PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-HÍDRICAS DE UM ARGISSOLO SOB PLANTIO DIRETO E INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA NO CERRADO

BARBOSA, LEOVÂNIO RODRIGUES; DE OLIVEIRA, FLÁVIO PEREIRA; DE SOUZA, HENRIQUE ANTUNES; LEITE, LUIZ FERNANDO CARVALHO; NUNES, LUIS ALFREDO PINHEIRO LEAL

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Research Paper • Rev. Caatinga 35 (02) • Apr-Jun 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252022v35n221rc copiar

PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-HÍDRICAS DE UM ARGISSOLO SOB PLANTIO DIRETO E INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA NO CERRADO

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Os solos leves possuem maior suscetibilidade ao processo de degradação e necessitam ser explorados de forma conservacionista, evitando assim sua rápida degradação. Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar as propriedades físico-hídricas de um Argissolo sob plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária no Cerrado da região leste do estado do Maranhão. Os manejos avaliados foram uma área sob sistema de plantio direto há quatorze anos (soja/milheto) e três áreas com diferentes históricos de adoção do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) sob plantio direto (soja/milheto), sendo a diferença os tempos de entrada com ILP (2, 4 e 8 anos), além de uma área de cerrado nativo, considerado testemunha. A coleta do solo foi realizada em junho de 2018 nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,50 m. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas, para determinação das variáveis: densidade do solo, porosidade, resistência à penetração, curva de retenção e capacidade de água disponível. Os dados foram submetidos ao cálculo das médias e de intervalo de confiança (95 %). A área com histórico recente de integração lavoura-pecuária apresentou melhor densidade, porosidade, resistência a penetração e capacidade de armazenamento e água disponível. O plantio direto há quatorze anos apresenta alta resistência a penetração, menor porosidade e baixa capacidade de armazenamento de água. O sistema integrado (ILP) melhora a qualidade das propriedades físico - hídricas, sendo o sistema com maior capacidade de água disponível para as plantas.

Palavras-chave
Água no solo; Resistência do solo; Sistemas integrados

Description	History
NT14 No-tillage for 14 years	No-tillage system: opening of the area in 2003 with soil turning (plowing and harrowing) and incorporation of 2 t ha⁻¹ of limestone. First year of cultivation in 2004 with soybean, and the following years with no-tillage (soybean - 1st season and millet - 2nd season) until 2018. Fertilization was performed based on the recommendation for soybean crop.
NT-CLI8 No-tillage, once under crop-livestock integration for eight years	No-tillage system with history equal to that of NT14 until 2009. In 2010 the area was turned (plowing and harrowing), received 3.7 t ha⁻¹ of calcitic limestone and was managed in a crop-livestock integration system [maize + pasture (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with entry of 0.7 animal unit per hectare in the off-season]; in the following year and until 2018 the area returned to management under no-tillage (soybean and millet). Fertilization was performed based on the recommendation for soybean and maize crops.
NT-CLI4 No-tillage, once under crop-livestock integration for four years	No-tillage system, with a history of use and management equal to that of NT14 until 2009; in 2010 there was soil turning (plowing and harrowing) and incorporation of 3.7 t ha⁻¹ of limestone; in 2014, the area was used under crop-livestock integration system [maize + pasture (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with 0.8 animal unit per hectare in the off-season]; in the following years until 2018 the area was again used under no-tillage system (soybean and millet). Fertilization was performed based on the recommendation for soybean and maize crops.
NT-2CLI No-tillage, twice under crop-livestock integration	No-tillage system with history equal to that of NT14 until 2011; in 2012 the area was turned (plowing and harrow) and received 3.8 t ha⁻¹ of calcitic limestone with adoption of crop-livestock integration [maize + pasture (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with 1.5 animal units per hectare in the off-season]; from 2013 to 2015 the area was managed under no-tillage system (soybean and millet); in 2016 the area was subsoiled up to 0.30 m and again with adoption of the crop-livestock integration system [maize + pasture (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with 0.8 animal unit per hectare in the off-season]; in the following years the area was again used under no-tillage system (soybean and millet). Fertilization was performed based on the recommendation for soybean and maize crops.
Forest Native vegetation	Area under native vegetation of Cerrado Biome, considered as a reference of non-anthropized area.

Use and management	Particle size (g kg⁻¹)
	Sand			Silt	Clay
	Coarse	Fine	Total	Silt	Clay
	0.00 - 0.10 m layer
NT-2CLI	455	326	781	50	169
NT-CLI4	402	320	722	100	178
NT-CLI8	415	342	757	59	184
NT14	346	367	713	141	146
Native forest	174	574	748	78	174
	0.10 - 0.20 m layer
NT-2CLI	476	307	783	25	192
NT-CLI4	355	352	707	154	139
NT-CLI8	379	348	727	70	203
NT14	413	311	724	91	185
Native forest	333	371	704	112	184
	0.20 - 0.30 m layer
NT-2CLI	437	289	726	56	218
NT-CLI4	378	329	707	64	229
NT-CLI8	379	336	715	62	223
NT14	327	371	698	89	213
Native forest	306	37	680	86	234
	0.30 - 0.50 m layer
NT-2CLI	398	288	686	102	212
NT-CLI4	356	283	639	104	257
NT-CLI8	318	331	649	101	250
NT14	336	337	673	113	214
Native forest	268	396	664	100	236

