	decreased; risk; diminuído; risco; nursing diagnos*; Diagnósticos de Enfermagem

Study	Author, year, and country	Design	Objective	LoE	Context	DCO
S1(¹²12 Garan AR, Uriel N, Sayer G, Sims D, Zahner D, Farr M, et al. Alteration in systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output during acute cellular rejection and recovery in heart transplant recipients. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2010;29:382-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.08.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.08... )	Garan et al., (2010) - USA	Retrospective longitudinal	Investigate whether peripheral vascular compensatory mechanisms are preserved after orthotopic heart transplantation.	IV	36 medical records of hospitalized patients in 38 months	Phenomenon
S2(¹³13 Paganin A, Souza EN, Azzolin K, Rabelo ER. Nursing interventions implemented according to the most prevalent nursing diagnoses in intensive care: cross-sectional study. Online Braz J Nurs. 2010;9:1–16. https://doi.org/10.5935/1676-4285.20103143 https://doi.org/10.5935/1676-4285.201031... )	Paganin et al., (2010) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Map the Nursing Interventions Classification interventions with the most prevalent NDs in the first 24 hours of patient admission to the Intensive Care Unit.	VI	150 medical records of hospitalized individuals	ND
S3(¹⁴14 Paganin A, Menegat P, KlafkeT, Lazzarotto A, Fachinelli TS, Chaves IC, et al. Implantação do diagnóstico de enfermagem em unidade de terapia intensiva: uma análise periódica. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2010;31:307–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472010000200015 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-1447201000... )	Paganin et al., (2010) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Identify the main ND established in an Intensive Care Unit and compare them between clinical and surgical patients.	VI	150 medical records of hospitalized individuals	ND
S4(¹⁵15 Martins QCS, Aliti G, Rabelo ER. Decreased cardiac output: clinical validation in patients with decompensated heart failure. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif. 2010;21:156–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010.01161.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010... )	Martins, Aliti, Rabelo (2010) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Validate DCO in patients with decompensated HF hospitalized in Intensive and Emergency Care Units.	VI	29 hospitalized patients	ND
S5(¹⁶16 Alessandra Z, Silla A, Marilisa C. A Retrospective Study of Nursing Diagnoses, Outcomes, and Interventions for Patients Admitted to a Cardiology Rehabilitation Unit. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif [Internet]. 2011;22:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2011.01184.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2011... )	Alessandra, Silla, Marilisia (2011) - Italy	Cross-sectional	Describe the use of nursing terminology in care plans provided to patients in a cardiology rehabilitation unit.	VI	76 outpatient patients	ND
S6(¹⁷17 Aliti GB, Linhares JCC, Linch GFC, Ruschel KB, Rabelo ER. Sinais e sintomas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada: inferência dos diagnósticos de enfermagem prioritários. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2011;32:590-95. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472011000300022 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-1447201100... )	Aliti etal., (2011) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Identify the signs and symptoms to infer the main ND in patients with decompensated HF.	VI	303 hospitalized patients	ND
S7(¹⁸18 Bodetoft S, Carlsson M, Arheden H, Ekelund U. Effects of oxygen inhalation on cardiac output, coronary blood flow and oxygen delivery in healthy individuals, assessed with MRI. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32833a295e https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32833a... )	Bodetofta et al., (2011) - Sweden	Randomized clinical trial	Check whether inhaling oxygen decreases cardiac output and blood flow.	II	16 healthy volunteers	Phenomenon
S8(¹⁹19 Pereira JMV, Cavalcanti ACD, Santana RF, Cassiano KM, Queluci GC, Guimarães TCF. Diagnósticos de enfermagem de pacientes hospitalizados com doenças cardiovasculares. Esc Anna Nery. 2011;15:737–45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-81452011000400012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145201100... )	Pereira et al., (2011) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Identify the frequency of ND and DC in patients with cardiovascular diseases and characterize them in terms of sociodemographic and clinical variables.	VI	30 hospitalized patients	ND
S9(²⁰20 Scherb CA, Head BJ, Maas ML, Swanson EA, Moorhead S, Reed D, et al. Most frequent nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes of hospitalized older adults with heart failure: part 1. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif. 2011;22:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010.01164.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010... )	Scherb et al., (2011) - USA	Multicentric comparative	Compare the ten most frequent diagnoses, interventions and nursing outcomes in patients hospitalized for HF.	VI	302 medical records of hospitalized patients	ND
