Entrepreneurship in Nursing: an integrative literature review

Integrative review in six databases, with the descriptors entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial, entrepreneurialism, intrapreneurial, iniciativa empresarial, contrato de risco, nursing, nurse, nurses, enfermagem and enfermeira, making a final sample of 31 articles.

Results:

The concept of entrepreneurship in Nursing is related to personal and professional characteristics, such as autonomy, independence, flexibility, innovation, proactivity, self-confidence and responsibility. The typologies found were: social and business entrepreneurship, and intrapreneurship. Social entrepreneurship is a mechanism of social mobilization and transformation, entrepreneurship is one in which nurses are autonomous professionally and intrapreneurship relates to corporate entrepreneurs.

Conclusion:

Entrepreneurship can increase the visibility of the profession and foster the creation of new spaces for nurses.

Descriptors:
Risk Contract; Nursing; Nursing Administration Research; Administration; Nurse Administrators

Title	Year/Journal	Background	Approach	Context
Education of nurses under the social enterprising view⁽¹⁶16 Backes DS, Erdmann AL. Education of nurses under the social enterprising view. Rev. Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Jun 27];30(2):242-8. Available from: http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/7252 Portuguese. http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchade... ⁾	2009 Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem	Brazil	Qualitative	Education
Business characteristics of the future nurse⁽¹⁰10 Ferreira GE, Rozendo CA, Santos RM, Pinto EA, Costa ACS, Porto AR. Business characteristics of the future nurse. Cogitare Enferm [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 27];18(4):688-94. Available from: http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article/viewFile/34921/21675 http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article... ⁾	2013 Cogitare Enfermagem	Brazil	Qualitative	Education
Enterprise teaching in Undergraduate Nursing Course at University Paulista (UNIP) Goiânia - Goiás⁽⁹9 Sales OP, Cruvinel DF, Silva DP, Santos LL. Enterprise teaching in Undergraduate Nursing Course at University Paulista (UNIP) Goiânia - Goiás. Rev Inst Ciênc Saúde [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jun 27];26(2):167-72. Available from: https://www.unip.br/comunicacao/publicacoes/ics/edicoes/2008/02_abr_jun/V26_N2_2008_p167-172.pdf Portuguese. https://www.unip.br/comunicacao/publicac... ⁾	2008 Revista do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde	Brazil	Quantitative	Education
Nursing care as an enterprising social practice: opportunities and possibilities⁽¹⁷17 Backes DS, Erdmann AL, Büscher A. Nursing care as an enterprising social practice: opportunities and possibilities. Acta Paul Enferm [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 27];23(3):341-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-21002010000300005 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002010000300005 http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s... ⁾	2010 ACTA Paulista de Enfermagem	Brazil	Qualitative	Care
Autonomous and business practices in nursing⁽¹¹11 Morais JA, Haddad MCL, Rossaneis MA, Silva LGC. Autonomous and business practices in nursing. Cogitare Enferm [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 27];18(4):695-701. Available from http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article/view/46422 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v18i4.46422 http://revistas.ufpr.br/cogitare/article... ⁾	2013 Cogitare Enfermagem	Brazil	Quantitative	Business
Advanced practice nurse entrepreneurs in multidisciplinary surgical-assisting partnership⁽¹²12 DeCarlo L. Advanced practice nurse entrepreneurs in multidisciplinary surgical-assisting partnership. AORN Journal [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2017 Jun 27];82(3):417-422,425-427. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309068 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1630... ⁾	2005 AORN Jornal - Home Study Program	USA	Qualitative	Education
Rising to the Challenge of Health Care Reform with Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Nursing Initiatives⁽²¹21 Wilson A, Whitaker N, Whitford D. Rising to the challenge of health care reform with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial nursing initiatives. Online J Issues Nurs. 2012;17(2):5. doi: 10.3912/OJIN https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN... ⁾	2012 The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing	USA	Qualitative	Care
A nurse and a civil cervant changinginstitutions: entrepreneurial processes in different public sector organizations⁽³⁶36 Sundin E, Tillmar M. A nurse and a civil cervant changing institutions: entrepreneurial processes in different public sector organizations. Scand J Manag [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jun 27];24(2):113-24. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956522108000298 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2008.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ⁾	2008 Scandinavian Journal of Management	Sweden	Qualitative	Business
Entrepreneurship The Realities of Today⁽³⁰30 Crofts AJ. Entrepreneurship the realities of today. J Nurs. Midwifery[Internet]. 1994[cited 2017 Jun 27];39(1):39-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8195892 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8195... ⁾	1994 Journal of Nurse-Midiwifery	USA	Qualitative	Business
Self-employed nurses as change agents in healthcare: strategies, consequences, andpossibilities⁽²⁶26 Wall S. Self-employed nurses as change agents in healthcare: strategies, consequences, and possibilities. J Health Organ Manag [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 27];28(4):511-31. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25241597 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2524... ⁾	2014 Journal of Health Organization and Management	Canada	Qualitative	Business
Education for entrepreneurship in nursing⁽¹⁹19 Boore J, Porter S. Education for entrepreneurship in nursing. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 Jun 27];31(2):184-91. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594624 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2059... ⁾	2011 Nurse Education Today	United Kingdom	Qualitative	Education
Are rural health professionals also social entrepreneurs?⁽²⁴24 Farmer J, Kilpatrick S. Are rural health professionals also social entrepreneurs? Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Jun 27];69(11):1651-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783086 doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1978... ⁾	2009 Social Science & Medicine	Scotland and Australia	Qualitative	Care
Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: A study of the process model of entrepreneurship⁽³³33 Elango B, Hunter GL, Winchell M. Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: a study of the process model of entrepreneurship. J Am Acad Nurse Pract [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jun 27];19(4):198-204. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17430540 doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00215.x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1743... ⁾	2007 Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners	USA	Qualitative	Care, Management and Education
Clinical nurse specialists as entrepreneurs: constrained or liberated⁽²⁹29 Austin L, Luker K, Ronald M. Clinical nurse specialists as entrepreneurs: constrained or liberated. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 Jun 27];15(12): 1540-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17118076 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01576.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711... ⁾	2006 Journal of clinical nursing	United Kingdom	Qualitative	Care
Decreasing barriers for nurse practitioner social entrepreneurship⁽²⁸28 Sharp DB, Monsivais D. Decreasing barriers for nurse practitioner social entrepreneurship. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 27];26(10):562-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24824857 doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12126 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2482... ⁾	2014 Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners	USA	Qualitative	Care and Management
