Dark tourism: análisis de la relación entre motivaciones, vivencias y beneficios de los visitantes del Cementerio de la Recoleta, Argentina

Pereira, Tércio; Pereira, Melise de Lima; Limberger, Pablo Flôres

Tércio Pereira E-mail: tercio@outlook.com

Research design

Literature revision

Data collect

Data analysis

Discussion

Vale do Itajaí University (UNIVALI), Balneário Camboriú, SC, Brasil.

Tércio Pereira Doctoral student in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor at Leonardo Da Vince University.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-6383

Melise de Lima Pereira E-mail: melisedelimapereira@gmail.com

Literature revision

Data analysis

Discussion

Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

Melise de Lima Pereira PhD in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor and researcher at the Federal University of Paraná.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1904-8429

Pablo Flôres Limberger E-mail: pablofl@univali.br

Research design

Literature revision

Data collect

Data analysis

Discussion

Vale do Itajaí University (UNIVALI), Balneário Camboriú, SC, Brasil.

Pablo Flôres Limberger PhD in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor and researcher at the University of Vale de Itajaí.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-6020

Tércio Pereira

Doctoral student in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor at Leonardo Da Vince University.

E-mail: tercio@outlook.com

Melise de Lima Pereira

PhD in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor and researcher at the Federal University of Paraná.

E-mail: melisedelimapereira@gmail.com

Pablo Flôres Limberger

PhD in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor and researcher at the University of Vale de Itajaí.

E-mail: pablofl@univali.br

Editor:

Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira Santos.

Figuras (2)
Tablas (9)

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Figure 1
Conceptual research model

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Figure 2
The proposed model for the cemetery

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Table 1
Demographic profile

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Table 2
Exploratory factor analysis

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Table 3
Assumptions

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Table 4
Discriminant validity

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Table 5
Blindfolding Test

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Table 6
Relationship test

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Table 7
Cohen Effect

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DIMENSIONS ANALYSIS VARIABLES AUTHORS / YEAR MOTIVATIONS Learning and obligation To learn something about La Recoleta Cemetery Yan et al. (2016) Learning and obligation Interested in contemporary Argentine history Yan et al. (2016) Learning and obligation Interested in ideological conflicts in general Yan et al. (2016) Learning and obligation He felt the obligation to visit the Recoleta Cemetery Yan et al. (2016) Learning and obligation To celebrate personalities buried in the Recoleta cemetery Yan et al. (2016) Educational programs To satisfy curiosity about the Recoleta Cemetery Yan et al. (2016) Educational programs Participate in an educational program offered by a community group, school or organization Yan et al. (2016) Educational programs I wanted to teach my children about history Yan et al. (2016) Social reasons and curiosity Personal or family involvement in the Recoleta cemetery Yan et al. (2016) Social reasons and curiosity Brought by friends and relatives Yan et al. (2016) Social reasons and curiosity To bring friends and relatives. Yan et al. (2016) Social reasons and curiosity To have a meaningful day with family or friends Yan et al. (2016) EXPERIENCES Hedonic I felt that I was doing something that I really enjoy doing. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Hedonic I felt that I was doing something memorable. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Peace of mind I felt like I was enjoying myself. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Peace of mind He was physically comfortable. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Peace of mind I was relaxed. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Involvement I felt I was involved in the experience Otto and Ritchie (1996) Involvement I felt that there were options for choices on the tour Otto and Ritchie (1996) Involvement I felt that I had some control over the outcome of the experiment. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Escapism I felt I had escaped from everyday life Otto and Ritchie (1996) Escapism I felt that I could forget the daily problems. Otto and Ritchie (1996) Learning Learned about contemporary Argentine history. Kang (2010) Learning Understands the issues of ideological conflict and / or human rights Kang (2010) Comfort in fulfilling the obligation Fulfilled the obligation to celebrate the personalities buried there Kang (2010) Comfort in fulfilling the obligation Comfort when sharing pain and sadness with others Kang (2010) Family bond I was grateful that there were no people in my family buried Kang (2010) Family bond Understood the importance of the family Kang (2010) Family bond I reflected on the life that my ancestors used to have Kang (2010) Family bond I was grateful that you were living now and not before Kang (2010) Significance Realized the importance of peace in the cemetery Kang (2010) Significance We had a significant day Kang (2010) Significance Spent good times with family, relatives or friends Kang (2010) Significance This place is clean and tidy Kang (2010)

