Agronomic performance of grain amaranth in the semi-arid region as a function of the planting arrangement

Gomes, Victor E. de V.; Mesquita, Rosilene O.; Nunes, Liliane R.; Innecco, Renato

doi:10.1590/1983-21252024v3711913rc

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Scientific Article • Rev. Caatinga 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252024v3711913rc copy

Agronomic performance of grain amaranth in the semi-arid region as a function of the planting arrangement

Desempenho agronômico do amaranto no semiárido em função do arranjo espacial

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The potential effects of climate change on agricultural yields require a greater understanding of cropping systems that include underutilized agricultural crops with greater adaptive capacity to water and thermal stresses, such as grain amaranth (Amaranthus sp.). The aim of this work was to evaluate how the planting arrangement affects the agronomic performance of grain amaranth BRS Alegria (Amaranthus cruentus L.) grown under semi-arid conditions. One experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with five repetitions in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (two row spacings - 30 and 40 cm; three plant spacings - 20; 30 and 40 cm); in two crop years, 2019 and 2020 in the municipality of Pentecoste, CE, Brazil. The evaluated characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh matter yield, aboveground biomass yield (dry weight), grain yield, thousand-grain weight, lipid content, and harvest and lodging indexes. The evaluated planting arrangements did not affect plant height and number of leaves, but did affect stem diameter and lodging index, as the 40 cm plant spacing resulted in greater stem diameter and lower lodging index. Narrow spacing (30 x 20 cm) resulted in a higher lodging index but also resulted in a higher fresh matter yield, aboveground biomass, grain yield, harvest index and lipid content. Thousand-grain weight was greater at 30 x 40 cm spacing. The 30 x 20 cm arrangement can be recommended for the cultivation of grain amaranth in the study area.

Keywords:
Amaranthus cruentus ; L. Adaptability; Functional foods; Plant morphology; Yield

Year	Month	Maximum Temperature (°C)	Minimum Temperature (°C)	Average Temperature (°C)	Rh%	Rainfall (mm)	Evaporation (mm)
2019	September	37.93	23.80	30.86	52.35	0.0	168.4
	October	38.93	23.04	30.98	50.32	0.0	208.4
	November	39.00	23.65	31.33	48.75	0.0	207.2
	December	38.64	24.05	31.34	51.63	5.8	177.4
2020	October	39.34	22.87	31.10	46.48	0.0	183.5
	November	38.66	24.14	31.40	55.90	0.0	210.1
	December	38.59	23.89	31.24	58.45	0.0	262.7
2021	January	37.30	24.48	30.89	61.71	11.0	235.3

Row spacing (cm)	Plant spacing (cm)	Plant density (pl ha^-1)
30	40	83,333
	30	111,111
	20	166,666
40	40	62,500
	30	83,333
	20	125,000

Sources of variation	DF	Plant height		Stem diameter		Number of leaves		Lodging index
Sources of variation	DF	1st cycle	2nd cycle	1st cycle	2nd cycle	1st cycle	2nd cycle	1st cycle	2nd cycle
Row spacing (R)	1	2.03^ns	0.33^ns	0.38^ns	1.095^ns	0.25^ns	2.41^ns	14.37^*	0.14^ns
Plant spacing (P)	2	0.02^ns	0.35^ns	8.22^*	2.06^ns	2.58^ns	1.48^ns	3.52^*	0.03^ns
R x P	2	0.06^ns	0.07^ns	3.45^ns	1.442^ns	1.17^ns	0.34^ns	0.29^ns	0.49^ns
Block	4	4.47^ns	2.42^ns	3.04^*	0.796^ns	3.56^*	0.58^ns	1.38^ns	1.62^ns

Source of variation	DF	Total aboveground fresh matter		Total aboveground biomass
Source of variation	DF	1st cycle	2nd cycle	1st season	2nd season
Row spacing (R)	1	15.33^**	23.89^**	7.53^*	0.31^ns
Plant spacing (P)	2	8.00^*	45.54^**	13.04^**	2.06^ns
R x P	2	1.10^ns	1.65^ns	3.99^*	0.05^ns
Block	4	5.93^*	2.93^ns	4.05^*	0.64^ns

Source of variation	DF	Yield		Harvest index		Thousand-grain weight
Source of variation	DF	1^st cycle	2^nd cycle	1^st cycle	2^nd cycle	1^st cycle	2^nd cycle
Row spacing (R)	1	8.31^*	8.95^*	0.58^ns	10.51^*	2.48^ns	17.04^**
Plant spacing (P)	2	9.07^*	0.02^*	3.26^ns	9.06^*	0.95^ns	4.37^*
R x P	2	4.82^*	0.44^ns	6.88^*	0.68^ns	0.20^ns	5.19^*
Block	4	0.26^ns	0.75^ns	5.50^*	0.53^ns	0.61^ns	0.94^ns