Do nursing students have entrepreuner profile?⁽²²22 Roncon PF, Munhoz S. Do nursing students have entrepreuner profile? Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Jun 27];62(5):695-700 Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-71672009000500007 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000500007 Portuguese. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s... ⁾	2009 Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem	Brazil	Quantitative	Education
How nurses can use social enterprise to improve services in health care⁽¹⁸18 Dawes D. How nurses can use social enterprise to improve services in health care. Nurs Times [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Jun 27];105(1):22-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19330985 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933... ⁾	2009 Nursing Times	United Kingdom	Qualitative	Care
Moving from institutional dependence to entrepreneurialism. Creating and funding a collaborative research and practice development position⁽³⁷37 Darbyshire P, Downes M, Collins C, Dyer S. Moving from institutional dependence to entrepreneurialism. Creating and funding a collaborative research and practice development position. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2017 Jun 27];14(8):926-34. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01132.x/full doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01132.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11... ⁾	2005 Journal Clinical Nursing	Australia	Qualitative	Care
New skills required of nurse tutors in the UK: a study within two project 2000 pilot schemes for pre-registration nursing courses⁽³⁹39 Camiah S. New skills required of nurse tutors in the UK: a study within two Project 2000 pilot schemes for pre-registration nursing courses. Nurs Educ Today [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2017 Jun 27];18(2):93-100. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9592507 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9592... ⁾	1998 Nurse Education Today	United Kingdom	Quantitative	Education and Management
Nurse entrepreneurs attitudes to management, their adoption of the manager s role and managerial assertiveness⁽³⁴34 Sankelo M, Akerblad L. Nurse entrepreneurs' attitudes to management, their adoption of the manager's role and managerial assertiveness. J Nurs Manag [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jun 27];16(7):829-36.. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017245 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00917.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1901... ⁾	2008 Journal of Nursing Management	Finland	Quantitative	Management
Nursing entrepreneurship: motivators, strategies and possibilities for professional advancement and health system change⁽²⁷27 Wall S. Nursing entrepreneurship: motivators, strategies and possibilities for professional advancement and health system change. Nurs Leadersh (Tor Ont) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 27];26(2):29-40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809640 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380... ⁾	2013 Nursing Leadership	Canada	Qualitative	Care and Management
The role of the nurse in the Brazilian Unified Heath System: from community health to the family health strategy⁽²⁵25 Backes DS, Backes MS, Erdmann AL, Büscher A. The role of the nurse in the Brazilian Unified Heath System: from community health to the family health strategy. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Jun 27];17(1):223-30. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232012000100024 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000100024 Portuguese. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s... ⁾	2012 Ciência e Saúde Coletiva	Brazil	Qualitative	Care
Promoting citizenship through nursing care⁽²⁰20 Backes DS, Backes MS, Erdmann AL. Promoting citizenship through nursing care. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Jun 27];62(3):430-4. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v62n3/15.pdf doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000300015 Portuguese http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v62n3/15.... ⁾	2009 Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem	Brazil	Qualitative	Care
Enterprising tendencies of nurses in a university hospital⁽¹⁴14 Costa FG, Vaghetti HH, Martinello DFG, Mendes DP, Terra AC, Alvarez SQ et al. Enterprising tendencies of nurses in a university hospital. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 27];34(2):147-154. Available from: http://seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/29112/27306 http://seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchadeEnfe... ⁾	2013 Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem	Brazil	Quantitative	Care
The influences on and experiences of becoming nurse entrepreneurs: a delphi study⁽³¹31 Wilson A, Averis A, Walsh K. The influences on and experiences of becoming nurse entrepreneurs: a Delphi study. Int J Nurs Pract [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2017 Jun 27];9(4):236-45. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887375 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1288... ⁾	2003 International Journal of Nursing Practice	Australia	Misto	Management
The perceptions of KwaZulu-Natal nursing students about the discipline⁽¹³13 Uys LR. The perceptions of KwaZulu-Natal nursing students about the discipline. Curationis [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2017 Jun 27];23(1):79-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11140034 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1114... ⁾	2000 Curationis	South Africa	Qualitative	Education
Entrepreneurship in Nursing: overview of companies in the State of São Paulo⁽³⁵35 Andrade AC, Dal Bem LW, Sanna MC. Entrepreneurship in Nursing: overview of companies in the State of São Paulo. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 Jun 27];68(1):40-4. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v68n1/0034-7167-reben-68-01-0040.pdf doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2015680106p. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v68n1/003... ⁾	2015 Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem	Brazil	Quantitative	Business
Learning Incubator: an instrument to foster entrepreneurship in Nursing⁽²³23 Backes DS, Obem MK, Pereira SB, Gomes CA, Backes MTS, Erdmann AL. Learning Incubator: an instrument to foster entrepreneurship in Nursing. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jun 27];68(6):1103-08. Available from: Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-71672015000601103&script=sci_arttext doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2015680615i Portuguese. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S003... ⁾	2015 Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem	Brazil	Qualitative	Education
Entrepreneurial characteristics of nurses: a study in southern Brazil⁽³⁸38 Carvalho DP, Vaghetti HH, Dias JS, Rocha LP. Entrepreneurial characteristics of nurses: a study in southern Brazil. Rev Baiana Enferm [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jun 27];30(4):1-11. DOI 10.18471/rbe.v30i4.16803. Available from: https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/16803/pdf Portuguese. https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enf... ⁾	2016 Revista Baiana de Enfermagem	Brazil	Quantitative	Care
Entrepreneurship Psychological Characteristics of Nurses⁽¹⁵15 Dehghanzadeh MR, Kholasehzadeh G, Birjandi M, Antikchi E, Sobhan MR, Neamatzadeh H. Entrepreneurship psychological characteristics of nurses. Acta Med Iran [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jun 27];54(9):595-599. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27832692 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2783... ⁾	2016 Acta Medica Iranica	Iran	Quantitative	Care
Iranian entrepreneur nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship: a qualitative study⁽³²32 Jahani S, Abedi H, Elahi N, Fallahi-Khoshknab M. Iranian entrepreneur nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jun 27];21(1):45-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26985222 doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.174749. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2698... ⁾	2016 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research	Iran	Qualitative	Business