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DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Genre Frequency Percent (%) Feminine 332 73.8 Male 110 24.4 Prefer not to say 8 1.8 Total 450 100 Marital status Frequency Percent (%) Married 104 23.1 Divorced 46 10.2 Not married 281 62.4 Widower 19 4.2 Total 450 100 Age Range Frequency Percent (%) 0 to 18 years 28 6.2 19 to 29 years 168 37.3 30 to 39 years 74 16.4 40 to 49 years 32 7.1 50 to 59 years 55 12.2 60 to 69 years 55 12.2 70 years or more 37 8.2 Total 450 100 Degree of education Frequency Percent (%) Elementary School 14 3.1 High school 76 16.9 University graduate 200 44.4 Specialization (MBA) 78 17.3 Master's 51 11.3 Doctorate degree 18 4 Post doctoral 13 2.9 Total 450 100 Nationality Frequency Percent (%) Argentina 401 89.1 Brazil 29 6.4 Chile 1 0.2 Colombia 2 0.4 Ecuador 2 0.4 Spain 2 0.4 U.S 1 0.2 Italy 1 0.2 Mexico 1 0.2 Portugal 1 0.2 Uruguay 2 0.4 Venezuela 7 1.6 Total 450 100

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Total	450	100
Gender	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Feminine	332	73.8
Masculine	110	24.4
Prefer not to say	8	1.8
Total	450	100
Marital status	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Married	104	23.1
Divorced	46	10.2
Single	281	62.4
Widower	19	4.2
Total	450	100
Age group	Frequency	Percentage (%)
0-18	28	6.2
19-29	168	37.3
30-39	74	16.4
40-49	32	7.1
50-59	55	12.2
60-69	55	12.2
70 years or more	37	8.2
Total	450	100
Education level	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Elementary School	14	3.1
High school	76	16.9
University graduate	200	44.4
Specialisation (MBA)	78	17.3
Master's degree	51	11.3
Doctorate degree	18	4
Post doctoral	13	2.9
Total	450	100
Nationality	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Argentina	401	89.1
Brazil	29	6.4
Chile	1	0.2
Colombia	2	0.4
Ecuador	2	0.4
Spain	2	0,4
United States	1	0,2
Italy	1	0,2
Mexico	1	0,2
Portugal	1	0,2
Uruguay	2	0,4
Venezuela	7	1,6

Factor and items	F.L.	Eig.	Cr.	V.E.	C.V.E
Reflective benefits		6.691	0.811	27.880	27.880
Understood the importance of family	0.782
I was grateful to be living now and not before	0.747
I was grateful that there were no people in my family buried	0.701
Realised the importance of peace in the cemetery	0.606
Reflected on the life my ancestors used to have	0.551
Experiences		2.580	0.841	10.748	38.629
I was relaxed	0.857
I was physically comfortable	0.800
I felt like I was having fun	0.734
I felt like I was doing something I really like to do	0.651
I felt I was involved in the process	0.589
I had a feeling of escape	0.558
I felt I could forget the problems of everyday life	0.530
Learning motivations		2.218	0.845	9.240	47.868
Interested in the contemporary history of Argentina	-0.837
To learn something about La Recoleta Cemetery	-0.740
Learned about Argentina’s contemporary history	-0.738
Interested in ideological conflicts in general	-0.661
Understood the issues of ideological conflict and/or human rights	-0.626
Social motivations		1.526	0.738	6.359	54.227
Brought friends or relatives	0.754
Recommended by friends or relatives	0.749
To have a meaningful day with family or friends	0.578
Empathic benefits		1.172	0.783	4.883	59.110
To celebrate personalities buried in the Recoleta cemetery	-0.848
Fulfilled the obligation to celebrate the personalities buried there	-0.743
Comfort in sharing pain and sadness with others	-0.599
Wanted to teach my kids about history	-0.544

	Be	Br	Exp.	Ms	Ma
Cronbach's Alpha	0.722	0.804	0.848	0.613	0.824
Composite Reliability	0.826	0.864	0.882	0.784	0.877
Average Variance Extracted (AVE)	0.547	0.561	0.518	0.552	0.589

	Be	Br	Exp.	Ms	Ma
Empathic benefits	0.739
Reflective benefits	0.459	0.749
Experiences	0.317	0.462	0.720
Social Motivations	0.250	0.282	0.338	0.743
Learning motivations	0.502	0.365	0.399	0.154	0.767

	SSO	SSE	Q² (=1-SSE/SSO)
Empathic benefits	1,800,000	1,531,567	0.149
Reflective benefits	2,250,000	1,930,179	0.142
Experiences	3,150,000	2,785,690	0.116
Social Motivations	1,350,000	1,350,000
Learning motivations	2,250,000	2,250,000

