Forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children as a function of literacy stage

Fonsêca, Nathália Hollanda da; Queiroga, Bianca Arruda Manchester de; Montenegro, Ana Cristina de Albuquerque; Menezes, Pedro de Lemos; Menezes, Denise Costa; Griz, Silvana Maria Sobral

doi:10.1590/1982-0216/20212339121

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. CEFAC 23 (3) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20212339121 copy

Forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children as a function of literacy stage

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

to investigate the relation between forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children as a function of literacy stage.

Methods:

twenty-seven children registered in literacy stage at public schools, aged from 6 to 9 years old, with no learning difficulties or audiological problems reported, participated in this study. Frequency Following Responses were registered in two test conditions: 1) /da/ alone; 2) /da/ presented 4 milliseconds after a speech noise. Two language protocols were applied: a cognitive-linguistic skills protocol and a phonological awareness one.

Results:

forward masking was evident in Frequency Following Responses of all children regardless of literacy stage. Frequency Following Responses latencies in both testing conditions showed no difference among participants’ age. Cognitive-language skills scores were below those expected for all children, with significant improvement noticed as a function of age. No correlation between language performance and forward masking was found.

Conclusion:

there was no relation between forward masking and cognitive-language skills in children, as a function of literacy stage.

Keywords:
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brainstem; Noise; Speech; Child Language; Cognition

FFR waves	Test Condition		Mean Difference ms	P Value
	Without masking	With masking 4ms
	Mean ± SD ms
PV	6.97± 0.39	7.99 ± 0.50	1.02	p< 0.001*
A	8.44 ± 0.71	9.64 ± 0.57	1.2	p< 0.001*
PW	21.56 ± 0.76	22.22 ± 0.72	0.66	p< 0.001*
PX	30.22 ± 0.54	30.91 ± 0.84	0.69	p< 0.001*
PY	39.17 ± 0.64	39.71 ± 0.74	0.54	p< 0.001*
PZ	47.50 ± 0.57	48.12 ± 0.74	0.62	p< 0.001**
O	48.82 ± 0.75	49.47 ± 0.92	0.65	p< 0.001*

Test Condition
	Without masking							With masking - 4ms
YEAR	PV	A	PW	PX	PY	PZ	O	PV	A	PW	PX	PY	PZ	O
1	6.93	8.65	21.28	30.36	39.51	47.79	49.14	7.72	9.45	22.12	31.22	40.09	48.16	49.77
2	6.97	8.44	21.73	29.65	38.81	47.21	48.59	8.10	9.55	22.43	30.48	39.38	48.14	49.63
3	7.02	8.23	21.72	30.47	39.06	47.48	48.74	8.17	9.88	22.12	30.97	39.58	48.08	49.21
P total value(1)	0.83	0.68	0.65	0.25	0.10	0.33	0.64	0.55	0.42	0.21	0.90	0.16	0.19	0.27

YEAR	CFS	CFF	CFT	ESCALF	COPFOR	CALMAT	DITPAL	DITPSEU	REPNU
1	26.40*	7.60*	34.00*	22.10	3.10*	1.30*	4.50*	1.00*	3.30*
2	23.40*	7.80*	31.20*	24.00	3.30*	3.40*	4.50*	1.20*	5.60*
3	35.67*	18.44*	54.11*	26.00	3.89*	7.67*	21.11*	5.22*	9.11*

