Detoxified castor in the diets of dairy goats: II. Lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk

Author Contributions

Data curation: R.A. Araújo. Formal analysis: R.A. Araújo. Investigation: R.A. Araújo, R.C.F.F. Pompeu, M.J.D. Cândido, M.C.P. Rogério, R.C. Lucas, S.R. Maranhão, C.F. Santos Neto and J.N.M. Neiva. Methodology: R.A. Araújo, R.C.F.F. Pompeu, M.C.P. Rogério and J.N.M. Neiva. Project administration: R.A. Araújo and R.C.F.F. Pompeu.

Item (g/kg dry matter)	Ingredient
Item (g/kg dry matter)	Tifton 85 hay	Ground corn	Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC¹ 1 Ca(OH)2 castor cake: 0.9 g Na/kg DM and 22.25 g Ca/kg DM.	NaOH DCC² 2 NaOH castor cake: 29.2 g Na/kg DM and 0.63 g Ca/kg DM.
Dry matter (g/kg fresh matter)	872.50	889.20	870.20	904.20	904.80
Organic matter	911.30	965.90	956.90	867.70	855.60
Mineral matter	88.70	34.10	43.10	132.30	144.40
Crude protein	104.10	79.50	443.30	315.40	309.00
Neutral detergent insoluble protein	26.98	30.23	131.75	100.27	102.74
Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen	12.26	20.92	40.03	48.79	49.35
Ether extract	14.50	36.80	28.80	52.10	47.50
Total carbohydrates	792.80	845.70	484.70	500.10	492.60
Non-fiber carbohydrates	277.80	722.40	320.80	103.90	132.40
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)	722.70	184.60	217.80	483.40	443.50
NDF corrected for ash and protein	514.90	123.20	163.80	396.10	360.10
Acid detergent fiber	472.20	69.00	117.90	379.20	388.70
Lignin	60.60	8.80	12.20	50.70	46.10
Total digestible nutrients	546.80	848.00	822.50	620.50	627.90

Item		Diet
Item		Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC	NaOH DCC
Ingredient (g/kg dry matter)
	Tifton 85 hay	525.40	485.80	474.30
	Ground corn	414.20	424.60	437.40
	Soybean meal	58.70	-	-
	Detoxified castor cake	-	89.60	85.70
	Limestone	1.70	-	2.60
	Mineral mixture¹ 1 Guaranteed level (per kg, inactive elements): calcium, 218 g; phosphorus, 71 g; sulfur, 20 g; manganese, 1,300 mg; potassium, 28.20 mg; cobalt, 30 mg; selenium, 15.30 mg; zinc, 1,700 mg; copper, 710 mg.	ad libitum	ad libitum	ad libitum
Chemical composition (g/kg dry matter)
	Dry matter (g/kg fresh matter)	883.03	890.84	885.76
	Organic matter	939.17	933.06	930.90
	Mineral matter	62.49	66.94	71.43
	Crude protein	113.94	110.13	112.12
	Neutral detergent insoluble protein	12.54	13.58	13.89
	Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen	3.17	3.65	3.54
	Ether extract	26.46	29.22	29.82
	Total carbohydrates	759.80	766.30	756.60
	Non-fiber carbohydrates	471.80	468.70	477.40
	Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)	416.78	424.98	404.54
	NDF corrected for ash and protein	287.97	297.65	279.21
	Acid detergent fiber	352.80	356.60	337.19
	Lignin	30.86	32.62	30.32
	Total digestible nutrients	674.90	678.80	678.70

Fatty acids	Name	Diet (%)
Fatty acids	Name	Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC	NaOH DCC
C8:0	Caprylic	-	0.95	0.40
C11:0	Undecanoic	-	0.03	-
C13:0	Tridecanoic	4.66	4.78	4.92
C14:0	Myristic	0.02	0.02	0.02
C15:1 cis10	Cis,10, Pentadecanoic	0.73	0.75	0.78
C16:0	Palmitic	7.14	5.78	6.16
C16:1 cis9	Cis, 9, Palmitoleic	13.52	13.86	14.28
C16:1	Palmitoleic	20.17	20.67	21.29
C17:0	Heptadecanoic	0.31	0.32	0.32
C17:1 cis10	Cis-10- heptadecanoic	1.40	1.00	0.98
C18:0	Stearic	19.43	17.11	17.18
C18:1n9c	Oleic	29.48	25.12	25.56
C18:1 trans9	Elaidic	1.47	1.46	1.48
C18:1 cis 9, 12-OH	Hidroxy ricinoleic	-	4.21	8.23
C18:2n6c	Linoleic	2.92	2.20	2.34
C18:3n3	Linolenic	0.21	0.14	0.15
C18:3n6	γ-linolenic	2.43	2.31	2.22

