Macroecologia de mamíferos neotropicais com ocorrência no Cerrado

Vieira, Cleiber Marquez; Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752000000400008

Resumo

The macroecological approach has been used recently to analyze correlations between ecological variables in large taxonomic groups, at continental scales. A positive relationship between body weight and geographic range size has been described as a poligonal space envelope form, that can be explained by ecological and evolutionary constraints. However, these variables can be disturbed by spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation effects. In this work, the relationship between body weight and geographic range size was analyzed for 80 species of Neotropical mammals present in the Brazilian "cerrado". Spatial and taxonomic effects were tested using a linear trend surface analysis and an ANOVA (at level of order), combined in a generalized model. Around 61% of variation in geographic range size and 69% of variation in body weight in mammals of the "cerrado" can be explained simultaneously by spatial and taxonomic effects. The analysis of residuals of the generalized model showed that positive correlation between variables persist even after removing these effects. Thus, variation and covariation of traits in the mammals of the brazilian "cerrado" agree with the general macroecological pattern proposed for another taxonomic groups such as mammals, birds and snakes worldwilde.

Macroecology; "Cerrado" mammals; geographic range size; ecological and evolutionary constraints; spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation

Macroecologia de mamíferos neotropicais com ocorrência no Cerrado

Macroecology of neotropical mammals with occurrence in the brazilian "Cerrado"

Cleiber Marquez Vieira^I; José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho^II

^IDepartamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás. Caixa Postal 459, 75110-380 Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. E-mail: cleibermv@uol.com.br

^IIDepartamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Caixa Postal 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. E-mail: diniz@icb1.ufg.br

ABSTRACT

The macroecological approach has been used recently to analyze correlations between ecological variables in large taxonomic groups, at continental scales. A positive relationship between body weight and geographic range size has been described as a poligonal space envelope form, that can be explained by ecological and evolutionary constraints. However, these variables can be disturbed by spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation effects. In this work, the relationship between body weight and geographic range size was analyzed for 80 species of Neotropical mammals present in the Brazilian "cerrado". Spatial and taxonomic effects were tested using a linear trend surface analysis and an ANOVA (at level of order), combined in a generalized model. Around 61% of variation in geographic range size and 69% of variation in body weight in mammals of the "cerrado" can be explained simultaneously by spatial and taxonomic effects. The analysis of residuals of the generalized model showed that positive correlation between variables persist even after removing these effects. Thus, variation and covariation of traits in the mammals of the brazilian "cerrado" agree with the general macroecological pattern proposed for another taxonomic groups such as mammals, birds and snakes worldwilde.

Key words: Macroecology, "Cerrado" mammals, geographic range size, ecological and evolutionary constraints, spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation

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AGRADECIMENTOS. À Fernanda Silva Bonfim, Leandro Silveira, Anah Tereza de Almeida Jácomo e Carlos Eduardo Ramos de Sant'Ana, pelas valiosas discussões sobre métodos quantitativos em Biologia omparada, Ecologia e Evolução dos mamíferos da américa do Sul. Somos especialmente gratos a Luis Maurício Bini por suas avaliações e sugestões estatísticas e, também aos Professores Dr. Sérgio Furtado dos Reis e Dr. Fabrizio D'Ayala Valva. Nosso programa de pesquisa em Ecologia e Evolução é apoiado pelo CNPq, CAPES, FUNAPE/PRPPG-UFG e UEG.

Recebido em 11.III.1999; aceito em 07.XII.2000.

