Pedogenesis of high-mountain soils from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil

Silva, Rafael Cipriano da; Azevedo, Antonio Carlos de; Pinheiro Junior, Carlos Roberto; Silva Neto, Eduardo Carvalho da; Ziviani, Melania Merlo; Pereira, Marcos Gervasio

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20220053

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Scientific Article • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 53 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20220053 copy

Pedogenesis of high-mountain soils from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil¹ 1 Pesquisa

Pedogênese de solos alto-montanos da Serra da Mantiqueira, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In the Serra da Mantiqueira region the pedogenetic studies contribute to both the understanding of past events and supporting the conservation of natural resources. This study aimed to characterize the soils from the Minas Gerais high-mountains region to evaluate the influence of paleoenvironmental conditions on pedogenesis. Five profiles were selected and characterized for morphological, physical and chemical properties. Isotopic analyses of ¹³C were performed in soil samples collected at depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 cm; except in P2, which was collected up to 60 cm deep. Erratic distribution of the particle-size fractions and C contents highlight the sedimentary nature of the profiles, resulting from the erosive action favored by the relief. High organic C content in subsurface and its accumulation in the surface were observed in the profiles, which suggests the occurrence of the melanization process. In the profiles P2, P4 and P5 (Cambissolos/ Cambisols) the brownish color indicates the xanthization process, while in P1 (Argissolo/ Lixisol), is highlighted the process of eluviation and illuviation resulting in the increase of clay in subsurface and presence of clay films. In P3 (Latossolo/ Ferralsol), the low values of sum of bases, silica removal and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio (ki index) values below 1.0 point to the advanced weathering and the allitization process. The variation in the isotopic signature of δ¹³C indicates a drier past condition, with mixed vegetation, with gradual change of vegetation with predominant C3 photosynthetic pathway. In P1 and P4, the decrease in the contents of δ¹³C in surface results from anthropic action.

Keywords:
Pedoenvironment; Altitude soils; Carbon; Humic horizon

Profile	Coordinates	Altitude (m)	Regional relief	General features
P1	22º 22.969’ S; 45º 23.677’ W	902	Slope varying from 21 to 45%	Shoulder; pasture
P2	22º 20.162’ S 45º 24.432’ W	862		Backslope; forest vegetation;
P3	22º 28.740’ S 45º 13.985’ W	1.687		slightly stony and slightly rocky
P4	22º 24.556’ S 45º 08.784’ W	1.255	Slope varying from 8 to 20%	Backslope; pasture
P5	22º 43.420’ S 46º 02.504’ W	1.326	Slope varying from 8 to 20%	Shoulder; forest vegetation