S10(²¹21 Matos LN, Guimarães TCF, Brandão MAG, Santoro DC. Prevalence of nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output and the predictive value of defining characteristics in patients under evaluation for heart transplant. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2012;20:307–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692012000200013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169201200... )	Matos et al., (2012) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Assess the prevalence of DC and to analyze which are the predictive factors of DCO in patients with HF undergoing assessment for heart transplantation.	VI	38 hospitalized patients using Pulmonary Artery Catheter	ND
S11(²²22 Kyhl K, Ahtarovski KA, Iversen K, Thomsen C, Vejlstrup N, Engstrøm T, et al. The decrease of cardiac chamber volumes and output during positive-pressure ventilation. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 2013;305:H1004-H1009. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2013 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2... )	Kyhl et al., (2013) - Denmark	Non-randomized clinical study	Check whether positive pressure ventilation reduces cardiac output.	III	18 healthy volunteers	Phenomenon
S12(²³23 Wajima Z, Shiga T, Imanaga K, Inoue T. Vigilance of hemodynamic changes immediately after transferring patients is crucial. J Anesth. 2013;27:521–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-013-1568-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-013-1568-... )	Wajima et al., (2013) - Japan	Randomized clinical trial	Identify and compare hemodynamic parameters for probable hypotension during patient commuting to bed after different types of anesthesia (general, epidural or spinal combined with general).	II	69 patients hospitalized in the immediate postoperative period of elective surgery	Phenomenon
S13(²⁴24 Hargens TA, Aron A, Newsome LJ, Austin JL, Shafer BM. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on hemodynamic parameters in patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015;35:181–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000102 https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.000000000000... )	Hargens et al., (2015) - USA	Randomized clinical trial	Determine whether resting hemodynamic variables are altered in individuals with OSA entering cardiac rehabilitation compared to those without apnea.	II	73 individuals in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation	Phenomenon
S14(²⁵25 Kasai T, Yumino D, Redolfi S, Su M, Ruttanaumpawan P, Mak S, et al. Overnight effects of obstructive sleep apnea and its treatment on stroke volume in patients with heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:832–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.0... )	Kasai et al., (2015) - Canada	Non-randomized clinical trial	Investigate whether, in patients with HF, those with OSA have greater reductions in stroke volume and cardiac output and whether these decreases are proportional to the severity of OSA.	III	60 outpatient patients	Phenomenon
S15(²⁶26 Li H, Han Z, Chen S, Liao Y, Wang Y, Liu P, et al. Total peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, and plasma c-type natriuretic peptide level in children with postural tachycardia syndrome. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2015;166:1385–1389.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.032 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.... )	Li et al., (2015) - China	Case-control study	Investigate total peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output and natriuretic peptide levels in children with PTS during supine, orthostatic and return to supine positions.	IV	29 children with PTS in the case group and 32 controls	Phenomenon
S16(²⁷27 Ma M, Noori S, Maarek JM, Holschneider DP, Rubinstein EH, Seri I. Prone positioning decreases cardiac output and increases systemic vascular resistance in neonates. J Perinatol. 2015;35:424–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.230 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.230... )	Ma et al., (2015) - USA	Longitudinal	Assess the short-term cardiovascular response to prone position in neonates in neonatal intensive care.	IV	30 neonates hospitalized for 10 minutes	Phenomenon
S17(²⁸28 Souza V, Salloum Zeitoun S, Lopes CT, Oliveira APD, Lima Lopes J, Barros ALBL. Clinical usefulness of the definitions for defining characteristics of activity intolerance, excess fluid volume and decreased cardiac output in decompensated heart failure: a descriptive exploratory study. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24:2478–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12832 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12832... )	Souza et al., (2015) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Assess the clinical usefulness of operational definitions for DC DCO, excessive fluid volume and impaired activity tolerance, and the concomitant presence of these diagnoses in patients with HF decompensation.	VI	25 hospitalized patients	ND