Source of variation	DF	Lipids content
Source of variation	DF	1^st cycle	2^nd cycle
Row spacing (R)	1	46.23^**	34.78^**
Plant spacing (P)	2	22.97^**	14.27^**
R x P	2	17.03^**	1.92^ns
Block	4	1.303^ns	0.91^ns

Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido Avenida Francisco Mota, número 572, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, Cep: 5962-5900, Telefone: 55 (84) 3317-8297 - Mossoró - RN - Brazil
E-mail: caatinga@ufersa.edu.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: <v.e.de.v.gomes@gmail.com>

Cations (mmol_c L^-1)					Anions (mmol_c L^-1)					2019
Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Sum	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO_3-	CO₃^2-	Sum	EC (dS m^-1)	SAR	pH	Total dissolved solids (mg L^-1)
5.6	4	8.6	0.1	18.3	12.8	--	4.8	--	17.6	1.72	2.77	6.9	1,101
Cations--------------(mmol_c L^-1)--------------					Anions-------------------(mmol_c L^-1)-------------------					2020
Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Sum	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO₃^-	CO₃^2-	Sum	EC (dS m^-1)	SAR	pH	Total dissolved solids (mg L^-1)
8.8	5.8	3.81	0.44	18.8	13.5	--	5.56	--	19.06	1.86	1.00	6.9	1,190

2019
pH (water)	EC dS m^-1	P¹ mg kg^-1	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg⁺²
			-----------------------------------Cmol_c kg^-1-----------------------------------
7.5	0.18	8	0.13	0.03	1.8	0.9
2020
pH (water)	EC dS m^-1	P¹ mg kg^-1	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg⁺²
7.6	1.93	21	-----------------------------------Cmol_c kg^-1-----------------------------------
			0.06	0.77	4.2	0.9

Row spacing (cm)¹	1^st cycle	2^nd cycle
Row spacing (cm)¹	Total aboveground fresh matter (t ha^-1)	Total aboveground fresh matter (t ha^-1)
40	70.22 b	75.92 b
30	89.34 a	100.15 a
Plant spacing (cm)¹	Total aboveground fresh matter (t ha^-1)	Total aboveground fresh matter (t ha^-1)
40	58.82 c	79.74 b
30	76.37 b	78.85 b
20	104.16 a	105.52 a

Row spacing (cm)²	Total aboveground biomass (t dry matter ha^-1) \| 1^st cycle
	Plant spacing (cm)
	40	30	20
40	12.73 aAB	9.69 bB	15.16 bA
30	11.80 aB	14.42 aB	18.29 aA

Row spacing (cm)¹	Grain yield (t ha^-1) \| 1^st cycle
	Plant spacing (cm)
	40	30	20
40	1.17 aB	0.78 bC	1.56 aA
30	1.48 aA	1.33 aA	1.46 aA
Row spacing (cm)²	Grain yield (t ha^-1) \| 2^nd cycle
40	0.94 b
30	1.36 a
Plant spacing (cm)²	Grain yield (t ha^-1) \| 2^nd cycle
40	0.90 b
30	1.14 ab
20	1.41 a
Row spacing (cm)¹	Harvest index (HI) \| 1^st cycle
	Plant spacing (cm)
	40	30	20
40	9.40 bA	8.65 aA	10.83 aA
30	13.01 aA	9.63 aB	7.90 bB
Row spacing (cm)²	Harvest index \| 2^nd cycle
40	9.07 b
30	13.28 a
Plant spacing (cm)²	Harvest index \| 2^nd cycle
40	8.17 b
30	10.50 b
20	14.85 a
Row spacing (cm)¹	Thousand-grain weight (g) \| 2^nd cycle
	Plant spacing (cm)
	40	30	20
40	0.71 bA	0.70 bA	0.72 aA
30	0.82 aA	0.78 aAB	0.71 aB

Plant spacing (cm)	Stem diameter (mm) \| 1^st cycle
40	22.72 a
30	22.39 a
20	19.59 b
Row spacing (cm)	Lodging index \| 1^st cycle
40	11.47 b
30	14.53 a
Plant spacing (cm)	Lodging index \| 1^st cycle
40	11.74 b
30	12.90 ab
20	14.36 a

Row spacing (cm)	Lipids content (%) \| 1^st cycle
	Plant spacing (cm)
	40	30	20
40	4.92 aC	7.82 aB	9.60 aA
30	5.16 aA	5.43 bA	5.50 bA
Plant spacing (cm)	Lipids content (%) \| 2^nd cycle
40	1.84 c
30	2.88 b
20	3.87 a