Alho, C.J.R., 1993. Distribuição da fauna num gradiente de recursos em mosaico, p. 213-262. In: M.N. Pinto (Ed.). Cerrado: caracterização, ocupação e perspectivas. Brasília, Editora Univ. Brasília, 2ª Edição, 681p.
Arita, H.T.; J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford. 1990. Rarity in neotropical mammals and its ecological correlates. Conserv. Biol. 4:181-192.
Blackburn, T.M. & K.J. Gaston. 1998. Some methodological issues in macroecology. Amer. Nat. 151:61-83.
Bonfim, F.S.; J.A. Diniz-Filho & R.P. Bastos. 1998. Spatial patterns and the macroecology of South American viperid snakes. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 58:97-103.
Brown, J.H. 1995. Macroecology. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, XII+269p.
Brown, J.H. & B.A. Maurer. 1987. Evolution of species assemblages: effects of energectic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of North America Avifauna. Amer. Nat. 130:1-17.
______. 1989. Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243:1145-1150.
Campbell, J.A. & W.W. Lamar. 1989. The venemous reptiles of Latin America. Chicago, Cornell Univ. Press, 414p.
Cheverud, J.M.; M.M. Dow & W. Leutenegger. 1985. The quantitative assessement of phylogenetic constraints in comparative analyses: sexual dimorphism in body weight among primates. Evolution 39:1335-1351.
Diniz-Filho, J.A. & R. Balestra. 1998. Hierarchical effects on body size evolution and the macroecology of South American rainforest mammals. Ecol. Austral 8:23-30.
Diniz-Filho, J.A. & H. Fowler. 1998. Honey ants (Genus Myrmecocystus) macroecology: effect of spatial patterns on the relationship between worker body size and geographic range size, Envir. Ent. 27(5):1094-1101.
Diniz-Filho, J.A. & C.M. Vieira. 1998. Padrões e processos na evolução do tamanho do corpo em carnívoros (Mammalia) da América do Sul. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 58(4):649-657.
Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the neotropics: the northen neotropics. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, X+449p.
Emmons, L.H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., XVI+307p.
Fonseca, G.A.B.; G. Herrmann; Y.L.R. Leite; R.A. Mittermeier; A.B. Rylands & J.L. Patton. 1996. Lista anotada dos mamíferos do Brasil. Occas. Pap. Conserv. Biol.:1-38.
Gaston, K.J. 1991. How large is a species geographic range. Oikos 61:434-438.
______. 1996. Species-range-size distributions: patterns, mechanisms and implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:197-201.
Gaston, K.J. & J.H. Lawton. 1988a. Patterns in the distributions and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331:709-712.
______. 1988b. Insect herbivores on bracken do not support the core-satellite hypothesis. Amer. Nat. 134:761-777.
Gaston, K.J. & T.M. Blackburn. 1996a. Global scale macroecology: interations between population size, geographic range size and body size in the Anseriformes. Jour. An. Ecol. 65:701-714.
______. 1996b. Range size-body relationships: evidence of scale dependence. Oikos 75:479-485.
Gaston, K.J.; T.M. Blackburn & J.I. Spicer. 1998. Rapoport's rule: time for an epitaph?. Tree 13:70-74.
Harvey, P.H. & M.D. Pagel. 1992. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, VII+239p.
LaBarbera, M. 1989. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:97-117.
Legendre, P. 1993. Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigma? Ecology 74:1659-1763.
Legendre, P. & M.J. Fortin. 1989. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio 80:107-138.
Levin, S. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
Lyons, S.K. & M.R. Willig. 1997. Latitudinal patterns of range size: methodological concerns and empirical evaluations for New World bats and marsupials. Oikos 79:568-580.
Mares, M.A. & H.H. Genoways. 1982. Mammalian biology in South America. Special Publicantion Series. Pymaturing Laboratory of Ecology. University of Pittsburgh, XII+551 p.
Marquet, P.A. & M.L. Taper. 1998. On size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. Evol. Ecol. 12:127-139.
Moojen, J. 1952. Os roedores do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Científica Brasileira, Série A-II, Inst. Nacional do Livro, 214p.
Oden, N.L. 1984. Assenssing the significance of a spatial correlogram. Geogr. Anal. 16:1-16.
Peters, R.H. 1993. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, XII+329p.
Redford, K.H. & J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the southern cone. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, IX+430p.
Ricklefs, R.E. & D. Schluter. 1993. Species diversity in ecologycal comunities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 415p.
Ruggiero, A. 1994. Latitudinal correlates of the sizes of mammalian geographical ranges in South America. Jour. Biogeogr. 21:545-559.
Sant'Ana, C.E.R. & J.A. Diniz-Filho. 1999. Macroecologia de corujas (Aves, Strigiformes) da América do Sul. Ararajuba 7(1):3-11.
Stevens, G.C. 1989. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. Amer. Nat. 133:240-256.
Sokal, R.R. & N.L. Oden. 1978a. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. I. methodology. Biol. Jour. Lin. Soc. 10:199-228.
______. 1978b. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. II. Some biological implications and four aplications of ecological and evolutionary interest. Biol. Jour. Lin. Soc. 10:229-249.
Sokal, R.R. & F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman and Company, 3^rd ed., XLX+887p.
Taylor, C. M. & N.J. Gotelli. 1994. The macroecology of Cyprinella: correlates of phylogeny, body size and geographic range. Amer. Nat. 144:549-569.
Tokeshi, M. 1993. Species abundance patterns and community structure. Adv. ecol. Res. 24:111-186.
Wartenberg, D. 1989. SAAP: Spatial autocorrelation analysis program. New York, Exeter Publication Company, 29p.
Wilkinson, L. 1989. Systat/Sygraph: the system for statistics. Systat. Inc., Evanston, IL.
Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. Press, 2^nd ed., 1207p.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
30 Abr 2009
Data do Fascículo
Dez 2000

