Riqueza de mamíferos de grande e médio porte do Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (Acre, Brasil)

Calouro, Armando Muniz

doi:10.1590/S0101-81751999000600020

Resumo

The objective of the present study was to characterize the richness (number of species) of large and medium-sized mammals, and the antropic threats in the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (PNSD). In 31 days data were collected through direct observations or evidences (bones, hairs, vocalizations and tracks) along pre-existing trails distributed in different types of vegetation. Wild mammals captured by local people were also considered. They were found 44 species of terrestrial mammals (with the exception of small mammals and bats) and two species of cetaceans, representing 73% of the total predicted, according to the literature and information of local dwellers were registered in PNSD. They exist in the area two species classified by IUCN (1996) as "Endangered" [Cacajao calvus rubicundus (I. Geoffroy, 1806) and Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792)] and five as "Vulnerable" [Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812), Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904), Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii (Humboldt, 1812), Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 and Inia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817)]. Given that subsistence and commercial hunting are common in the PNSD, mammals more affected by hunting [Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812), Lagothrix lagotricha (Humboldt, 1812), Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795)] were observed only in the more remote areas such as Serra do Divisor, Rio Moa. In comparison with others areas, the results indicate that PNSD has high richness of the mammals, with special attention to the 14 primates species registered.

Mammals; geografic distribution; hunting effect; conservation; Acre; Brazil

Riqueza de mamíferos de grande e médio porte do Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (Acre, Brasil)

The richness of the large and medium-sized mammals of the Serra do Divisor National Park (Acre, Brazil)

Armando Muniz Calouro

Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre. Rodovia BR 364 km 04, 69915-900 Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. E-mail: calouro@mdnet.com.br

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to characterize the richness (number of species) of large and medium-sized mammals, and the antropic threats in the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (PNSD). In 31 days data were collected through direct observations or evidences (bones, hairs, vocalizations and tracks) along pre-existing trails distributed in different types of vegetation. Wild mammals captured by local people were also considered. They were found 44 species of terrestrial mammals (with the exception of small mammals and bats) and two species of cetaceans, representing 73% of the total predicted, according to the literature and information of local dwellers were registered in PNSD. They exist in the area two species classified by IUCN (1996) as "Endangered" [Cacajao calvus rubicundus (I. Geoffroy, 1806) and Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792)] and five as "Vulnerable" [Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812), Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904), Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii (Humboldt, 1812), Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 and Inia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817)]. Given that subsistence and commercial hunting are common in the PNSD, mammals more affected by hunting [Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812), Lagothrix lagotricha (Humboldt, 1812), Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795)] were observed only in the more remote areas such as Serra do Divisor, Rio Moa. In comparison with others areas, the results indicate that PNSD has high richness of the mammals, with special attention to the 14 primates species registered.

Key words: Mammals, geografic distribution, hunting effect, conservation, Acre, Brazil.

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AGRADECIMENTOS. Agradeço aos pesquisadores Bret Whitney, Elder Morato, Letícia Santos, Lindomar Soares, Moisés Barbosa, Rosemary Vieira, Rosimeire Correia e Verônica Passos pelo interesse em repassar informações que enriqueceram esse trabalho; ao técnico Willian Aiache pelo auxílio no tratamento do material coletado; à Júlio Bicca-Marques pela ajuda com a bibliografia sobre primatas; aos barqueiros e mateiros pelo auxílio de campo e à SOS-Amazônia/The nature Conservancy/IBAMA pelo convite em participar do projeto e pelo apoio prestado.

Recebido em 06.VIII.1998; aceito em 26.XI.1999.

