Integrative review on the incidence of HIV infection and its socio-spatial determinants

Dias, Bruna Rafaela Leite; Rodrigues, Taymara Barbosa; Botelho, Eliã Pinheiro; Oliveira, Marília de Fátima Vieira de; Feijão, Alexsandra Rodrigues; Polaro, Sandra Helena Isse

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0905

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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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Sumário

REVIEW • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 74 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0905 copy

Integrative review on the incidence of HIV infection and its socio-spatial determinants

Revisión integrativa sobre incidencia de infección por VIH y sus determinantes socioespaciales

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

to identify the socio-spatial determinants associated with the incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) described in national and international literature.

Methods:

integrative literature review that included original articles indexed in the LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL, and Scopus databases, from 2015 to 2019. The synthesis of the articles was done in a descriptive manner in two categories according to the type of approach.

Results:

13 articles were selected, with a predominance of ecological studies. Regions with deficient access to health services, high population density, higher rates of poverty, intense migratory flow, border areas, as well as precarious socioeconomic conditions, and risk behaviors are associated with higher rates of infection.

Final Considerations:

the influence of regional inequalities on the incidence of HIV infection is revealed, confirming the relevance of spatial analysis techniques for mapping the distribution of diseases and identifying risk areas.

Descriptors:
HIV; Incidence; Spatial Analysis; Public Health Surveillance; Review

