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Animal Production and Environment • Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim. 23 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402220502022 copy

Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility

Ensilagem de planta inteira de soja com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático: perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e consumo e digestibilidade em ovinos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH₃-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.

Keywords:
fermentative losses; lactic acid; legume silage; neutral detergent fiber; silage pH

Item	Experimental diets^† †Increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg DM.
Item	0	200	400	600	800
Ingredients
Soybean silage	0.00	200	400	600	800
Cynodon hay	800	600	400	200	0.00
Ground corn	31.5	59.1	104	118	160
Ground whole soybean	121	96.1	50.8	41.8	0.00
Urea	7.90	5.00	4.90	0.00	0.00
Mineral premix^‡ ‡Contained per kg of product: 120 g Ca, 88.0 g P, 75.0 mg I, 1,300 mg Na, 15.0 mg Se, 12.0 mg S, 3,630 mg Zn, 55.5 mg Co, 1,530 mg Cu, and 1,800 mg Fe.	39.8	39.8	39.8	39.8	39.8
Chemical composition, g/kg DM
Dry matter, g/kg as fed	836	741	647	552	457
Organic matter	927	921	917	912	910
Neutral detergent fiber	617	548	476	410	338
Acid detergent fiber	312	303	293	286	276
Crude Protein	155	155	156	155	157
Non-fiber carbohydrate^§ §Estimated according to NRC (2001).	14.5	21.4	29.0	35.6	42.9
Ether extract	46.0	43.0	35.0	35.0	29.0
NE (MJ/kg DM)^§ §Estimated according to NRC (2001).	2.89	3.22	3.48	3.85	4.10

Item	Trataments^† †Treatments: CON (Control), WPSS without additives; LPPA (Lactobacillus plantarum 4.0 × 1010 CFU/g + Pediococcus acidilactici 1010 CFU/g); CHI: chitosan, 5 g/kg as-fed.			SEM	P ^‡ ‡Probabilities: C1: additives effect (CON vs LPPA+CHI); C2: comparison of additives (LPPA vs CHI).
Item	COM	LPPA	CHI	SEM	C1	C2
Microbiology, log₁₀ CFU/g
Aerobic bacteria	5.95	6.69	8.32	0.153	0.001	0.003
Anaerobic bacteria	6.04	5.56	4.60	0.164	0.512	0.652
Lactic bacteria	6.61	8.36	7.89	0.101	0.033	0.653
Mold and yeast	6.89	4.54	5.00	0.112	0.001	0.012
Fermentative losses
Gas, g/kg fresh matter	22.2	13.7	10.9	0.203	0.044	0.001
Gas, g/kg DM	81.2	49.8	30.2	0.673	0.021	0.067
Effluent, g/kg fresh matter	3.69	4.21	4.09	0.311	0.033	0.342
Effluent, g/kg DM	3.40	4.00	3.80	0.174	0.010	0.563
Total, g/kg DM	84.7	53.8	34.0	0.32	0.001	0.042
DM recovery, g/kg DM	915	946	966	0.32	0.001	0.042

Item	Trataments^† †Treatments: CON (Control), WPSS without additives; LPPA (Lactobacillus plantarum 4.0 × 1010 CFU/g + Pediococcus acidilactici 1010 CFU/g); CHI: chitosan, 5 g/kg as-fed.			SEM	P ^‡ ‡Probabilities: C1: additives effect (CON vs LPPA+CHI); C2: comparison of additives (LPPA vs CHI).
Item	CON	LPPA	CHI	SEM	C1	C2
pH	3.55	3.46	3.45	0.011	0.003	0.687
NH₃-N, g/kg N	82.6	75.3	80.7	0.65	0.002	0.001
Organic acids, g/kg DM
Lactic	5.54	6.01	6.78	0.033	0.012	0.232
Ethanol	0.723	0.493	0.566	0.082	0.021	0.038
Acetic	1.40	1.28	1.82	0.015	0.372	0.004
Propyonic	0.070	0.090	0.093	0.021	0.001	0.576
Butyric	0.197	0.123	0.136	0.026	0.659	0.234
BCFA^§ §Branched-chain fatty acids.	0.216	0.278	0.296	0.088	0.001	0.354