Horizon	Depth (m)	Munsell Color moist	Structure	Clay coating	Textural class
Profile P1
Ap	0.0 - 0.18	5YR 3/4	mo, fi, gr	-	clay
A1	0.18 - 0.30	5YR 3/2	mo, fi, gr	-	cl
A2	0.30 - 0.56	5YR 3/2	mo, fi, sb	-	cl
BA	0.56 - 0.71	5YR 4/4	mo, fi, sb	we, com	clay
B1	0.71 - 0.97	5YR 4/5	mo, fi, sb	we, com	clay
B2	0.97 - 1.30	5YR 4/7	mo, fi, sb	mo, com	clay
B3	1.30 - 1.74+	5YR 5/3	mo, fi, sb	mo, com	clay
Profile P2
A1	0.0 - 0.15	7.5YR 4/2	mo/st, me, gr	-	scl
A2	0.15 - 0.27	7.5YR 4/3	mo/st, co, gr	-	sl
A3	0.27 - 0.46	5YR 4/2	mo, co, gr	-	sl
A4	0.46 - 0.61	5YR 4/3	mo, fi, sb	-	scl
Bi	0.61 - 0.76	7.5YR 7/2	we, vf, sb	-	sl
C	0.76 - 1.12+	7.5YR 7/2	single grain	-	sl
Profile P3
A1	0.0 - 0.20	5YR 3/2	single grain	-	cl
A2	0.20 - 0.41	5YR 3/2	we/mo, me, gr	-	clay
A3	0.41 - 0.63	5YR 3/2	mo, me, gr	-	clay
A4	0.63 - 0.83	5YR 2/2	we/mo, me, gr	-	clay
AB1	0.83 - 1.04	5YR 3/3	mo, me, gr	-	clay
AB2	1.04 - 1.20	5YR 3/4	mo, me, gr	-	clay
AB3	1.20 - 1.33	5YR 3/2	mo, me, gr	-	cl
BA	1.33 - 1.48	5YR 4/3	mo, fi, sb	-	clay
Bw	1.48 - 2.11+	5YR 3/5	mo, fi, sb	-	clay
Profile P4
A1	0.0 - 0.20	10YR 3/3	mo/st, me, gr	-	ls
A2	0.20 - 0.33	10YR 4/3	mo/st, me, gr	-	sl
A3	0.33 - 0.57	10YR 4/4	mo, me, gr	-	sl
AB	0.57 - 0.71	10YR 4/4	mo, fi, sb	-	sl
BA	0.71 - 0.93	7.5YR 4/3	mo/st, fi, sb	-	cl
B1	0.93 - 1.20	5YR 4/4	mo, fi, sb	-	cl
B2	1.20 - 1.41	5YR 4/4	mo, vf, sb	-	cl
BC	1.41 - 1.53	5YR 4/3	we/mo, vf, sb	-	cl
C1	1.53 - 2.00	10YR 7/6	massive	-	scl
C2	2.00 - 2.37+	10YR 7/4	massive	-	sl
Profile P5
O	0.0 - 0.09	10YR 4/2	we/mo, vf, gr	-	scl
A1	0.09 - 0.25	10YR 4/2	mo/st, fi+ me, gr	-	sl
A2	0.25 - 0.50	10YR 4/2	mo/st, fi+ me, gr	-	clay
A3	0.50 - 0.66	10YR 3/2	mo, vf + fi, gr	-	sl
AB	0.66 - 0.82	7.5YR 4/2	mo, vf, gr + mo, vf, sb	-	clay
B1	0.82 - 0.97	7.5YR 4/3	mo, fi, ab + sb	-	clay
B2	0.97 - 1.10	7.5YR 4/2	mo, fi, gr + mo, fi, sb	-	clay
Ab	1.10 - 1.61+	10YR 4/1	mo, fi, gr + we/mo, vf, sb	-	clay

Horizon	Sand			Silt	Clay		CFI %	Silt Clay	Fine sand
	Total	Coarse	Fine	Silt	TC	WDC			Coarse sand
	g kg-¹
Profile P1
Ap	376	131	245	203	421	161		63	0.5	1.9
A1	398	142	256	261	341	225	35	0.8	1.8
A2	347	124	223	274	379	269	35	0.7	1.8
BA	302	94	208	272	426	326	31	0.6	2.2
Bt1	278	100	178	172	550	327	42	0.3	1.8
Bt2	355	91	264	73	572	37	94	0.1	2.9
Bt3	294	111	183	215	491	29	94	0.4	1.6
Profile P2
A1	562	385	177	237	201	53	74	1.2	0.5
A2	623	422	201	197	180	13	93	1.1	0.5
A3	688	536	152	122	190	76	60	0.6	0.3
A4	575	333	242	174	251	76	70	0.7	0.7
Bi	647	416	231	275	78	19	76	3.5	0.6
C	716	473	243	210	74	15	80	2.8	0.5
Profile P3
A1	418	266	152	196	386	32	92	0.5	0.6
A2	355	218	137	183	462	69	85	0.4	0.6
A3	384	244	140	151	465	88	81	0.3	0.6
A4	385	258	127	154	461	80	83	0.3	0.5
AB1	442	272	170	94	464	156	66	0.2	0.6
AB2	391	229	162	155	454	143	69	0.3	0.7
AB3	413	251	162	300	287	115	60	1.0	0.6
BA	409	243	166	93	498	150	70	0.2	0.7
Bw	381	236	145	146	473	279	41	0.3	0.6
Profile P4
A1	854	627	227	46	100	9	91	0.5	0.4
A2	573	352	221	157	270	178	34	0.6	0.6
A3	548	330	218	194	258	172	33	0.8	0.7
AB	551	309	242	113	336	142	58	0.3	0.8
BA	427	248	179	190	383	167	56	0.5	0.7
Bi1	424	244	180	244	332	236	29	0.7	0.7
Bi2	439	232	207	165	396	274	31	0.4	0.9
BC	442	241	201	188	370	139	62	0.5	0.8
C1	525	315	210	237	238	130	45	1.0	0.7
C2	566	284	282	314	120	118	2	2.6	1.0
Profile P5
O	742	668	74	60	198	10	95	0.3	0.1
A1	492	409	83	84	424	147	65	0.2	0.2
A2	429	316	113	145	426	261	39	0.3	0.4
A3	508	405	103	124	368	141	62	0.3	0.3
AB	346	260	86	133	521	394	24	0.3	0.3
B1	420	325	95	156	424	242	43	0.4	0.3
B2	340	258	82	178	482	401	17	0.4	0.3
Ab	411	329	82	125	464	283	39	0.3	0.2