Title and reference	Year Country	Outline	Intervention	Outcome
Spatial clustering of "measured" and "unmeasured" risk factors for HIV infections in hyper-endemic communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: results from geoadditive models⁽¹²12 Wand H, Ramjee G. Spatial clustering of "measured" and "unmeasured" risk factors for HIV infections in hyper-endemic communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: results from geoadditive models. AIDS Care. 2015;27(11):1375-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1096896 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.10... ⁾	2015 South Africa	Clinical trial Ecological study	Biomedical HIV prevention intervention; Geoadditive models	Spatial groups associated with low educational level, early sexual activity, greater number of sexual partners, not being married/living with a sexual partner and sexual activity in exchange for money, gifts, and drugs.
Characteristics of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Women Aged 15-49 Years from 2005 to 2012 in China⁽¹³13 Zhang XY, Huang T, Feng YB, Li M, Chen FF, Li Yg, et al. Characteristics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years from 2005 to 2012 in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2015;28(10):701-8. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.100 https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.100... ⁾	2015 China	Ecological study	Georeferencing and geocoding; Spatial distribution analysis; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis	Increased rates in older women and non-marital heterosexual contact as a very important factor in the HIV and AIDS epidemic in women aged 15 to 49 years.
Spatial analysis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus among pregnant women⁽¹⁴14 Holanda ER, Galvão MTG, Pedrosa NL, Paiva SS, Almeida RLF. Spatial analysis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus among pregnant women. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2015;23(3):441-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0481.2574 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0481.2... ⁾	2015 Brazil	Ecological study	Spatial distribution analysis; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis	Groupings of cases between disadvantaged regions, correlated to illiteracy, absence of prenatal care, and poverty.
Spatial dynamics of AIDS incidence in the elderly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997-2011⁽¹⁵15 Rodrigues NCP, Almeida AS, Braga JU, O'Dwyer G, Apratto Jr PC, Daumas RP, et al. Spatial dynamics of AIDS incidence in the elderly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997-2011. Cad Saúde Pública. 2015;31(8):1721-1731. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00152914 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0015291... ⁾	2015 Brazil	Ecological study	Spatial distribution analysis; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis; Poisson regression	Higher rates in regions of large cities, which may be related to issues of having access to services and knowledge of risks.
The spatial distribution pattern of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in China⁽¹⁶16 Wang Y, Shi X, Shi N, Yang Y, Mao S, Hui X. The spatial distribution pattern of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in China. Geospat Health. 2016;11(414):104-9. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2016.414 https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2016.414... ⁾	2016 China	Ecological study	Spatial distribution analysis; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis	Higher proportion of cases associated with the blood and blood products commerce, population density, areas that constitute a route for drug trafficking, as well as trade and travel borders.
Spatial Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China, 2006-2015⁽¹⁷17 Qin Q, Guo W, Tang W, Mahapatra T, Wang L, Zhang N, et al. Spatial analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic among men who have sex with men in China, 2006-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(7):956-963. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix031 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix031... ⁾	2017 China	Ecological study	Cochran-Armitage test for trend; Spatial distribution analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis Spatial scan statistics; Spatial Regression	High rates for homosexual transmission, average age between 28 and 29 years old, with higher education level or above. Spatial spread of infection groups among MSM from some large cities in eastern China to most municipalities and provincial capitals across the country. Positive spatial autocorrelation between the numbers of cases of the epidemic, population density, GDP per capita and the number of medical institutions.
Location of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services Across New York City Neighborhoods: Do Neighborhood Socio-demographic Characteristics and HIV Incidence Matter?⁽¹⁸18 Kim B, Callander D, DiClemente R, Trinh-Shevrin C, Thorpe LE, Duncan DT. Location of pre-exposure prophylaxis services across New York City neighborhoods: do neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics and HIV incidence matter? AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2795-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02609-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02609... ⁾	2019 USA	Ecological study	Georeferencing and geocoding; Spatial distribution analysis; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; Spatial Regression	Absence of spatial autocorrelation between race/ethnicity, income, insurance coverage, or household of same-sex couples and the density of local PrEP dispensers. Direct spatial autocorrelation between PrEP providers and HIV incidence.
Spatial clusters of HIV-1 genotypes in a recently infected population in Yunnan, China⁽¹⁹19 Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, Dai J, Luo H, Yang C, et al. Spatial clusters of HIV-1 genotypes in a recently infected population in Yunnan, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(669). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4276-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4276-... ⁾	2019 China	Cohort study Ecological study	Phylogenetic analysis; Statistical analysis; Spatial distribution analysis; Spatial scan statistics	Significant correlation between HIV infection, women, and Chinese nationality. Positive spatial autocorrelation between infection incidence, heterosexual and homosexual contact, and intravenous drug use.
Spatiotemporal analysis and epidemiological characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Libya within a twenty five year period: 1993-2017⁽²⁰20 Daw MA, Daw AM, Sifennasr NEM, Draha AM, Daw AA, Daw AA, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis and epidemiological characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Libya within a twenty five year period: 1993-2017. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-019-0228-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-019-0228-... ⁾	2019 Libya	Ecological study	Georeferencing and geocoding; Spatial distribution analysis; Spatial autocorrelation analysis; Time trend analysis; Spatial Regression	Incidence associated with injectable drug use and heterosexual activities. Positive spatial autocorrelation on the Mediterranean coast (Benghazi, Tripoli, and Musrata) and in Sabha, in the middle of the Libyan desert, neighboring countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Demographic characteristics and spatial clusters of recent HIV-1 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-1 cases in Yunnan, China, 2015⁽²¹21 Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, Dai J, Luo H, Yang C, et al. Demographic characteristics and spatial clusters of recent HIV-1 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-1 cases in Yunnan, China, 2015. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1507). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7557-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7557-... ⁾	2019 China	Ecological study	Spatial scan statistics	Higher proportion of infections in women, aged less than 25 years and of secondary infection to homosexual contact. Spatial clusters statistically significant for the transmission of heterosexual contacts, homosexual contacts, and for the use of intravenous drugs.
Spatial clustering and socio-demographic determinants of HIV infection in Ethiopia, 2015-2017⁽²²22 Gelaw YA, Magalhaes RJS, Assefa Y, Williams G. Spatial clustering and socio-demographic determinants of HIV infection in Ethiopia, 2015-2017. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;82:33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.0... ⁾	2019 Ethiopia	Ecological study	Georeferencing and geocoding; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis; Local spatial autocorrelation analysis; Spatial Regression	Higher risk of infection in districts with a higher proportion of migrants and individuals who have never attended school. Space-hotspots in highly agricultural areas that function as transport corridors for truck drivers, with a large number of other populations at risk for HIV, such as day laborers during harvest time and sex workers.
Trend and spatial distribution of infectious diseases in pregnant women in the state of Paraná-Brazil⁽²³23 Falavina LP, Lentsck MH, Mathias TAF. Trend and spatial distribution of infectious diseases in pregnant women in the state of Paraná-Brazil. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2019;27:e3160. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2838.3160 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2838.3... ⁾	2019 Brazil	Ecological study	Time trend analysis; Spatial distribution analysis	Constant increase associated with income, inadequate prenatal care, multiple sexual partners, black race/color, homosexuality, unprotected sex, injectable drug use, blood transfusion and accidents with sharp instruments in health professionals.
A decade of sustained geographic spread of HIV infections among women in Durban, South Africa⁽²⁴24 Ramjee G, Sartorius B, Morris N, Wand H, Reddy T, Yssel JD, et al. A decade of sustained geographic spread of HIV infections among women in Durban, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(500). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4080-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4080-... ⁾	2019 South Africa	Ecological study	Spatial Regression	Higher probability in younger women, with two or more sexual partners and that are not married, or not cohabiting.

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[1] Corresponding author: Sandra Helena Isse Polaro. E-mail: shpolaro@hotmail.com