Item	Trataments^† †Treatments: CON (Control), WPSS without additives; LPPA (Lactobacillus plantarum 4.0 × 1010 CFU/g + Pediococcus acidilactici 1010 CFU/g); CHI: chitosan, 5 g/kg as-fed.			SEM	P ^‡ ‡Probabilities: C1: additives effect (CON vs LPPA+CHI); C2: comparison of additives (LPPA vs CHI).
Item	CON	LPPA	CHI	SEM	C1	C2
Chemical composition, g/kg DM
Dry matter	353	338	332	7.1	<0.001	0.784
Organic matter	927	931	926	1.0	0.650	0.004
Neutral detergent fiber	401	406	404	2.7	0.887	0.885
Acid detergent fiber	341	339	341	3.4	0.776	0.665
Crude protein	179	198	194	2.6	0.011	0.342
Non-fiber carbohydrate	352	350	341	7.4	0.543	0.032
Lignin	63.5	63.6	65.6	1.26	0.432	0.776
Ether extract	31.8	25.1	20.9	3.02	0.001	0.332
Potassium	13.2	12.9	13.2	0.11	0.321	0.342
Calcium	8.00	8.30	8.90	0.11	0.017	0.021
Magnesium	4.40	4.40	4.34	0.11	0.654	0.340
Sulfur	1.96	1.63	1.86	0.11	0.543	0.421
Phosphor	2.28	2.48	2.47	0.12	0.876	0.760
NE, MJ/kg DM^§ §Estimated according to NRC(2001).	6.03	6.07	6.03	0.046	0.998	0.606
In vitro degradation, g/kg
Dry matter	641.2	648.5	647.6	4.45	0.147	0.544
Neutral detergent fiber	542.5	555.8	557.6	3.41	0.022	0.484

Item	Trataments^† †Treatments: CON (Control), WPSS without additives; LPPA (Lactobacillus plantarum 4.0 × 1010 CFU/g + Pediococcus acidilactici 1010 CFU/g); CHI: chitosan, 5 g/kg as-fed.			SEM	P ^‡ ‡Probabilities: C1: additives effect (CON vs LPPA+CHI); C2: comparison of additives (LPPA vs CHI).
Item	CON	LPPA	CHI	SEM	C1	C2
Temperature, °C
Maximun	24.9	25.2	26.4	0.12	0.265	0.432
Sum (5 days)	325	322	346	1.09	0.123	0.262
Average	19.6	21.6	24.2	0.33	0.012	0.022
Time, h
Stability	46.2	110	77.8	1.07	0.002	0.001
pH	3.86	3.67	4.21	0.442	0.023	0.001
Dry matter	376	352	361	0.36	0.342	0.026

Item	Experimental diets^† †Incresing levels of dietary WPSS (g/kg DM).					SEM	P ^‡ ‡Probabilities: linear and quadratic effect of WPSS level.
Item	0	200	400	600	800	SEM	Linear	Quadratic
Intake, g/d
Dry matter	714	1052	1172	1285	1342	72	0.002	0.284
Organic matter	662	967	1073	1168	1220	65	0.003	0.348
Crude protein	111	163	183	198	210	11	0.014	0.541
Neutral detergent fiber	441	575	557	525	453	26	0.321	0.033^§ §NDF intake (g/d) = 454 + 0.59 WPSS – 7.60 × 10-4 WPSS2. Maximum point: 389.0 g/kg DM.
Apparent digestibility, g/kg
Dry matter	526	550	557	573	608	1.18	0.017	0.719
Organic matter	529	553	562	588	615	2.67	0.026	0.812
Crude protein	658	676	707	726	757	1.78	0.044	0.519
Neutral detergent fiber	502	524	555	579	591	2.09	0.021	0.426

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