Horizon	pH 1:2.5	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Al³⁺	H⁺	S	T	V	m	P mg kg^-1	TOC g kg^-1
Horizon	pH 1:2.5	cmol_c kg-¹								%		P mg kg^-1	TOC g kg^-1
Profile P1
Ap	3.6	1.3	0.4	0.20	0.01	1.3	14.2	1.91	17.41	11	40	1	37.3
A1	3.6	1.2	0.4	0.18	0.01	1.2	11.5	1.79	14.49	12	40	0	35.6
A2	3.6	3.1	0.3	0.18	0.01	0.3	13.6	3.59	17.49	21	6	0	40.7
BA	3.7	2.5	0.8	0.19	0.01	0.3	8.5	3.50	12.30	28	8	0	20.2
Bt1	3.6	2.2	0.8	0.19	0.01	0.2	8.5	3.20	11.9	27	6	0	22.5
Bt2	3.9	1.5	1.0	0.18	0.01	0.3	8.8	2.69	11.79	23	10	0	27.2
Bt3	4.0	0.9	1.4	0.17	0.01	0.1	9.3	2.48	11.88	21	4	1	29.3
Profile P2
A1	5.1	4.9	2.7	0.20	0.01	0.0	15.3	7.81	23.11	34	0	5	49.4
A2	4.9	2.5	2.0	0.19	0.01	0.1	10.9	4.70	15.70	30	2	1	22.3
A3	4.4	1.7	1.2	0.19	0.01	0.2	12.4	3.10	15.60	20	6	1	24.5
A4	4.1	1.6	1.1	0.19	0.01	0.2	10.1	2.90	13.20	22	5	1	17.5
Bi	3.9	0.6	0.8	0.20	0.01	0.2	10.7	1.61	12.51	13	8	0	20.5
C	3.5	0.9	0.5	0.18	0.01	0.3	8.9	1.59	10.79	15	16	0	17.7
Profile P3
A1	3.9	3.9	1.7	0.21	0.01	0.3	15.4	5.82	21.52	27	4	3	51.2
A2	4.0	2.2	1.1	0.19	0.01	0.3	12.3	3.50	16.10	22	8	1	36.4
A3	3.9	1.7	0.8	0.18	0.01	0.8	12.4	2.69	15.89	17	22	1	48.7
A4	3.7	0.6	0.3	0.18	0.01	1.1	11.5	1.09	13.69	8	49	1	34.4
AB1	3.6	0.9	0.3	0.18	0.01	0.8	11.8	1.39	13.99	10	36	1	35.4
AB2	3.5	0.5	0.4	0.20	0.01	0.6	10.5	1.11	12.21	9	34	2	38.8
AB3	3.7	0.7	0.2	0.16	0.01	0.7	8.8	1.07	10.57	10	39	1	40.5
BA	3.7	1.0	0.2	0.20	0.01	0.6	6.0	1.41	8.01	18	28	0	40.2
Bw	3.7	0.7	0.5	0.18	0.01	0.4	5.8	1.39	7.59	18	20	1	25.4
Profile P4
A1	4.1	3.6	2.4	0.20	0.01	0.2	15.7	6.21	22.11	28	3	9	59.2
A2	4.0	1.4	0.8	0.19	0.01	0.6	11.1	2.40	14.10	17	19	7	30.2
A3	3.8	1.2	0.6	0.17	0.01	1.0	10.0	1.98	12.98	15	33	4	21.9
AB	3.8	1.0	0.7	0.17	0.01	1.1	7.2	1.88	10.18	18	38	2	19.2
BA	3.7	1.1	0.5	0.17	0.01	1.0	8.1	1.78	10.88	16	34	1	15.8
B1	3.7	1.4	0.5	0.16	0.01	0.6	7.7	2.07	10.37	20	22	1	16.2
B2	3.8	1.6	0.6	0.16	0.01	0.5	10.7	2.37	13.57	17	16	1	27.4
BC	3.8	1.3	0.8	0.17	0.01	0.5	8.5	2.28	11.28	20	18	1	11.5
C1	3.9	1.1	0.6	0.17	0.01	0.8	7.7	1.88	10.38	18	30	0	9.7
C2	4.0	1.0	0.8	0.17	0.01	0.7	8.8	1.98	11.48	17	26	0	10.0
Profile P5
O	4.9	4.8	3.8	0.25	0.01	0.2	15.9	8.86	24.96	35	2	5	90.1
A1	4.2	1.3	1.5	0.18	0.01	0.8	12.4	2.99	16.19	18	20	1	56.5
A2	4.2	0.7	0.5	0.2	0.01	1.3	12.1	1.41	14.81	10	49	1	58.2
A3	4.1	0.6	0.4	0.21	0.01	1.5	12.4	1.22	15.12	8	54	1	53.3
AB	4.1	0.6	0.7	0.20	0.01	1.4	11.2	1.51	14.11	11	48	1	27.6
B1	4.1	0.5	0.6	0.21	0.01	0.8	10.2	1.32	12.32	11	38	1	27.7
B2	4.1	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.01	0.9	8.1	1.01	10.01	10	47	1	25.0
Ab	3.9	0.4	0.6	0.18	0.01	1.5	9.7	1.19	12.39	10	57	2	33.1