	PV	A	PW	PX	PY	PZ	O	CFS	CFF	CFT	ESCALF	COPFOR	CALMAT	DITPAL	DITSPEU	REPNU
PV	1	0.001*	0.605	0.259	0.953	0.398	0.332	0.296	0.226	0.240	0.154	0.981	0.849	0.386	0.309	0.345
A	0.001*	1	0.272	0.433	0.487	0.096	0.111	0.939	0.894	0.982	0.184	0.195	0.267	0.526	0.787	0.732
PW	0.605	0.272	1	0.490	0.521	0.349	0.685	0.451	0.285	0.351	0.928	0.182	0.126	0.294	0.286	0.230
PX	0.259	0.433	0.490	1	0.496	0.416	0.605	0.056	0.240	0.101	0.520	0.763	0.423	0.279	0.274	0.636
PY	0.953	0.487	0.521	0.196	1	0.936	0.640	0.458	0.298	0.356	0.200	0.539	0.258	0.270	0.252	0.053*
PZ	0.398	0.096	0.349	0.416	0.936	1	0.000*	0.930	0.839	0.960	0.304	0.381	0.623	0.819	0.895	0.495
O	0.332	0.111	0.685	0.605	0.640	0.000*	1	0.641	0.804	0.705	0.131	0.392	0.720	0.651	0.740	0.484
CFS	0.296	0.939	0.451	0.056	0.458	0.930	0.641	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.480	0.095	0.001*	0.000*	0.000*	0.004*
CFF	0.226	0.894	0.285	0.240	0.298	0.839	0.804	0.000*	1	0.000*	0.068	0.006*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
CFT	0.240	0.982	0.351	0.101	0.356	0.960	0.705	0.000*	0.000*	1	0.206	0.024*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
ESCALF	0.154	0.184	0.928	0.520	0.200	0.304	0.131	0.480	0.068	0.001*	1	0.010*	0.003*	0.003*	0.008*	0.003*
COPFOR	0.981	0.195	0.182	0.763	0.539	0.381	0.392	0.095	0.006*	0.024*	0.010*	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
CALMAT	0.849	0.267	0.126	0.423	0.258	0.623	0.720	0.001*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
DITPAL	0.386	0.526	0.294	0.279	0.270	0.819	0.651	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	0.000*	1	0.000*	0.000*
DITPSEU	0.309	0.787	0.286	0.274	0.252	0.895	0.740	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.008*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	1	0.000*
REPNU	0.345	0.732	0.230	0.636	0.053	0.495	0.484	0.004*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	1

	PV	A	PW	PX	PY	PZ	O	CFS	CFF	CFT	ESCALF	COPFOR	CALMAT	DITPAL	DITSPEU	REPNU
PV	1	0.003*	0.225	0.592	0.930	0.435	0.298	0.948	0.357	0.630	0.251	0.781	0.282	0.444	0.228	0.429
A	0.003*	1	0.423	0.906	0.066	0.667	0.246	0.946	0.457	0.747	0.130	0.913	0.349	0.250	0.262	0.407
PW	0.225	0.423	1	0.175	0.978	0.003*	0.003*	0.360	0.294	0.317	0.813	0.312	0.885	0.603	0.639	0.840
PX	0.592	0.906	0.175	1	0.561	0.220	0.452	0.042*	0.557	0.176	0.415	0.279	0.912	0.680	0.979	0.145
PY	0.930	0.066	0.978	0.561	1	0.642	0.495	0.388	0.448	0.398	0.713	0.172	0.471	0.512	0.511	0.135
PZ	0.435	0.667	0.003*	0.220	0.642	1	0.000*	0.067	0.181	0.098	0.905	0.213	0.407	0.591	0.640	0.550
O	0.298	0.246	0.003*	0.452	0.495	0.000*	1	0.358	0.642	0.471	0.347	0.543	0.790	0.664	0.682	0.202
CFS	0.948	0.946	0.369	0.042*	0.388	0.067	0.358	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.480	0.095	0.001*	0.000*	0.000*	0.004*
CFF	0.357	0.457	0.294	0.557	0.448	0.181	0.642	0.000*	1	0.000*	0.068	0.006*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
CFT	0.630	0.747	0.317	0.176	0.398	0.098	0.471	0.000*	0.000*	1	0.206	0.024*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
ESCALF	0.251	0.130	0.813	0.415	0.713	0.905	0.347	0.480	0.068	0.001*	1	0.010*	0.003*	0.003*	0.008*	0.003*
COPFOR	0.781	0.913	0.312	0.279	0.172	0.213	0.543	0.095	0.006*	0.024*	0.010*	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
CALMAT	0.282	0.349	0.885	0.912	0.471	0.407	0.790	0.001*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	1	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
DITPAL	0.444	0.250	0.603	0.680	0.512	0.591	0.664	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	0.000*	1	*	0.000*
DITPSEU	0.229	0.262	0.639	0.979	0.511	0.640	0.682	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.008*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	1	0.000*
REPNU	0.429	0.407	0.840	0.145	0.135	0.550	0.202	0.004*	0.000*	0.000*	0.003*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	1

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[1] Corresponding address: Denise Costa Menezes, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-901 - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, E-mail: denize.menezes@ufpe.br.com