AURICCHIO, P. 1995. Primatas do Brasil. São Paulo, Ed. Terra Brasilis, 168p.
Ayres, J.M. & C. AYRES. 1979. Aspectos da caça no alto rio Aripuanã. Acta Amazônica 9 (2): 287-298.
Fonseca, G.A.B. da; A.B. Rylands; C.M.R. Costa; R.B. Machado & Y.L.R. Leite. 1994. Livro Vermelho dos Mamíferos Brasileiros Ameaçados de Extinção. Editores: Belo Horizonte, Fundação Biodiversitas, 459p.
Bodmer, R.E. 1995. Susceptibility of Mammals to Overhunting in Amazônia, 292-295. In: J. BlSSONETTE & P. krausman (Eds). Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future. Bethesda, Maryland, The Wildlife Society, 715p.
Bodmer, R.E.; T.G. Fang & L.M. Ibanez. 1988a. Primates and ungulates: a comparison of susceptibility to hunting. Primate Conservation 9: 79-84.
______ . 1988b. Ungulate management and conservation in the Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 45: 303-310.
Burnhan, K.P.; D.R. Anderson & J.L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72: 1-202.
Carvalho, C.T. 1957. Alguns mamíferos do Acre Ocidental. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 6: 1-22.
Conservation International. 1991. Workshop 90 - Prioridades Biológicas para Preservação na Amazônia. IBAMA/CI/INPA, Mapa.
Davis, W.B. 1973. Geographic variation in the fishing bat, Noctilio leporinus. Jour. Mammalogy 54 (4): 862-874.
Emmons, L.H. 1984. Geographic variation in densities and diversities of non-flying mammals in Amazônia. Biotropica 16 (3): 210-222.
______ . 1987. Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20: 271-283.
Emmons, L.H. & F. Feer. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals - A Field Guide. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 282p.
Galvão, E.; 1951. Panema: uma crença do caboclo amazônico. Revta Mus. Paulista 5: 221-225.
Ihering, H. 1904. O rio Juruá: mamíferos. Revta Mus. Paulista 6: 406-425.
Imac. 1991. Atlas Ambiental do Estado do Acre. Rio Branco, Instituto de Meio Ambiente do Acre, 48p.
Iucn. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Washington, DC, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resorces, 448p.
Mok, W.Y.; D.E. Wilson; L.A. Lacey & R.C.C. Luizão. 1982. Lista atualizada de quirópteros da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amazônica 12 (4): 817-823.
Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hotspot in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8 (3): 1-20.
Olalla, A.M. 1938. Um viaje a pesquizas zoológicas: Hacia el Rio Juruá, Estado de Amazonas, Brasil - 1936. Revta Mus. Paulista 22: 233-297.
Orces, V.G. 1944. Sobre la existência al norte del Amazonas de los gêneros Atelocynus y Grammogale. Flora 5: 65-67.
Peres, C.A. 1990. Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primates communities. Biological Conservation 54: 47-59.
______ . 1996a. Riverine barriers and gene flow in Amazonian saddle-back tamarins. Folia Primatologica 67: 113-124.
______ . 1996b. Population status of white-lipped Tayassu peccari and collared peccaries T. tajacu in hunted and unhunted amazonian forests. Biological Conservation 77: 115-123.
______ . 1997a. Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 13: 381-485.
______ . 1997b. Effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities in neotropical forests: a case study of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.). Folia Primatologica 68: 199-222.
Peres, C.A. & J.W. Terborgh. 1995. Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of the defensibility status of existing conservation units and design criteria for the future. Conservation Biology 9 (1): 34-45.
Pmaci. 1994. Diagnóstico Geoambiental e Sócio-Econômico. Projeto de Proteção do Meio Ambiente e das Comunidades Indígenas Área de Influência da BR-364-Trecho Rio Branco, Cruzeiro do Sul. Rio de Janeiro, IBGE & IPEA, 144p.
Pook, A.G. & G. Pook. 1981. A field study of the socioecology of the Goeldi's monkey in northern Bolívia. Folia Primatologica 35 (1): 288-312.
Quigley, H.B. & P.G. Crawshaw. 1992. A conservation plan for the jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal region of Brazil. Biological Conservation 61: 149-157.
Rabinowitz, A.R. & B.G. Nottingham. 1986. Ecology and behaviour of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. Jour. Zool. 210: 149-159.
Radambrasil. 1977. Folha SB/SC. 18 Javari/Contamana - Levantamento de Recursos Naturais, 13 (Geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegetação e uso potencial da terra). Rio de Janeiro, Projeto RADAMBRASIL, DNPM, 413p.
Ramirez, M. 1988. The Wolly Monkeys, Genus Lagothrix, p.539-575. In: R.A. Mittermeier (Ed.). Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Washington, D.C., WWF, Vol. 2, 610p.
Redford, K.H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42 (6): 412-422.
Roosmalen, M.G.M. & L.L. Klein. 1988. The Spider Monkeys, Genus Ateles, p.455-537. In: R.A. Mittermeier; A.B. Rylands; A.F. Coimbra-Filho & G.A.B. da Fonseca (Eds). Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Washington, DC, WWF, Vol. 2, 610p.
R0WE, N. 1996. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton, Pogonia Press, 263p.
Rylands, A.B. 1991. The Status of Conservation Areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Washington, DC, WWF, 146p.
Taddei, V.A.; L.M. Rezende & D. Camora. 1990. Notas sobre uma coleção de morcegos de Cruzeiro do Sul, rio Juruá, estado do Acre (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 61 (1): 75-79.
Vickers, W.T. 1984. The faunal components of lowland South American hunting kills. Interciencia 9 (6): 366-376.
______ . 1991. Hunting Yields and Game Composition Over Ten Years in a Amazon Indian Territory, p.53-81. In: J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford (Eds). Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 520p.
Vieira, C.C. 1949. Nova contribuição ao conhecimento dos mamíferos do rio Juruá. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 10: 239-274.
______ . 1952. Resultados de uma expedição científica ao Território do Acre: mamíferos. Secretaria da Agricultura, Departamento de Zoologia. Papéis Avulsos Depto Zool. 11 (2): 21-32.
Voss, R.T. & L.H. Emmons. 1996. Mammalian diversity in neotropical lowland rainforests: a preliminary assessment. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230: 1-155.
Weber, W. & A. Rabinowitz. 1996. A global perspective on large carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology 10 (4): 1046-1054.
Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxomonic and Geographic Reference Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1207p.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
04 Jun 2009
Data do Fascículo
1999

