Biomass production and salt extraction by species alone or associated in the revegetation strategy<sup/>

Leite, Maria Camila Barros Silva; Freire, Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos; Pessoa, Luiz Guilherme Medeiros; Vieira, Clarissa Buarque; Freire, Fernando José; Wandersee, Patryk Ramon Rosa; Lucena, Pedro Gabriel Correia; Fernandes, Josimar Gurgel

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20220061

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Scientific Article • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 53 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20220061 copy

Biomass production and salt extraction by species alone or associated in the revegetation strategy¹ 1 Part of first author’s Thesis presented at Postgraduated Program in Soil Science of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Research funded by FACEPE

Produção de biomassa e extração de sais por espécies isoladamente ou associadas na estratégia de revegetação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Anthropogenic actions have caused soil degradation and revegetation is a way to recover degraded soils. However, salt-affected soils require the use of suitable species to extract salts from the soil. This study investigated the growth of shrub and tree species in a soil degraded by salts, alone or associated with a phytoextraction salt species, evaluating plant biomass yield and extraction of elements by plants. A field experiment was assembled with eight treatments: 1) Atriplex nummularia Lindl., 2) Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth, 3) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) Wit, 4) Azadirachta indica A. Juss, 5) A. nummularia + M. caesalpiniifolia, 6) A. nummularia + L. leucocephala and 7) A. nummularia + A. indica; in randomized blocks with four replications. After 30 months of cultivation, plants were collected to measure biomass and concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, P, and N. A. indica plants had the highest total biomass (10.75 kg plant^-1), about 15 times more than M. caesalpiniifolia, both in associated cultivation with A. nummularia. A. nummularia plants extracted more Na and Cl in the dry matter, maximum of 124.70 and 166.79 g plant^-1, respectively. The highest production of plant biomass (23.55 t ha^-1) and total extraction of elements (1438.51 kg ha^-1) were obtained by associated cultivation of A. nummularia and A. indica. Associated cultivation did not decrease the phytoextractor potential of Na and Cl by A. nummularia plants and it can be used to regenerate degraded areas.

Key words
Soil degradation; Phytoremediation; Soil quality; Semiarid

Layer	Sand	Silt	Clay	pH_H2O	EC¹ 1 Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract;	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	CEC² 2 Cation exchange capacity (index cation method);	ESP³ 3 Exchangeable sodium percentage
cm	^__________ g kg^{-1 __________}				dS m^-1	^{______________} cmol_c kg^{-1 _______________}					%
0 - 10	828	78	94	7.2	5.48	5.9	1.1	1.5	0.68	9.51	62
10 - 30	752	66	182	7.2	4.00	2.7	1.8	1.6	0.70	6.83	39
30 - 60	711	80	209	7.3	3.80	3.2	1.9	1.8	0.75	7.67	42

Treatment	Total dry biomass	Dry biomass by plant fraction
Treatment	Total dry biomass	Stem	Leaf	Flower	Fruit
	^{_______________} kg plant^{-1 _______________}			^__________ g plant^{-1 __________}
A. nummularia ¹ 1 Atriplex nummularia alone;	5.10 AB	4.15 AB	0.95 A	-	-
A. nummularia ² 2 Atriplex nummularia associated with L. leucocephala;	5.55 AB	4.28 AB	1.27 A	-	-
A. nummularia ³ 3 Atriplex nummularia associated with A. indica;	8.10 AB	6.67 AB	1.43 A	-	-
A. nummularia ⁴ 4 Atriplex nummularia associated with M. caesalpiniifolia;	7.46 AB	5.88 AB	1.58 A	-	-
L. leucocephala ⁵ 5 Leucaena leucocephala associated with A. nummularia;	2.90 AB	1.64 AB	0.52 A	5.93 B	736.95 A
A. indica ⁶ 6 Azadirachta indica associated with A. nummularia;	10.75 A	7.39 A	3.22 A	32.74 A	135.41 B
M. caesalpiniifolia ⁷ 7 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia associated with A. nummularia;	0.70 B	0.52 B	0.18 A	-	-
L. leucocephala ⁸ 8 Leucaena leucocephala alone;	2.73 AB	1.94 AB	0.29 A	6.45 B	501.29 A
A. indica ⁹ 9 Azadirachta indica alone;	5.22 AB	3.57 AB	1.52 A	34.55 A	124.65 B
M. caesalpiniifolia ¹⁰ 10 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia alone;	2.49 AB	1.58 AB	0.88 A	33.20 A	-
CV¹¹ 11 Coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically by the Tukey test at p < 0.1 probability level (%)	32.18	55.34	42.12	58.87	37.57

