Institutional Work Affecting Institutions in a Tourism Cluster

Jacometti, Márcio; Lago, Ellen Correa Wandembruck; Bonfim, Leandro Rodrigo Canto

doi:10.7784/rbtur.v16.2099

Márcio Jacometti E-mail: jacometti@utfpr.edu.br

Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Márcio Jacometti PhD in Management (Strategy and Organizational Analysis) from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). He is currently Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Administration at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Contribuição: Research design, literature review, data analysis, and discussion.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9740-7218

Ellen Correa Wandembruck Lago E-mail: ellencwlago@hotmail.com

Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Ellen Correa Wandembruck Lago PhD student in Planning and Public Governance at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR). Contribuição: Literature review, data collection, data analysis, and discussion.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-2454

Leandro Rodrigo Canto Bonfim E-mail: ellencwlago@hotmail.com

State University of Paraná (UNESPAR) Paranaguá, PR, Brazil

Leandro Rodrigo Canto Bonfim PhD in Management (Innovation and Technology) from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). He is currently and Assistant Collaborating Professor at the State University of Paraná (Unespar), Campus Paranaguá, PR, Brazil. Contribuição: Literature review, translation, and discussion.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-7911

Márcio Jacometti

PhD in Management (Strategy and Organizational Analysis) from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). He is currently Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Administration at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

Contribuição: Research design, literature review, data analysis, and discussion.

E-mail: jacometti@utfpr.edu.br

Ellen Correa Wandembruck Lago

PhD student in Planning and Public Governance at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR).

Contribuição: Literature review, data collection, data analysis, and discussion.

E-mail: ellencwlago@hotmail.com

Leandro Rodrigo Canto Bonfim

PhD in Management (Innovation and Technology) from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). He is currently and Assistant Collaborating Professor at the State University of Paraná (Unespar), Campus Paranaguá, PR, Brazil.

Contribuição: Literature review, translation, and discussion.

E-mail: bonfim@unespar.edu.br

Editor:

Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira Santos

Institutional Pillar	Work Type	Definition	Theoretical Synthesis
Regulatory	Acquisition	Create rules that confer ownership rights	Reconstruction of rules, property rights, and access to resources
	Definition	Build rules that confer status or identity, define membership limits, or create status hierarchies within a field
	Defense	Mobilize political and regulatory support through direct and deliberate techniques of social persuasion
Normative	Construction of identities	Define the relationship between an actor and the field where he operates	Construction of professional identities, development of standards, practices, and technologies complementary to current institutions
	Changes in standards	Reconnect sets of practices with moral and cultural foundations
	Building networks	Build inter-organizational connections where practices become sanctioned and form the relevant peer group concerning compliance, monitoring, and evaluation
Cognitive	Mimicry	Associate new practices with the existing set of technologies and rules to facilitate the adoption	Changing meaning systems by adopting new practices taken for granted in addition to using stakeholder education to support new institutions
	Theorization	Develop and specify abstract categories and elaborate chains of cause and effect
	Education	Educate actors in the skills and knowledge needed to support the new institution

Institutional Pillar	Work Type	Definition	Theoretical Synthesis
Regulatory	Permission	Create rules that facilitate, complement, and support institutions	Preservation of existing institutions by complying with standards by submitting to rules, norms, and standards
	Policing	Ensure compliance through enforcement, auditing, and monitoring
	Dissuasion	Establishing coercive barriers to institutional change
Normative	Mythologization	Preserve the normative foundations of an institution, creating and sustaining myths about its history
Normative	Incorporation and routinization	Infuse the normative foundations of an institution in the participants' daily lives and organizational practices
Cognitive	Valuation	Provide positive and negative examples that illustrate the regulatory foundations of an institution

Institutional Pillar (Scott, 2008Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.)	Work Type	Definition (Lawrence and Suddaby, 2006Lawrence, T. B., & Suddaby, R. (2006). Institutions and institutional work. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies (2nd ed., pp. 215-254). London: Sage.)	Theoretical Synthesis (Jacometti, 2013Jacometti, M. (2013). Institutional work na conformação do conhecimento difundido em redes interorganizacionais: Estudo de APLs no Estado do Paraná. PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/34682 http://hdl.handle.net/1884/34682... )
Regulatory	Disconnection of sanctions	Work to disconnect rewards and sanctions from any set of practices, technologies, or rules	Actions aimed at breaking existing institutions and starting deinstitutionalizations by disconnecting sanctions from the rules, untying moral foundations from the norms, and destabilizing beliefs and values
Normative	Untying of moral foundations	Disassociate the practice, rules, or technology from their moral basis, as appropriate, within a specific cultural context
Cognitive	Questioning	Decrease perceived risks of innovation and differentiation, undermining key assumptions and beliefs