Land use	TOC	BD	Soil porosity			RP
	TOC	BD	TP	Macro	Micro	RP
	g^kg⁻¹	Mg m³	%			MPa
	0.00 - 0.10 m layer
Forest	13.2±0.8	1.50±0.05	38.6±1.0	21.0±2.0	17.6±1.3	0.74±0.17
NT-2CLI	16.9±0.8	1.59±0.07	42.2±1.3	18.9±1.2	23.3±2.3	1.38±0.12
NT- CLI4	17.4±1.1	1.55±0.10	41.5±0.7	19.9±0.6	21.6±1.1	1.44±0.05
NT-CLI8	16.0±0.7	1.60±0.06	36.1±2.0	l9.2±2.5	l6.9±0.9	1.49±0.02
NT14	14.2±0.8	1.68±0.02	32.2±1.2	15.8±0.2	l6.5±1.4	1.54±0.03
	0.10 - 0.20 m layer
Forest	13.6±0.8	1.59±0.06	37.8±0.6	20.6±0.9	17.2±0.3	1.26±0.17
NT-2CLI	16.8±0.5	1.62±0.11	38.8±1.2	20.±1.4	18.2±1.7	1.84±0.13
NT- CLI4	17.4±1.0	1.75±0.06	36.1±1.6	20.5±3.0	l5.6±1.6	2.36±0.12
NT-CLI8	15.3±1.0	1.75±0.05	30.8±0.9	l6.4±0.5	l4.4±0.6	1.97±0.07
NT14	l4.3±0.4	1.73±0.04	33.3±3.7	18.2±2.8	l5.1±5.0	2.13±0.15
	0.20 - 0.30 m layer
Forest	10.9±1.9	1.59±0.05	36.8±1.5	19.1±0.1	17.7±0.5	1.69±0.18
NT-2CLI	14.0±0.7	1.55±0.06	37.2±0.6	l9.2±1.0	18.0±0.7	2.23±0.11
NT- CLI4	14.6±0.9	1.62±0.07	34.2±2.3	18.3±1.5	l5.9±0.9	2.55±0.05
NT-CLI8	13.5±1.4	1.69±0.05	32.0±2.6	17.2±1.9	l4.7±0.8	2.51±0.03
NT14	12.2±1.5	1.73±0.04	31.2±0.5	l6.6±0.5	14.6±0.2	2.70±0.13
	0.30 - 0.50 m layer
Forest	10.8±0.8	1.62±0.07	33.7±0.9	16.6±0.9	17.1±0.5	1.54±0.07
NT-2CLI	12.0±0.7	1.63±0.07	37.4±0.6	19.5±0.1	17.8±0.6	2.43±0.25
NT- CLI4	13.9±1.5	1.68±0.09	35.0±3.4	18.5±1.8	l6.5±1.6	2.48±0.08
NT-CLI8	12.0±1.0	1.69±0.07	30.1±1.5	15.3±0.5	14.9±1.0	2.57±0.02
NT14	11.2±0.2	1.66±0.05	31.6±2.4	16.4±1.6	15.2±0.8	2.51±0.01

Layer (m)	Use and management
Layer (m)	NT-2CLI	NT-CLI4	NT-CLI8	NT14	Forest
	kg kg⁻¹
0.00 – 0.20	0.14	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.13
0.20 – 0.50	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.14

Use and management	Parameters
	θs	θr	α	m	n	r²
	m³ m⁻³		α	m	n	r²
	Depth (0.00 - 0.10 m)
NT-2CLI	0.419	0.101	0.245	0.057	8.901	0.982
NT-CLI4	0.407	0.110	0.305	0.080	7.633	0.989
NT-CLI8	0.349	0.105	0.213	0.055	13.552	0.978
NT14	0.330	0.092	0.276	0.091	6.910	0.999
Forest	0.339	0.101	0.374	0.059	6.946	1.000
	Depth (0.10 - 0.20 m)
NT-2CLI	0.378	0.085	0.305	0.066	7.555	0.978
NT-CLI4	0.323	0.095	0.370	0.068	6.379	0.991
NT-CLI8	0.290	0.106	0.222	0.041	11.098	0.988
NT14	0.304	0.094	0.288	0.193	3.076	0.999
Forest	0.360	0.101	0.357	0.085	6.946	0.999
	Depth (0.20 - 0.30 m)
NT-2CLI	0.357	0.091	0.359	0.064	6.297	0.985
NT-CLI4	0.329	0.110	0.422	0.083	5.241	0.998
NT-CLI8	0.315	0.128	0.281	0.070	8.042	0.992
NT14	0.312	0.119	0.100	0.992	0.785	0.999
Forest	0.363	0.096	0.394	0.056	6.791	1.000
	Depth (0.30 - 0.50 m)
NT-2CLI	0.357	0.131	0.346	0.500	2.500	0.988
NT-CLI4	0.329	0.129	0.360	0.070	6.304	0.997
NT-CLI8	0.305	0.128	0.297	0.062	7.624	0.993
NT14	0.316	0.124	0.004	4.630	0.551	0.997
Forest	0.333	0.112	0.283	0.173	2.560	0.999

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