Production (g/kg)	Diet			SEM	P-value
Production (g/kg)	Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC	NaOH DCC	SEM	Diet	Breed
Fat	35.12^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	31.82^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	32.51^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.32	<0.05	0.41
Protein	31.03	28.51	29.63	0.10	0.36	0.65
Lactose	45.52	45.21	45.12	0.27	0.92	0.08
Total solids	111.02	110.21	115.50	0.48	0.67	0.35
Casein	24.22	21.16	22.47	0.13	0.32	0.54
Dry extract degreased	8.53	8.26	8.34	0.13	0.42	0.40
Yield of cheese (kg)	22.80^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	20.75^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	21.62^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.91	<0.05	0.67
Acidity (°D)	15.60	15.25	15.87	0.64	0.78	0.70
Somatic cell count (cell/mL x 1000)	352.40	367.00	352.40	134.44	0.66	0.40
Milk urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	13.98	14.92	17.75	1.66	0.340	0.25
Energy value (Mcal/kg)	2.56	2.52	2.53	0.02	0.36	0.38
Density (kg/m³)	1.030	1.029	1.030	0.10	0.98	0.78

Composition (g/day)
Fat	88.70^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	80.33^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	81.10^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	3.61	<0.05	0.39
Protein	68.51^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	62.29^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	63.99^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.86	<0.05	0.62
Lactose	100.64^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	98.64^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	97.49^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.37	<0.05	0.10
Total solids	245.48	240.23	249.58	8.40	0.05	0.38
Dry extract degreased	188.55^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	180.06^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	180.25^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	3.02	<0.05	0.60

Fatty acid	Name	Diet			SEM	P-value
Fatty acid	Name	Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC	NaOH DCC	SEM	Diet	Breed
C6:0	Caproic	1.95	1.95	1.87	0.07	0.75	0.30
C8:0	Caprylic	1.78	2.17	1.58	0.14	0.15	0.25
C10:0	Capric	6.57^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	6.88^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	5.63^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.51	<0.05	0.05
C11:0	Undecanoic	0.23	0.25	0.20	0.03	0.60	0.61
C12:0	Lauric	3.42^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	3.66^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	3.13^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.21	<0.05	0.36
C13:0	Tridecanoic	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.02	0.96	0.69
C14:0	Myristic	7.62^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	8.97^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	7.90^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.39	<0.05	0.50
C14:1	Myristoleic	0.55^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.46^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.36^c a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.06	<0.05	0.43
C15:0	Pentadecanoic	0.83	0.70	0.82	0.10	0.67	0.446
C16:0	Palmitic	25.56^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	25.59^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	23.31^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.75	<0.05	0.10
C16:1	Palmitoleic	0.40	0.63	0.48	0.06	0.13	0.12
C17:0	Heptadecanoic	0.71	0.70	0.75	0.08	0.88	0.07
C18:0	Stearic	15.82	14.89	16.18	0.65	0.39	0.17
C18:1n 9t	Elaidic	0.65	0.68	0.62	0.14	0.96	0.39
C18:1n 9c	Oleic	30.30^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	28.80^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	33.13^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	1.58	<0.05	0.15
C18:2n 6^c a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	Linoleic	3.27^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	2.62^b a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	3.01^a a-c Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance	0.15	<0.05	0.88
C18:3n3	Linolenic	0.22	0.26	0.20	0.03	0.40	0.64
C18:3n6	Y-linolenic	0.23	0.23	0.22	0.02	0.97	0.72
Cis-9, trans-11,18:2	Conjugated linoleic	0.46	0.43	0.47	0.05	0.85	0.96

Fatty acid	Diet			SEM	P-value
Fatty acid	Soybean meal	Ca(OH)₂ DCC	NaOH DCC	SEM	Diet	Breed
Saturated fatty acids (SFA)	63.43^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	65.47^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	61.46^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.68	<0.05	0.18
Monounsaturated fatty acids	32.27^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	30.89^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	34.51^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.25	<0.05	0.07
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)	4.28^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	3.63^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	4.02^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.15	<0.05	0.23
PUFA: SFA	0.51^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.46^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.55^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.03	<0.05	0.07
Desirable fatty acids¹ 1 Desirable fatty acids + C18:0.	48.10^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	45.79^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	50.69^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.34	<0.05	0.07
Omega-3 fatty acids² 2 Σ (C18:1 cis15, C18:2 trans11cis15, C18:3 n3, C22:6 n3).	0.22	0.26	0.20	0.03	0.13	0.25
Omega-6 fatty acids³ 3 Σ (C18:2n6c, C18:3n6).	3.51^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	3.23^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	2.85^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.16	<0.05	0.84
Atherogenicity index	1.74^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	2.07^a a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	1.66^b a-b Means within a row with different letters are different by Tukey's test at 5% significance.	0.12	<0.05	0.08

[1] * Corresponding author: ricardo_zoo@hotmail.com

Brasil

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Detoxified castor in the diets of dairy goats: II. Lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk

ABSTRACT