S18(²⁹29 Chikhani M, Evans DL, Blatcher AW, Jackson AP, Guha IN, Aithal GP, et al. The effect of prone positioning with surgical bolsters on liver blood flow in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:550-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13416 https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13416... )	Chikhani et al., (2016) - England	Non-randomized clinical study	Investigate the effect of prone position using surgical pads on hepatic blood flow and cardiovascular behavior in healthy subjects.	III	10 healthy volunteers	Phenomenon
519(³⁰30 Costa C, Linch GFC, Souza EN. Nursing diagnosis based on signs and symptoms of patients with heart disease. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2016;27:210-14. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/2047-3095.12132 https://doi.org/ 10.1111/2047-3095.12132... )	Costa, Linch, Souza (2016) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Identify the main signs and symptoms of patients with heart disease admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit and infer the main ND.	VI	77 medical records of hospitalized individuals	ND
S20(³¹31 Galvão PCDC, Gomes ET, Figueirêdo TR, Bezerra SMMS. Diagnósticos de enfermagem aplicados a pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646 https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646... )	Galvão et al., (2016) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Identify priority NDs for patients with decompensated HF admitted to a cardiology emergency room at a university hospital.	VI	62 hospitalized patients	ND
S21(³²32 Pereira JMV, Flores PVP, Figueiredo LS, Arruda CS, Cassiano KM, Vieira GCA, et al. Nursing Diagnoses of hospitalized patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2016;50:929-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000700008 https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-6234201600... )	Pereira et al., (2016) -Brazil	Longitudinal	Identify the ND fatigue, DCO and activity intolerance and verify the association of DD with the respective ND in patients hospitalized with HF.	IV	72 patients followed up during three weeks of hospitalization	ND
S22(³³33 Rojas Sánchez LZ, Hernández Vargas JA,Trujillo Cáceres SJ, Roa Díaz ZM, Jurado Arenales AM, Toloza Pérez YG. Usefulness of the Diagnosis “Decreased Cardiac Output (00029)” in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28:192–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148 https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148... )	Sánchez et al., (2016) - Colombia	Cross-sectional	Determine the clinical and construct validity of ND DCO in patients with HF.	VI	200 hospitalized patients	ND
S23(³⁴34 Yang J, Wu F, Li H, Yue Y. Effects of stress hyperglycemia on cardiac function and prognosis in critical patients of ICU. Int J Clin Exp Med[lnternet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Apr 21];9(6):12025-31. Available from: http://www.ijcem.com/files/ijcem0024047.pdf http://www.ijcem.com/files/ijcem0024047.... )	Yang et aI., (2016) - China	Randomized clinical trial	Explore the effects of stress hyperglycemia on cardiac function and prognosis in critically ill intensive care patients.	II	80 hospitalized patients	Phenomenon
S24(³⁵35 Miró M, Sanfilippo F, Pérez F, Del Valle SG, Gómez-Arnau Jl. Influence of the thoracic epidural anesthesia on the left ventricular function: an echocardiographic study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83:695–704. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.11582-2 https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.1... )	Miró et al., (2017) - Italy	Non-randomized clinical study	Investigate changes in left ventricular systolic function due to thoracic epidural anesthesia and changes in hemodynamic variables and left ventricular diastolic function in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.	III	24 hospitalized without significant heart disease	Phenomenon
S25(³⁶36 Paviotti G, Todero S, Demarini S. Cardiac output decreases and systemic vascular resistance increases in newborns placed in the left-lateral position. J Perinatol. 2017;37:563-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.251 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.251... )	Paviotti, Todero, Demarini (2017) - Italy	Longitudinal	Verify the short-term effects of the left lateral position on the cardiovascular parameters of hemodynamically stable newborns.	IV	32 neonates hospitalized for 10 minutes	Phenomenon
S26(³⁷37 Nederend I, Geus EJC, Kroft LJM, Westenberg JJM, Blom NA, Harkel ADJ. Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and cardiac function in children after coarctation repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105:1803–1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201... )	Nederend et al., (2018) - Netherlands	Randomized clinical trial	Assess cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and cardiac function in children after aortic coarctation repair and investigate the relationship between the two.	II	31 outpatient patients	Phenomenon