Histórico

Aceito
07 Dez 2000
Recebido
11 Mar 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Alho, C.J.R., 1993. Distribuição da fauna num gradiente de recursos em mosaico, p. 213-262. In: M.N. Pinto (Ed.). Cerrado: caracterização, ocupação e perspectivas. Brasília, Editora Univ. Brasília, 2ª Edição, 681p.

[2] Arita, H.T.; J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford. 1990. Rarity in neotropical mammals and its ecological correlates. Conserv. Biol. 4:181-192.

[3] Blackburn, T.M. & K.J. Gaston. 1998. Some methodological issues in macroecology. Amer. Nat. 151:61-83.

[4] Bonfim, F.S.; J.A. Diniz-Filho & R.P. Bastos. 1998. Spatial patterns and the macroecology of South American viperid snakes. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 58:97-103.

[5] Brown, J.H. 1995. Macroecology. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, XII+269p.

[6] Brown, J.H. & B.A. Maurer. 1987. Evolution of species assemblages: effects of energectic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of North America Avifauna. Amer. Nat. 130:1-17.

[7] ______. 1989. Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243:1145-1150.

[8] Campbell, J.A. & W.W. Lamar. 1989. The venemous reptiles of Latin America. Chicago, Cornell Univ. Press, 414p.

[9] Cheverud, J.M.; M.M. Dow & W. Leutenegger. 1985. The quantitative assessement of phylogenetic constraints in comparative analyses: sexual dimorphism in body weight among primates. Evolution 39:1335-1351.

[10] Diniz-Filho, J.A. & R. Balestra. 1998. Hierarchical effects on body size evolution and the macroecology of South American rainforest mammals. Ecol. Austral 8:23-30.

[11] Diniz-Filho, J.A. & H. Fowler. 1998. Honey ants (Genus Myrmecocystus) macroecology: effect of spatial patterns on the relationship between worker body size and geographic range size, Envir. Ent. 27(5):1094-1101.

[12] Diniz-Filho, J.A. & C.M. Vieira. 1998. Padrões e processos na evolução do tamanho do corpo em carnívoros (Mammalia) da América do Sul. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 58(4):649-657.

[13] Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the neotropics: the northen neotropics. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, X+449p.

[14] Emmons, L.H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., XVI+307p.

