Phosphorus fertilization in the implantation of a silvopastoral system: morphogenic and structural characteristics of Mombaça grass

PACHECO, Thais Valéria Souza Silva; SOUSA, Luciano Fernandes; SANTOS, Antônio Clementino dos; SANTOS, José Geraldo Donizetti dos; DIM, Valdinéia Patrícia; SILVA, Hiran Marcelo Siqueira da; PACHECO, Weverton Filgueira

doi:10.1590/S1519-99402122012021

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Forestry and Grassland • Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim. 22 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402122012021 copy

Phosphorus fertilization in the implantation of a silvopastoral system: morphogenic and structural characteristics of Mombaça grass

Adubação fosfatada na implantação de sistema silvipastoril: características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim Mombaça

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on morphogenic and structural characteristics of Mombasa grass under conditions of implantation of silvopastoral system with eucalyptus and monoculture in the Amazon/Cerrado ecotone. The experiment was conducted at UFT-EMVZ during the rainy seasons of the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 agricultural years. The experimental area was subdivided into two cultivation systems, Mombaça grass monoculture, with 0.25 hectare and silvopastoral system, intercropping eucalyptus with Mombaça grass, with 0.75 hectare area. The design used was a 4 x 2 factorial IHD with four doses of phosphorus (0; 50; 100; 200 kg.ha ^-1 P₂O₅ year-¹) and two cultivation systems (monoculture and silvopastoral) with three repetitions. Three cycles were evaluated for an average rest period of 21 days. Weekly measurements were taken to evaluate structural and morphogenic characteristics of plants. In general, factors tested such as phosphorus fertilization, cultivation system and year (implantation and following year) showed influence, altering the development of Mombaça grass, reflecting on the morphogenic and structural characteristics. Tiller population density, crop growth rate, leaf area index showed interactions between phosphorus fertilization and the cultivation systems analyzed (P <0.05). Phosphorus fertilization used in the implantation, moment of greatest requirement of the plant, influenced forage development by increasing the crop growth rate, leaf appearance, as well as leaf and stem elongation in the two evaluated systems.

Keywords:
Eucalyptus urograndis ; Livestock-forest integration; Phosphorus; Megathyrsus maximum

Months	Max temperature (ºC)	Min temperature (ºC)	Humidity (%)	Rainfall (mm)
December 2016	25.9	24.8	83.5	99.4
January 2017	25.4	24.3	86.0	289.0
February 2017	25.3	24.3	87.4	348.0
March 2017	25.9	24.7	86.6	235.2
April	26.1	24.8	86.1	204.0
Average year 1	27.7	24.5	85.9	235.0
December 2017	25.1	24.4	86.3	64.8
January 2018	25.2	24.0	85.9	251.4
February 2018	25.3	24.2	87.3	255.2
March 2018	25.8	24.7	85.9	341.8
Average year 2	25.3	24.3	86.3	228.3

System	pH	OM	P	K⁺	Ca⁺⁺	Mg⁺⁺	H+Al	Al⁺⁺	SB	CEC	V
System	Cacl₂	g.kg^-1	mg.dm^-3	-----------------Cmolc.dm^-3---------------					%	Cmolc.dm^-3	%
Year (2016)
Mono	4.28	1.13	1.42	0.12	1.55	0.55	5.17	0.33	2.22	7.72	28.75
Ssp	4.58	1.23	1.42	0.14	1.45	0.65	5.19	0.35	2.24	7.78	28.79
Year (2017)
Mono	4.58	1.54	2.70	0.08	1.14	0.38	4.36	0.22	1.60	6.18	25.88
Ssp	4.80	1.54	2.74	0.08	1.17	0.40	4.34	0.25	1.65	6.24	26.44
Year (2018)
Mono	4.10	2.90	1.47	0.10	0.91	0.91	3.38	0.50	1.52	5.4	28.14
Ssp	4.08	2.43	1.66	0.10	0.81	0.81	3.34	0.30	1.21	4.85	24.94

TAPF (leaf. tiller^-1. day^-1)
Systems	Phosphorus** (kg ha^-1. year^-1)				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	0.394	0.494	0.428	0.456	0.443 B	0.013	0.300	0.214	0.019	0.335	9.91
Ssp	0.475	0.498	0.500	0.492	0.491 A		0.678	0.472	0.831
Means¹	0.435	0.496	0.464	0.474	0.467		0.380	0.174	0.058
TALF (cm. tiller^-1.day^-1)
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1. year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	3.126	3.656	4.771	4.349	3.975 A	0.576	0.088	0.165	0.412	0.992	5.90
Ssp	3.147	3.939	5.033	4.586	4.176 A		0.601	0.102	0.507
Means²	3.136	3.797	4.902	4.682	4.076		0.018	0.043	0.301
TALF (cm. tiller^-1.day^-1)
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1. year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	0.249	0.390	0.197	0.243	0.270 B	0.003	0.479	0.819	0.051	0.292	7.16
Ssp	0.293	0.609	0.481	0.384	0.442 A		0.936	0.013	0.043
Means³	0.271	0.500	0.339	0.314	0.356		0.653	0.044	0.010
Phyllochron (days.leaf^-1.tiller^-1)
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1. year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	8.450	7.443	6.912	6.634	7.280 A	0.402	0.000	0.001	0.645	0.492	7.45
Ssp	8.136	7.477	6.966	6.540	7.360 A		0.000	0.033	0.911
Means⁴	8.293	7.460	6.939	6.587	7.320		0.000	0.001	0.804
DVF
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1. year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	16.696	10.518	10.514	10.066	11.949 A	0.797	0.081	0.138	0.397	0.392	7.01
Ssp	12.617	12.478	11.568	12.652	12.329 A		0.990	0.726	0.812
Means⁵	14.657	11.498	11.041	11.359	12.139		0.195	0.193	0.659
IAF
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1. year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	3.326 B	3.500 B	5.340 B	3.620 B	3.946	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.234	0.001	6.65
Ssp	5.176 A	5.426 A	6.633 A	5.623 A	5.714		<0.001	<0.001	0.187
Means⁶	4.251	4.463	5.986	4.621	4.830		<0.001	<0.001	0.210