S27(³⁸38 Stomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Kujawski S, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL, et al. Do changes in hemodynamic parameters depend upon length of sleep deprivation? comparison between subjects with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374... )	Slomko et al., (2018) - Poland	Randomized clinical trial	Analyze the impact of sleep deprivation on hemodynamic and autonomic parameters in subjects with normal blood pressure, compared with prehypertension and hypertension, at 24, 28 and 32 hours of total sleep deprivation.	II	30 healthy volunteers	Phenomenon
S28(³⁹39 Stewart JM, Medow MS, Sutton R, Visintainer P, Jardine DL, Wieling W. Mechanisms of Vasovagal Syncope in the Young: Reduced Systemic Vascular Resistance Versus Reduced Cardiac Output. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004417 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004417... )	Stewart et al., (2018) - USA	Case-control study	Investigate whether postural hyperventilation is one of the causes of PTS and whether there is associated hyperventilation when there is a reduction in cardiac output.	IV	58 cases with PTS and 16 healthy controls	Phenomenon
S29(⁴⁰40 Ribeiro IA, Lima LR, Volpe CRG, Funghetto SS, Rehem TCMSB, Stival MM. Frailty syndrome in the elderly in elderly with chronic diseases in Primary Care. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2018002603449 https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x201800... )	Ribeiro et al., (2019) - Brazil	Cross-sectional	Assess ND Frail Elderly Syndrome in older adults with chronic diseases in a health district in the Federal District.	VI	78 community older adults	ND
S30(⁴¹41 Zhang H, Fan L, Liao H, Tu L, Zhang J, Xu D, et al. Correlations of cardiac function with inflammation, oxidative stress and anemia in patients with uremia. Exp Ther Med [Internet]. 2021;21:250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9681 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9681... )	Zhang et al., (2021) - China	Case-control study	Analyze the associations of cardiac function with inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and anemia in patients with uremia.	IV	43 patients in uremia in the case group and 36 patients in the control group	Phenomenon
S31(⁴²42 Perry H, Binder J, Gutierrez J, Thilaganathan B, Khalil A. Maternal haemodynamic function differs in pre-eclampsia when it is associated with a small-for-gestational-age newborn: a prospective cohort study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;128:167–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16269 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16269... )	Perry et al.,(2021)- England	Longitudinal	Describe hemodynamic differences in women with gestational hypertension.	IV	717 pregnant women followed up during 77 months	Phenomenon

Possible new related factors	Studies
Hyperglycemic stress	S23(³⁴34 Yang J, Wu F, Li H, Yue Y. Effects of stress hyperglycemia on cardiac function and prognosis in critical patients of ICU. Int J Clin Exp Med[lnternet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Apr 21];9(6):12025-31. Available from: http://www.ijcem.com/files/ijcem0024047.pdf http://www.ijcem.com/files/ijcem0024047.... )
Prone position	S16(²⁷27 Ma M, Noori S, Maarek JM, Holschneider DP, Rubinstein EH, Seri I. Prone positioning decreases cardiac output and increases systemic vascular resistance in neonates. J Perinatol. 2015;35:424–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.230 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.230... );S18(²⁹29 Chikhani M, Evans DL, Blatcher AW, Jackson AP, Guha IN, Aithal GP, et al. The effect of prone positioning with surgical bolsters on liver blood flow in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:550-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13416 https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13416... )
Left side position	S25(³⁶36 Paviotti G, Todero S, Demarini S. Cardiac output decreases and systemic vascular resistance increases in newborns placed in the left-lateral position. J Perinatol. 2017;37:563-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.251 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.251... )
Sleep deprivation	S27(³⁸38 Stomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Kujawski S, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL, et al. Do changes in hemodynamic parameters depend upon length of sleep deprivation? comparison between subjects with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374... )

Possible new associated conditions
Obstructive sleep apnea	S13(²⁴24 Hargens TA, Aron A, Newsome LJ, Austin JL, Shafer BM. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on hemodynamic parameters in patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015;35:181–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000102 https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.000000000000... ); S14(²⁵25 Kasai T, Yumino D, Redolfi S, Su M, Ruttanaumpawan P, Mak S, et al. Overnight effects of obstructive sleep apnea and its treatment on stroke volume in patients with heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:832–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.0... )