Institutional Pillar	WorkType	Institutional Work Description
Regulative Work	Acquisition	It was diagnosed considering the desire of group members to acquire unique benefits provided by municipal governments to obtain advantages over other projects in the same segment that are not a part of the network, favoring only the companies from the TRSC
	Definition	It was detected by the actions carried out by the enterprises aimed at placing the TRSC in a prominent position in the region where it is inserted, evidencing and strengthening its image in the overall society to legitimize it in the organizational field
	Defense	It consisted of obtaining the support of municipal governments for the realization of the projects idealized by the network. The volume of actions identified also showed the interdependence that exists between tourism enterprises and municipal executive power, contrary to the guidelines of the technicians from the Ministry of Culture
Normative Work	Identity construction	The collective actions were made possible by the strengthening of the relationships between the tourist enterprises, which generated the unification of the group and new business relationships, besides the actions developed aiming at the adhesion of new participants, which reinforced the identity of the route’s tourist enterprises
	Standard changes	It was identified by actions aimed at promoting changes in existing practices through specialized consultancy and through the adoption of joint strategies aimed at determining common goals that trigger changes desired by the members of the route
	Network building	It was diagnosed by visitations made by entrepreneurs in all the organizations TRSC, which generated mutual knowledge about the products and services developed by the members. Such actions enabled the construction of a business network in the field, made possible by the customers’ referral regarding the services provided by the companies included in the route and through the purchase of inputs produced by rural entrepreneurs, by local hotels and restaurants
Cognitive Work	Mimicry	It was identified by the imitation of procedures and conducts adopted by other organizations already legitimized in the tourist sector of the region, as well as through the adoption of mimetic processes among the members of the route aiming at the standardization and characterization of the enterprises
	Theorization	It was identified by the need to define the profile of the tourists who visit the region to outline strategies to increase the permanence of these visitors in tourist developments, as well as to attract new customers
	Education	It was recognized by holding meetings encouraging the formalization of the businesses belonging to the organizational field that were operating informally by the training carried out by the Ministry of Tourism's technical advisory services aimed at teaching entrepreneurs how to improve the provision of services to tourists

Institutional Pillar	Work Type	Institutional Work Description
Regulative Work	Permission	It was identified by the decisions that defined the creation of rules and criteria among the participants to promote the strengthening of the TRSC. Those norms required the entrepreneurs to adjust and conform to the inherent standardization among members, to the disclosure of the activities of each development, to the strengthening of the organizations through the adhesion of new companies, to the participation in the meetings and the commitment to keeping up to date the monthly payments to QBCAMP
	Policing	It was detected by the participation of businessmen in Tourism Councils whose objective is to promote the inspection and monitoring of actions aimed at tourism development in the region, as well as by defining the criteria for continuity in the route, requiring a financial commitment from each enterprise to QBCAMP and effective participation in the decisions taken by the members by attending the meetings. The policing work is carried out effectively since the data collected made it possible to identify that the default in monthly fees resulted in the shutdown of some entrepreneurs from the route, even though they would still consider themselves part of it
	Dissuasion	It was diagnosed by the recurring conduct of one of the entrepreneurs selected to postpone, and finally, to refuse the interview to the researchers, showing resistance when providing information that could reveal possible weaknesses in the cluster, as he is an actor who manifested a leadership profile in the group. The collective decision not to accept technical and specialized support for the formalization of a tourism LPA in the region also highlighted this type of institutional work, expressing great resistance to change of the current status quo
Normative Work	Incorporation and routinization	It was identified by the invitation made to tourist enterprises in the region to join the route, by all the rules that governed the group was exposed so that, if they accepted to be a part of the cluster, they would already be subject to the incumbent institutions. Another action refers to the collective efforts of all participants in the route to obtain a tourist certification, as the adoption of this practice proved to be effective and provided positive returns to one of the TRSC’s enterprises with such a tourist seal
Cognitive Work	Valuation	Exposition of examples and benefits provided to members of the TRSC to extoll the advantages of integrating the cluster and attracting new entrepreneurs. Another evidence is that the use of social media provided benefits to a tourism enterprise that is a member of the route, as the promotion attracted new customers and was considered a successful case to be imitated

[1] Márcio Jacometti

PhD in Management (Strategy and Organizational Analysis) from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). He is currently Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Administration at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

Contribuição: Research design, literature review, data analysis, and discussion.

Institutional Pillar	Work Type	Institutional Work Description
Regulative Work	Disconnections of sanctions	It was identified from the moment the group declined the idea of formalizing a Tourism LPA despite the advantages presented, and this action took place to preserve the current situation of the organizational field.
Normative Work	Disconnecting moral foundations	Was identified by the insistence of one of the entrepreneurs to demonstrate that the route did not bring benefits or gave advantages to his enterprise, so he tried to disassociate the existing beneficial practices as being null, disregarding the collective gains mentioned by other entrepreneurs to reject the institutionalization of TRSC
Cognitive Work	Questioning	It was identified by the efforts of the actors to disrupt the institutions and was perceived by the departure of one of the TRSC’s enterprises under the allegation that the company's participation in the cluster did not add benefits to their business. It is noteworthy that companies that also left the network later shared or were influenced by this decision

Brasil

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Institutional Work Affecting Institutions in a Tourism Cluster

Influência do Trabalho Institucional sobre Instituições em um Cluster de Turismo

Trabajo Institucional que Afecta a las Instituciones en un Clúster de Turismo

Abstract