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[1] Corresponding Author: Fernanda Hannah da Silva Copelli E-mail: fernandacopelli@hotmail.com

LILACS and BDENF	(tw: ((entrepreneurship OR entrepreneurs OR entrepreneurial OR entrepreneurialism OR intrapreneurial OR empreende* OR intraempreende* OR "iniciativa empresarial" OR "contrato de risco"))) AND (tw: ((nursing OR nurse* OR enfermagem OR enfermeir* OR enfermeria OR enfermer))) AND (instance*: "regional") AND ( db: ("LILACS" OR "BDENF"))
PUBMED	("entrepreneurship" [MeSH Terms] OR "entrepreneurship" [All Fields] OR entrepreneurs [All Fields] OR entrepreneurial [All Fields] OR entrepreneurialism [All Fields] OR intrapreneurial [All Fields]) AND ("nursing" [Subheading] OR "nursing" [All Fields] OR "nursing" [MeSH Terms] OR "nurses" [MeSH Terms] OR "nurses" [All Fields] OR "nurse" [All Fields]) AND (English [lang] OR Portuguese [lang] OR Spanish [lang])
SCOPUS	(TITLE-ABS-KEY (entrepreneurship OR entrepreneurs OR entrepreneurial OR entrepreneurialism OR intrapreneurial) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (nursing OR nurses OR nurse))
CINAHL	(entrepreneurship OR entrepreneurs OR entrepreneurial OR entrepreneurialism OR intrapreneurial)) AND ((nursing OR nurses OR nurse))
SciELO	(entrepreneurship OR entrepreneurs OR entrepreneurial OR entrepreneurialism OR intrapreneurial OR empreende$ OR intraempreende$ OR "iniciativa empresarial") AND (nursing OR nurse$ OR enfermagem OR enfermeir$ OR enfermeria OR enfermer$)