Coarctation of the aorta	S26(³⁷37 Nederend I, Geus EJC, Kroft LJM, Westenberg JJM, Blom NA, Harkel ADJ. Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and cardiac function in children after coarctation repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105:1803–1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201... )
Gestational hypertension	S31(⁴²42 Perry H, Binder J, Gutierrez J, Thilaganathan B, Khalil A. Maternal haemodynamic function differs in pre-eclampsia when it is associated with a small-for-gestational-age newborn: a prospective cohort study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;128:167–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16269 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16269... )
Anesthetic procedure	S24(³⁵35 Miró M, Sanfilippo F, Pérez F, Del Valle SG, Gómez-Arnau Jl. Influence of the thoracic epidural anesthesia on the left ventricular function: an echocardiographic study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83:695–704. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.11582-2 https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.1... )
Postural tachycardia syndrome	S15(²⁶26 Li H, Han Z, Chen S, Liao Y, Wang Y, Liu P, et al. Total peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, and plasma c-type natriuretic peptide level in children with postural tachycardia syndrome. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2015;166:1385–1389.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.032 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.... ); S28(³⁹39 Stewart JM, Medow MS, Sutton R, Visintainer P, Jardine DL, Wieling W. Mechanisms of Vasovagal Syncope in the Young: Reduced Systemic Vascular Resistance Versus Reduced Cardiac Output. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004417 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004417... )
Transplantation	S1(¹²12 Garan AR, Uriel N, Sayer G, Sims D, Zahner D, Farr M, et al. Alteration in systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output during acute cellular rejection and recovery in heart transplant recipients. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2010;29:382-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.08.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.08... )
Oxygen therapy	S7(¹⁸18 Bodetoft S, Carlsson M, Arheden H, Ekelund U. Effects of oxygen inhalation on cardiac output, coronary blood flow and oxygen delivery in healthy individuals, assessed with MRI. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32833a295e https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32833a... )
Uremia	S30(⁴¹41 Zhang H, Fan L, Liao H, Tu L, Zhang J, Xu D, et al. Correlations of cardiac function with inflammation, oxidative stress and anemia in patients with uremia. Exp Ther Med [Internet]. 2021;21:250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9681 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9681... )
Positive pressure ventilation	S11(²²22 Kyhl K, Ahtarovski KA, Iversen K, Thomsen C, Vejlstrup N, Engstrøm T, et al. The decrease of cardiac chamber volumes and output during positive-pressure ventilation. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 2013;305:H1004-H1009. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2013 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2... )

Possible new populations at risk

Individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease

S4(¹⁵15 Martins QCS, Aliti G, Rabelo ER. Decreased cardiac output: clinical validation in patients with decompensated heart failure. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif. 2010;21:156–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010.01161.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010... ); S5(¹⁶16 Alessandra Z, Silla A, Marilisa C. A Retrospective Study of Nursing Diagnoses, Outcomes, and Interventions for Patients Admitted to a Cardiology Rehabilitation Unit. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif [Internet]. 2011;22:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2011.01184.x
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010... ); S10(²¹21 Matos LN, Guimarães TCF, Brandão MAG, Santoro DC. Prevalence of nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output and the predictive value of defining characteristics in patients under evaluation for heart transplant. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2012;20:307–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692012000200013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169201200... ); S13(²⁴24 Hargens TA, Aron A, Newsome LJ, Austin JL, Shafer BM. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on hemodynamic parameters in patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015;35:181–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000102
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.0... ); S17(²⁸28 Souza V, Salloum Zeitoun S, Lopes CT, Oliveira APD, Lima Lopes J, Barros ALBL. Clinical usefulness of the definitions for defining characteristics of activity intolerance, excess fluid volume and decreased cardiac output in decompensated heart failure: a descriptive exploratory study. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24:2478–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12832