	Original Sample	Sample Mean		T Statistics	P Values	Hip.	Results
Experiences → Empathic benefits	0.089	0.090	0.044	2.051	0.040	H3b	Supported
Experiences → Reflective benefits	0.331	0.333	0.049	6.783	0.000	H3a	Supported
Social Motivations → Empathic Benefits	0.152	0.153	0.045	3.346	0.001	H2c	Supported
Social Motivations → Reflective benefits	0.137	0.139	0.047	2.917	0.004	H2a	Supported
Social Motivations → Experiences	0.283	0.286	0.042	6.700	0.000	H2b	Supported
Learning motivations → Empathic benefits	0.443	0.444	0.040	11.103	0.000	H1c	Supported
Learning motivations → Reflective benefits	0.212	0.212	0.046	4.596	0.000	H1a	Supported
Learning motivations → Experiences	0.355	0.357	0.042	8.399	0.000	H1b	Supported

	Empathic benefits	Reflective benefits	Experiences
Empathic benefits
Reflective benefits
Experiences	0.009	0.115
Social Motivations	0.029	0.023	0.103
Learning motivations	0.232	0.051	0.162

DIMENSIONS	ANALYSIS VARIABLES	AUTHORS / YEAR
MOTIVATIONS
Learning and obligation	To learn something about La Recoleta Cemetery	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Learning and obligation	Interested in contemporary Argentine history	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Learning and obligation	Interested in ideological conflicts in general	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Learning and obligation	He felt the obligation to visit the Recoleta Cemetery	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Learning and obligation	To celebrate personalities buried in the Recoleta cemetery	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Educational programs	To satisfy curiosity about the Recoleta Cemetery	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Educational programs	Participate in an educational program offered by a community group, school or organization	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Educational programs	I wanted to teach my children about history	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Social reasons and curiosity	Personal or family involvement in the Recoleta cemetery	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Social reasons and curiosity	Brought by friends and relatives	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Social reasons and curiosity	To bring friends and relatives.	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
Social reasons and curiosity	To have a meaningful day with family or friends	Yan et al. (2016)Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China . Tourism Management, 53, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.0...
EXPERIENCES
Hedonic	I felt that I was doing something that I really enjoy doing.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Hedonic	I felt that I was doing something memorable.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Peace of mind	I felt like I was enjoying myself.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Peace of mind	He was physically comfortable.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Peace of mind	I was relaxed.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Involvement	I felt I was involved in the experience	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Involvement	I felt that there were options for choices on the tour	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Involvement	I felt that I had some control over the outcome of the experiment.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Escapism	I felt I had escaped from everyday life	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Escapism	I felt that I could forget the daily problems.	Otto and Ritchie (1996)Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism management, 17(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)000...
Learning	Learned about contemporary Argentine history.	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Learning	Understands the issues of ideological conflict and / or human rights	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Comfort in fulfilling the obligation	Fulfilled the obligation to celebrate the personalities buried there	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Comfort in fulfilling the obligation	Comfort when sharing pain and sadness with others	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Family bond	I was grateful that there were no people in my family buried	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Family bond	Understood the importance of the family	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Family bond	I reflected on the life that my ancestors used to have	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Family bond	I was grateful that you were living now and not before	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Significance	Realized the importance of peace in the cemetery	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Significance	We had a significant day	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Significance	Spent good times with family, relatives or friends	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Significance	This place is clean and tidy	Kang (2010)Kang, E. J. (2010). Experience and benefits derived from a dark tourism site visit: the effect of demographics and enduring involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Tourism. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Genre	Frequency	Percent (%)
Feminine	332	73.8
Male	110	24.4
Prefer not to say	8	1.8
Total	450	100
Marital status	Frequency	Percent (%)
Married	104	23.1
Divorced	46	10.2
Not married	281	62.4
Widower	19	4.2
Total	450	100
Age Range	Frequency	Percent (%)
0 to 18 years	28	6.2
19 to 29 years	168	37.3
30 to 39 years	74	16.4
40 to 49 years	32	7.1
50 to 59 years	55	12.2
60 to 69 years	55	12.2
70 years or more	37	8.2
Total	450	100
Degree of education	Frequency	Percent (%)
Elementary School	14	3.1
High school	76	16.9
University graduate	200	44.4
Specialization (MBA)	78	17.3
Master's	51	11.3
Doctorate degree	18	4
Post doctoral	13	2.9
Total	450	100
Nationality	Frequency	Percent (%)
Argentina	401	89.1
Brazil	29	6.4
Chile	1	0.2
Colombia	2	0.4
Ecuador	2	0.4
Spain	2	0.4
U.S	1	0.2
Italy	1	0.2
Mexico	1	0.2
Portugal	1	0.2
Uruguay	2	0.4
Venezuela	7	1.6
Total	450	100

[1] Tércio Pereira

Doctoral student in Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Vale do Itajaí. Master in Tourism and Hospitality. Professor at Leonardo Da Vince University.

Brasil

Brasil

Dark tourism: análisis de la relación entre motivaciones, vivencias y beneficios de los visitantes del Cementerio de la Recoleta, Argentina

Resumen