[15] Fonseca, G.A.B.; G. Herrmann; Y.L.R. Leite; R.A. Mittermeier; A.B. Rylands & J.L. Patton. 1996. Lista anotada dos mamíferos do Brasil. Occas. Pap. Conserv. Biol.:1-38.

[16] Gaston, K.J. 1991. How large is a species geographic range. Oikos 61:434-438.

[17] ______. 1996. Species-range-size distributions: patterns, mechanisms and implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:197-201.

[18] Gaston, K.J. & J.H. Lawton. 1988a. Patterns in the distributions and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331:709-712.

[19] ______. 1988b. Insect herbivores on bracken do not support the core-satellite hypothesis. Amer. Nat. 134:761-777.

[20] Gaston, K.J. & T.M. Blackburn. 1996a. Global scale macroecology: interations between population size, geographic range size and body size in the Anseriformes. Jour. An. Ecol. 65:701-714.

[21] ______. 1996b. Range size-body relationships: evidence of scale dependence. Oikos 75:479-485.

[22] Gaston, K.J.; T.M. Blackburn & J.I. Spicer. 1998. Rapoport's rule: time for an epitaph?. Tree 13:70-74.

[23] Harvey, P.H. & M.D. Pagel. 1992. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, VII+239p.

[24] LaBarbera, M. 1989. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:97-117.

[25] Legendre, P. 1993. Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigma? Ecology 74:1659-1763.

[26] Legendre, P. & M.J. Fortin. 1989. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio 80:107-138.

[27] Levin, S. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology 73:1943-1967.

[28] Lyons, S.K. & M.R. Willig. 1997. Latitudinal patterns of range size: methodological concerns and empirical evaluations for New World bats and marsupials. Oikos 79:568-580.

[29] Mares, M.A. & H.H. Genoways. 1982. Mammalian biology in South America. Special Publicantion Series. Pymaturing Laboratory of Ecology. University of Pittsburgh, XII+551 p.

[30] Marquet, P.A. & M.L. Taper. 1998. On size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. Evol. Ecol. 12:127-139.

[31] Moojen, J. 1952. Os roedores do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Científica Brasileira, Série A-II, Inst. Nacional do Livro, 214p.

[32] Oden, N.L. 1984. Assenssing the significance of a spatial correlogram. Geogr. Anal. 16:1-16.

[33] Peters, R.H. 1993. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, XII+329p.

[34] Redford, K.H. & J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the southern cone. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, IX+430p.

[35] Ricklefs, R.E. & D. Schluter. 1993. Species diversity in ecologycal comunities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 415p.

[36] Ruggiero, A. 1994. Latitudinal correlates of the sizes of mammalian geographical ranges in South America. Jour. Biogeogr. 21:545-559.

[37] Sant'Ana, C.E.R. & J.A. Diniz-Filho. 1999. Macroecologia de corujas (Aves, Strigiformes) da América do Sul. Ararajuba 7(1):3-11.

[38] Stevens, G.C. 1989. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. Amer. Nat. 133:240-256.

[39] Sokal, R.R. & N.L. Oden. 1978a. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. I. methodology. Biol. Jour. Lin. Soc. 10:199-228.

[40] ______. 1978b. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. II. Some biological implications and four aplications of ecological and evolutionary interest. Biol. Jour. Lin. Soc. 10:229-249.

[41] Sokal, R.R. & F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman and Company, 3^rd ed., XLX+887p.

[42] Taylor, C. M. & N.J. Gotelli. 1994. The macroecology of Cyprinella: correlates of phylogeny, body size and geographic range. Amer. Nat. 144:549-569.

[43] Tokeshi, M. 1993. Species abundance patterns and community structure. Adv. ecol. Res. 24:111-186.

[44] Wartenberg, D. 1989. SAAP: Spatial autocorrelation analysis program. New York, Exeter Publication Company, 29p.

[45] Wilkinson, L. 1989. Systat/Sygraph: the system for statistics. Systat. Inc., Evanston, IL.

[46] Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. Press, 2^nd ed., 1207p.