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https://doi.org/ 10.1111/2047-3095.12132... ); S20(³¹31 Galvão PCDC, Gomes ET, Figueirêdo TR, Bezerra SMMS. Diagnósticos de enfermagem aplicados a pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646... ); S21(³²32 Pereira JMV, Flores PVP, Figueiredo LS, Arruda CS, Cassiano KM, Vieira GCA, et al. Nursing Diagnoses of hospitalized patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2016;50:929-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000700008
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-6234201600... ); S22(³³33 Rojas Sánchez LZ, Hernández Vargas JA,Trujillo Cáceres SJ, Roa Díaz ZM, Jurado Arenales AM, Toloza Pérez YG. Usefulness of the Diagnosis “Decreased Cardiac Output (00029)” in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28:192–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148... ); S27(³⁸38 Stomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Kujawski S, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL, et al. Do changes in hemodynamic parameters depend upon length of sleep deprivation? comparison between subjects with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374... ); S29(³⁸38 Stomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Kujawski S, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL, et al. Do changes in hemodynamic parameters depend upon length of sleep deprivation? comparison between subjects with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01374
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Male

S3(¹⁴14 Paganin A, Menegat P, KlafkeT, Lazzarotto A, Fachinelli TS, Chaves IC, et al. Implantação do diagnóstico de enfermagem em unidade de terapia intensiva: uma análise periódica. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2010;31:307–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472010000200015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-1447201000... ); S4(¹⁵15 Martins QCS, Aliti G, Rabelo ER. Decreased cardiac output: clinical validation in patients with decompensated heart failure. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif. 2010;21:156–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010.01161.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618X.2010... ); S6(¹⁷17 Aliti GB, Linhares JCC, Linch GFC, Ruschel KB, Rabelo ER. Sinais e sintomas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada: inferência dos diagnósticos de enfermagem prioritários. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2011;32:590-95. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472011000300022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-1447201100... ); S13(²⁴24 Hargens TA, Aron A, Newsome LJ, Austin JL, Shafer BM. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on hemodynamic parameters in patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015;35:181–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000102
https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.000000000000... ); S14(²⁵25 Kasai T, Yumino D, Redolfi S, Su M, Ruttanaumpawan P, Mak S, et al. Overnight effects of obstructive sleep apnea and its treatment on stroke volume in patients with heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:832–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.0... ); S17(²⁸28 Souza V, Salloum Zeitoun S, Lopes CT, Oliveira APD, Lima Lopes J, Barros ALBL. Clinical usefulness of the definitions for defining characteristics of activity intolerance, excess fluid volume and decreased cardiac output in decompensated heart failure: a descriptive exploratory study. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24:2478–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12832
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12832... ); S20(³¹31 Galvão PCDC, Gomes ET, Figueirêdo TR, Bezerra SMMS. Diagnósticos de enfermagem aplicados a pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44646... ); S21(³²32 Pereira JMV, Flores PVP, Figueiredo LS, Arruda CS, Cassiano KM, Vieira GCA, et al. Nursing Diagnoses of hospitalized patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2016;50:929-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000700008
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-6234201600... ); S22(³³33 Rojas Sánchez LZ, Hernández Vargas JA,Trujillo Cáceres SJ, Roa Díaz ZM, Jurado Arenales AM, Toloza Pérez YG. Usefulness of the Diagnosis “Decreased Cardiac Output (00029)” in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2017;28:192–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148
https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12148... ); S24(³⁵35 Miró M, Sanfilippo F, Pérez F, Del Valle SG, Gómez-Arnau Jl. Influence of the thoracic epidural anesthesia on the left ventricular function: an echocardiographic study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83:695–704. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.11582-2
https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.16.1... )

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[1] Corresponding author: Ricardo Costa da Silva E-mail: c.ricardocs@gmail.com