Horizon	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	TiO₂	Al₂O₃Fe₂O₃	ki	kr
Horizon	g kg^-1				Al₂O₃Fe₂O₃	ki	kr
Profile P1
Ap	144	138	55	9.9	3.9	1.8	1.4
A1	132	132	49	10.2	4.2	1.7	1.4
A2	142	144	52	9.8	4.4	1.7	1.4
BA	159	159	59	9.9	4.2	1.7	1.4
Bt1	182	193	71	11.4	4.3	1.6	1.3
Bt2	193	203	75	10.5	4.3	1.6	1.3
Bt3	193	203	75	10.5	4.3	1.6	1.3
Profile P2
A1	178	201	72	10.5	4.4	1.5	1.2
A2	113	99	23	3.3	6.8	1.9	1.7
A3	111	105	18	2.2	9.2	1.8	1.6
A4	85	84	19	2.9	6.9	1.7	1.5
Bi	110	106	24	4.5	6.9	1.8	1.5
C	114	106	15	1.7	11.1	1.8	1.7
Profile P3
A1	140	179	88	6.5	3.2	1.3	1.0
A2	77	158	55	6.5	4.5	0.8	0.7
A3	75	204	64	7.4	5.0	0.6	0.5
A4	62	174	68	7.0	4.0	0.6	0.5
AB1	60	185	63	7.3	4.6	0.6	0.5
AB2	57	179	72	7.6	3.9	0.5	0.4
AB3	52	169	70	7.0	3.8	0.5	0.4
BA	54	161	65	7.4	3.9	0.6	0.5
Bi	54	161	65	7.4	3.9	0.6	0.5
Profile P4
A1	76	214	76	8.0	4.4	0.6	0.5
A2	96	111	31	5.8	5.6	1.5	1.3
A3	86	101	29	5.4	5.5	1.5	1.2
AB	90	103	33	5.9	4.9	1.5	1.2
BA	90	120	37	6.2	5.1	1.3	1.1
B1	118	148	43	6.5	5.4	1.4	1.1
B2	130	160	47	6.8	5.3	1.4	1.2
BC	130	160	50	6.5	5.0	1.4	1.2
C1	133	160	43	6.3	5.8	1.4	1.2
C2	144	155	37	4.2	6.6	1.6	1.4
Profile P5
O	118	199	53	10.9	5.9	1.0	0.9
A1	79	123	32	5.4	6.0	1.1	0.9
A2	99	192	53	6.6	5.7	0.9	0.7
A3	102	195	53	7.5	5.8	0.9	0.8
AB	112	205	56	7.1	5.8	0.9	0.8
B1	124	216	77	6.8	4.4	1.0	0.8
B2	124	233	55	6.9	6.7	0.9	0.8
Ab	106	196	37	6.1	8.3	0.9	0.8

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Pedogenesis of high-mountain soils from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil1 1 Pesquisa

Pedogênese de solos alto-montanos da Serra da Mantiqueira, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Pedogenesis of high-mountain soils from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil¹ 1 Pesquisa