Histórico

Aceito
26 Nov 1999
Recebido
06 Ago 1998

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AURICCHIO, P. 1995. Primatas do Brasil. São Paulo, Ed. Terra Brasilis, 168p.

[2] Ayres, J.M. & C. AYRES. 1979. Aspectos da caça no alto rio Aripuanã. Acta Amazônica 9 (2): 287-298.

[3] Fonseca, G.A.B. da; A.B. Rylands; C.M.R. Costa; R.B. Machado & Y.L.R. Leite. 1994. Livro Vermelho dos Mamíferos Brasileiros Ameaçados de Extinção. Editores: Belo Horizonte, Fundação Biodiversitas, 459p.

[4] Bodmer, R.E. 1995. Susceptibility of Mammals to Overhunting in Amazônia, 292-295. In: J. BlSSONETTE & P. krausman (Eds). Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future. Bethesda, Maryland, The Wildlife Society, 715p.

[5] Bodmer, R.E.; T.G. Fang & L.M. Ibanez. 1988a. Primates and ungulates: a comparison of susceptibility to hunting. Primate Conservation 9: 79-84.

[6] ______ . 1988b. Ungulate management and conservation in the Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 45: 303-310.

[7] Burnhan, K.P.; D.R. Anderson & J.L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72: 1-202.

[8] Carvalho, C.T. 1957. Alguns mamíferos do Acre Ocidental. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 6: 1-22.

[9] Conservation International. 1991. Workshop 90 - Prioridades Biológicas para Preservação na Amazônia. IBAMA/CI/INPA, Mapa.

[10] Davis, W.B. 1973. Geographic variation in the fishing bat, Noctilio leporinus. Jour. Mammalogy 54 (4): 862-874.

[11] Emmons, L.H. 1984. Geographic variation in densities and diversities of non-flying mammals in Amazônia. Biotropica 16 (3): 210-222.

[12] ______ . 1987. Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20: 271-283.

[13] Emmons, L.H. & F. Feer. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals - A Field Guide. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 282p.

[14] Galvão, E.; 1951. Panema: uma crença do caboclo amazônico. Revta Mus. Paulista 5: 221-225.

[15] Ihering, H. 1904. O rio Juruá: mamíferos. Revta Mus. Paulista 6: 406-425.

[16] Imac. 1991. Atlas Ambiental do Estado do Acre. Rio Branco, Instituto de Meio Ambiente do Acre, 48p.

[17] Iucn. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Washington, DC, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resorces, 448p.

[18] Mok, W.Y.; D.E. Wilson; L.A. Lacey & R.C.C. Luizão. 1982. Lista atualizada de quirópteros da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amazônica 12 (4): 817-823.

