Riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes

Rouberte, Emilia Soares Chaves; Araujo, Thelma Leite de; Sousa, Daniel Freire de; Nogueira, Daiany Maria Castro; Maia, Rebecca Silveira; Moreira, Rafaella Pessoa; Sousa, Ederson Laurindo Holanda de; Pinto, Livia Mara Bezerra

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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 75 (04) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0278 copiar

Riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

identificar riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes y verificar las correlaciones entre estas variables y marcadores bioquímicos, y entre percentiles de presión arterial, Índice de Masa Corporal y marcadores bioquímicos.

Métodos:

estudio transversal, realizado en una escuela brasileña, de agosto a septiembre de 2019, que incluyó a 205 participantes que fueron entrevistados. Después de la entrevista, se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas que incluyeron peso, talla, perímetro del brazo, medición de la presión arterial y extracción de sangre para pruebas de laboratorio. El análisis descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado.

Resultados:

el 18,5% tenía percentiles de presión arterial>95%, el 25,4% tenía sobrepeso y el 25,9% tenía un riesgo cardiovascular muy alto.Se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el riesgo cardiovascular y el sexo, el Índice de Masa Corporal y los percentiles de presión arterial, y entre los percentiles de presión arterial y los triglicéridos.

Conclusiones:

la alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo en estudiantes adolescentes refuerza la necesidad de intervenciones para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular en esta población.

Descriptores:
Adolescente; Escuela; Enfermedades Cardiovasculares; Presión Sanguínea; Riesgo Cardiovascular

Variables	n	%	Mean	SD
Blood pressure percentiles			91.86	± 3.55
<90	159	77.6
90 - 95	8	3.9
> 95	38	18.5
BMI			20.61	± 4.18
Underweight	16	7.8
Eutrophic	137	66.8
Overweight	52	25.4
Blood glucose (mg/dl)			81.80	± 8.75
Hypoglycemia	6	2.9
Without alteration	196	95.6
Hyperglycemia	3	1.5
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)			140.03	± 24.83
Without alteration	184	89.8
High	21	10.2
Triglycerides (mg/dl)			73.36	± 34.20
Without alteration	189	92.2
Altered	16	7.8
HDL cholesterol mg/dl)			58.82	± 13.60
Without alteration	173	84.4
Altered	32	15.6
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)			66.60	± 20.84
Without alteration	200	97.6
Altered	5	2.4
Uric Acid (mg/dl)			3.06	± 0.91
Without alteration	204	99.5
Altered	1	0.5
Urea			19.61	± 7.45
Low	8	3.9
Without alteration	192	93.7
High	5	2.4
Creatinine			0.65	± 0.31
Low	9	4.4
Without alteration	130	63.4
High	66	32.2
TGO			37.17	± 12.53
Low	-	-
Without alteration	141	68.8
High	64	31.2
TGP			15.78	± 11.80
Low	174	84.9
Without alteration	27	13.2
High	4	1.9

Variables	n	%
Cardiovascular risk
Low	43	21.0
Moderate	53	25.8
High	56	27.3
Very high	53	25.9
Total	205	100

Variables	Cardiovascular risk						p value
	Low		Moderate		High / Very high
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Female	5	4.0	27	21.6	93	74.4
Male	38	47.5	26	32.5	16	20.0
BMI							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Underweight	7	43.8	3	18.8	2	37.5
Eutrophic	32	23.4	43	31.4	62	45.3
Overweight	4	7.7	7	13.5	41	78.8
Blood pressure percentiles							0.05^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
90	36	22.6	45	28.3	78	49.1
95	3	37.5	2	25.0	3	37.5
99	4	10.5	6	15.8	28	73.7
Blood glucose							0.43^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	21.4	52	26.5	102	52.0
Altered	1	11.1	1	11.1	7	77.8
Total cholesterol							0.21^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	38	20.7	51	27.7	95	51.6
Altered	5	23.8	2	9.5	14	66.7
Triglycerides							0.92^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	39	20.6	49	25.9	101	53.4
Altered	4	25.0	4	25.0	8	50.0
HDL							0.15^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	9	28.1	11	34.4	12	37.5
Altered	34	19.7	42	24.3	97	56.1
LDL							0.41^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	21.0	53	26.5	105	52.5
Altered	1	20.0	-	-	4	80.0
Uric acid							0.21^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	20.6	53	26.0	109	53.4
Altered	1	100.0	-	-	-	-
Urea							0.81^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	41	21.4	50	26.0	101	52.6
Altered	2	15.4	3	23.1	8	61.5
Creatinine							0.71^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	26	20.0	32	24.6	72	55.4
Altered	17	22.7	21	28.0	37	49.3
TGO							0.44^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	33	23.4	36	25.5	72	51.1
Altered	10	15.6	17	26.6	37	57.8
TGP							0.26^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	3	11.1	6	22.2	18	66.7
Altered	40	22.5	47	26.4	91	51.1

Variables	Blood pressure percentiles						p value
	<90		90 - 95		> 95
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Vegetable consumption							0.55^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Yes	69	76.7	5	5.5	16	17.8
No	90	78.3	3	2.6	22	19.1
Fruit consumption							0.22^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Yes	128	79.5	7	4.4	26	16.1
No	31	70.4	1	2.3	12	27.3
Fat consumption							0.24^b b Fisher’s exact test;
Yes	141	75.8	8	4.3	37	19.9
No	18	94.7	-	-	1	5.3
Physical activity practice							0.18^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
0 - 149 min/week	60	70.6	4	4.7	21	24.7
≥ 150 min/week	99	82.5	4	3.3	17	14.2
BMI							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	121	88.3	5	3.7	11	8.0
Altered	38	55.9	3	4.4	27	39.7

Variables	Blood pressure percentiles						p value
	<90		90 - 95		> 95
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Blood glucose							0.26^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	153	78.0	7	3.6	36	18.4
Altered	6	66.7	1	11.1	2	22.2
Total cholesterol							0.27^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	144	78.3	6	3.2	34	18.5
Altered	15	71.4	2	9.5	4	19.1
Triglycerides							0.03^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	145	76.7	6	3.2	38	20.1
Altered	14	87.5	2	12.5	-	-
HDL							1.00^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	134	77.5	7	4.0	32	18.5
Altered	25	78.1	1	3.1	6	18.8
LDL							0.38^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	156	78.0	8	4.0	36	18.0
Altered	3	60.0	-	-	2	20.0
Uric acid							1.00^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	158	77.5	8	3.9	38	18.6
Altered	1	100.0	-	-	-	-
Urea							0.58^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	149	77.6	7	3.6	36	18.8
Altered	10	76.9	1	7.7	2	15.4
Creatinine							0.31^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	102	78.5	3	2.3	25	19.2
Altered	57	76.0	5	6.7	13	17.3
TGO							0.63^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	107	75.9	5	3.5	29	20.6
Altered	52	81.2	3	4.7	9	14.1
TGP							0.28^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	18	66.7	7	3.7	8	29.6
Altered	141	79.2	7	3.9	30	16.9

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[1] Corresponding author: Emilia Soares Chaves Rouberte E-mail: emilia@unilab.edu.br