Treatment	Dry biomass by plant fraction				Total accumulated
Treatment	Stem	Leaf	Flower	Fruit	Total accumulated
	^_____ t ha^{-1 ______}		^______ kg ha^{-1 ______}		t ha^-1
A. nummularia ¹ 1 Dry biomass yield by Atriplex nummularia alone;	10.38 AB	2.37 A	-	-	12.75 AB
A. nummularia/L. leucocephala ² 2 Dry biomass yield by A. nummularia and Leucaena leucocephala associated;	7.40 B	2.24 A	7.41 B	1253.23 A	10.90 AB
A. nummularia/A. indica³ 3 Dry biomass yield by A. nummularia and Azadirachta indica associated;	17.57 A	5.81 A	40.93 A	169.26 B	23.55 A
A. nummularia/M. caesalpiniifolia⁴ 4 Dry biomass yield by A. nummularia and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia associated;	8.00 B	2.20 A	-	-	10.24 AB
L. leucocephala ⁵ 5 Dry biomass yield by L. leucocephala alone;	4.86 B	0.72 A	16.13 B	921.19 A	6.54 B
A. indica ⁶ 6 Dry biomass yield by A. indica alone;	8.92 B	3.80 A	86.39 A	311.19 B	13.11 AB
M. caesalpiniifolia ⁷ 7 Dry biomass yield by M. caesalpiniifolia alone;	3.94 B	2.20 A	83.00 A	-	6.16 B
CV⁸ 8 Coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically by the Tukey test at p < 0.1 probability level (%)	70.46	51.46	80.88	38.08	73.40

Treatment	Na	K	Ca	Mg	N	P	Cl
	^{________________________________________} g plant^{-1 _________________________________________________}
A. nummularia ¹ 1 Atriplex nummularia alone;	68.62 AB	84.46 C	50.34 C	14.06 AB	50.60 AB	9.15 AB	104.60 AB
A. nummularia ² 2 Atriplex nummularia associated with L. leucocephala;	124.70 A	111.38 B	61.97 BC	20.96 AB	76.50 AB	12.77 AB	166.79 A
A. nummularia ³ 3 Atriplex nummularia associated with A. indica;	87.33 AB	120.60 B	63.85 BC	22.07 AB	83.28 AB	12.23 AB	142.17 AB
A. nummularia ⁴ 4 Atriplex nummularia associated with M. caesalpiniifolia;	93.20 AB	81.71 C	61.13 BC	22.49 AB	69.96 AB	13.75 AB	150.48 AB
L. leucocephala ⁵ 5 Leucaena leucocephala associated with A. nummularia;	1.17 B	39.63 D	33.30 CD	4.75 B	54.14 AB	3.86 AB	16.08 B
A. indica ⁶ 6 Azadirachta indica associated with A. nummularia;	3.58 B	170.09 A	164.62 A	42.78 A	167.94 A	37.37 A	32.90 AB
M. caesalpiniifolia ⁷ 7 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia associated with A. nummularia;	0.28 B	10.50 E	8.94 D	0.74 B	9.50 B	1.69 B	2.84 B
L. leucocephala ⁸ 8 Leucaena leucocephala alone;	0.58 B	47.56 D	25.64 CD	3.95 B	42.47 B	4.46 AB	14.83 B
A. indica ⁹ 9 Azadirachta indica alone;	1.52 B	72.37 C	95.41 B	20.45 AB	36.17 B	14.44 AB	8.59 B
M. caesalpiniifolia ¹⁰ 10 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia alone.	0.39 B	25.64 DE	33.92 CD	4.16 B	34.90 B	7.17 AB	13.11 B
CV¹¹ 11 Coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically by the Tukey test at p < 0.1 probability level (%)	23.24	58.47	41.04	70.38	72.14	11.29	48.22

Treatment	Na		Ca	Mg	N	P
	^{________________________________________} kg ha^{-1 ____________________________________________________}
A. nummularia ¹ 1 Plants of Atriplex nummularia alone;	171.54 A	211.15 AB	125.84 AB	35.15 AB	126.49 AB	22.86 AB	261.49 A
A. nummularia/ L. leucocephala ² 2 Plants of A. nummularia and Leucaena leucocephala in associated cultivation;	157.33 A	188.76 AB	119.08 AB	32.14 AB	163.30 AB	20.79 AB	228.58 A
A. nummularia/ A. indica³ 3 Plants of A. nummularia and Azadirachta indica in associated cultivation;	113.64 A	363.37 A	285.60 A	81.06 A	314.03 A	62.00 A	218.83 AB
A. nummularia/ M. caesalpiniifolia⁴ 4 Plants of A. nummularia and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia in associated cultivation;	116.84 A	115.26 B	87.60 AB	29.05 AB	99.32 AB	19.31 AB	191.65 ABC
L. leucocephala ⁵ 5 Plants of L. leucocephala alone;	1.45 B	118.90 B	64.09 AB	9.88 B	106.19 AB	11.16 B	37.09 BCD
A. indica ⁶ 6 Plants of A. indica alone;	3.80 B	180.92 AB	238.53 AB	51.13 AB	173.94 AB	36.10 AB	21.48 D
M. caesalpiniifolia ⁷ 7 Plants of M. caesalpiniifolia alone;	0.99 B	64.10 B	84.82 AB	10.40 B	87.24 B	17.93 AB	32.77 CD
CV⁸ 8 Coefficient of variation Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically by Tukey test at p < 0.1 probability level (%)	40.85	27.41	37.56	55.49	72.66	26.17	37.28

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Biomass production and salt extraction by species alone or associated in the revegetation strategy1 1 Part of first author’s Thesis presented at Postgraduated Program in Soil Science of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Research funded by FACEPE

Produção de biomassa e extração de sais por espécies isoladamente ou associadas na estratégia de revegetação

ABSTRACT

Biomass production and salt extraction by species alone or associated in the revegetation strategy¹ 1 Part of first author’s Thesis presented at Postgraduated Program in Soil Science of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Research funded by FACEPE