[19] Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hotspot in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8 (3): 1-20.

[20] Olalla, A.M. 1938. Um viaje a pesquizas zoológicas: Hacia el Rio Juruá, Estado de Amazonas, Brasil - 1936. Revta Mus. Paulista 22: 233-297.

[21] Orces, V.G. 1944. Sobre la existência al norte del Amazonas de los gêneros Atelocynus y Grammogale. Flora 5: 65-67.

[22] Peres, C.A. 1990. Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primates communities. Biological Conservation 54: 47-59.

[23] ______ . 1996a. Riverine barriers and gene flow in Amazonian saddle-back tamarins. Folia Primatologica 67: 113-124.

[24] ______ . 1996b. Population status of white-lipped Tayassu peccari and collared peccaries T. tajacu in hunted and unhunted amazonian forests. Biological Conservation 77: 115-123.

[25] ______ . 1997a. Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 13: 381-485.

[26] ______ . 1997b. Effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities in neotropical forests: a case study of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.). Folia Primatologica 68: 199-222.

[27] Peres, C.A. & J.W. Terborgh. 1995. Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of the defensibility status of existing conservation units and design criteria for the future. Conservation Biology 9 (1): 34-45.

[28] Pmaci. 1994. Diagnóstico Geoambiental e Sócio-Econômico. Projeto de Proteção do Meio Ambiente e das Comunidades Indígenas Área de Influência da BR-364-Trecho Rio Branco, Cruzeiro do Sul. Rio de Janeiro, IBGE & IPEA, 144p.

[29] Pook, A.G. & G. Pook. 1981. A field study of the socioecology of the Goeldi's monkey in northern Bolívia. Folia Primatologica 35 (1): 288-312.

[30] Quigley, H.B. & P.G. Crawshaw. 1992. A conservation plan for the jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal region of Brazil. Biological Conservation 61: 149-157.

[31] Rabinowitz, A.R. & B.G. Nottingham. 1986. Ecology and behaviour of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. Jour. Zool. 210: 149-159.

[32] Radambrasil. 1977. Folha SB/SC. 18 Javari/Contamana - Levantamento de Recursos Naturais, 13 (Geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegetação e uso potencial da terra). Rio de Janeiro, Projeto RADAMBRASIL, DNPM, 413p.

[33] Ramirez, M. 1988. The Wolly Monkeys, Genus Lagothrix, p.539-575. In: R.A. Mittermeier (Ed.). Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Washington, D.C., WWF, Vol. 2, 610p.

[34] Redford, K.H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42 (6): 412-422.

[35] Roosmalen, M.G.M. & L.L. Klein. 1988. The Spider Monkeys, Genus Ateles, p.455-537. In: R.A. Mittermeier; A.B. Rylands; A.F. Coimbra-Filho & G.A.B. da Fonseca (Eds). Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Washington, DC, WWF, Vol. 2, 610p.

[36] R0WE, N. 1996. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton, Pogonia Press, 263p.

[37] Rylands, A.B. 1991. The Status of Conservation Areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Washington, DC, WWF, 146p.

[38] Taddei, V.A.; L.M. Rezende & D. Camora. 1990. Notas sobre uma coleção de morcegos de Cruzeiro do Sul, rio Juruá, estado do Acre (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 61 (1): 75-79.

[39] Vickers, W.T. 1984. The faunal components of lowland South American hunting kills. Interciencia 9 (6): 366-376.

[40] ______ . 1991. Hunting Yields and Game Composition Over Ten Years in a Amazon Indian Territory, p.53-81. In: J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford (Eds). Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 520p.

[41] Vieira, C.C. 1949. Nova contribuição ao conhecimento dos mamíferos do rio Juruá. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Zool. 10: 239-274.

[42] ______ . 1952. Resultados de uma expedição científica ao Território do Acre: mamíferos. Secretaria da Agricultura, Departamento de Zoologia. Papéis Avulsos Depto Zool. 11 (2): 21-32.

[43] Voss, R.T. & L.H. Emmons. 1996. Mammalian diversity in neotropical lowland rainforests: a preliminary assessment. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230: 1-155.

[44] Weber, W. & A. Rabinowitz. 1996. A global perspective on large carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology 10 (4): 1046-1054.

[45] Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxomonic and Geographic Reference Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1207p.