DPP (tillers per m²)
Systems	Phosphorus** (kg ha^-1 year^-1)				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono¹	30.795A	35.964B	64.879A	49.428A	45.267	0.344	<0.001	<0.001	0.209	<0.001	8.15
Ssp²	30.956A	43.362A	60.864B	43.501B	44.671		<0.001	<0.001	0.313
Means	30.875	39.663	62.872	46.464	44.969		<0.001	<0.001	0.645
TCC (Kg ha^-1.day^-1)
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono²	124.7A	146.760B	262.504A	202.091A	184.033	0.441	<0.001	<0.001	0.087	<0.001	7.85
Ssp³	126.3A	176.973A	247.259B	177.934B	182.140		<0.001	<0.001	0.067
Means	125.584	161.867	254.882	190.013	183.086		<0.001	<0.001	0.245
Leaf: stem ratio
Systems	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			System x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	System x Phosph orus
Mono	0.721	0.813	0.831	0.715	0.774 B	<0.001	0.096	<0.001	0.507	0.081	5.44
Ssp	0.864	0.929	0.925	0.903	0.905 A		0.362	0.086	0.068
Means^s4	0.792	0.871	0.878	0.809	0.825		0.564	<0.001	0.110

TAPF (leaf. tiller^-1. day^-1)
Year	Phosphorus** (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	0.399	0.438	0.411	0.442	0.422 B		0.200	0.863	0.158	0.273	13.80
2017/2018	0.470^a	0.554	0.517	0.505	0.511 A		0.605	0.412	0.051
Means²	0.435	0.496	0.464	0.474	0.467		0.380	0.174	0.058
TALF (cm. tiller^-1.day^-1)
Year	Phosphorus (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	2.739	3.367	4.062	3.679	3.462 B	0.031	0.209	0.204	0.701	0.832	47.26
2017/2018	3.534	4.227	5.742	5.256	4.689 A		0.036	0.095	0.273
Means²	3.136	3.797	4.902	4.682	4.076		0.018	0.043	0.301
TALC (cm. tiller^-1. day^-1)
Year	Phosphorus (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	0.250	0.588	0.385	0.421	0.411 A	0.013	0.190	0.010	0.001	0.279	35.42
2017/2018	0.293	0.411	0.293	0.206	0.301 B		0.037	0.096	0.067
Means²	0.271	0.5000	0.339	0.314	0.356		0.653	0.044	0.010
Phyllochron (days.leaf^-1.tiller^-1)
Year	Phosphorus (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	8.287	7.441	6.971	6.689	7.359 A	0.210	0.000	0.000	0.571	0.648	2.83
2017/2018	8.2997	7.479	6.906	6.485	7.279 A		0.000	0.000	0.983
Means²	8.293	7.460	6.939	6.587	7.320		0.000	0.001	0.804
DVF
Year	Phosphorus (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	12.414	11.982	11.483	11.945	12.206 A	0.210	0.150	0.142	0.540	0.682	66.35
2017/2018	11.511	11.260	11.009	10.774	11.065 A		0.717	0.743	0.987
Means²	12.657	11.498	11.041	11.359	12.139		0.195	0.193	0.659
IAF
Year	Phosphorus (kg.ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Systems	Phosphorus			Year x Phosph orus
	0	50	100	200		Systems	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosph orus
2016/2017	4.029 B	4.415 A	5.761 B	4.536 B	4.685	0.010	0.001	<0.001	0.136	0.001	6.17
2017/2018	4.473 A	4.511 A	6.212 A	4.706 A	4.975		0.005	<0.001	0.431
Means²	4.251	4.463	5.986	4.621	4.830		<0.001	<0.001	0.210

DPP (tillers per m²)
Year	Phosphorus** (kg ha^-1 year^-1)				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Year	Phosphorus			Year x Phosphorus
	0	50	100	200		Year	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosphorus
2016/2017	29.933	40.116	63.884	45.828	44.940 A	0.700	<0.001	<0.001	0.365	0.066	1.80
2017/2018	31.817	39.210	61.860	47.101	45.007 A		<0.001	<0.001	0.168
Means¹	30.875	39.663	62.872	46.464	44.969		<0.001	<0.001	0.645
TCC (Kg ha^-1.day^-1)
Year	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Year	Phosphorus			Year x Phosphorus
	0	50	100	200		Year	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosphorus
2016/2017	121.479	163.036	257.325	187.259	182.275 A	0.175	<0.001	<0.001		0.077	3.01
2017/2018	129.688	160.698	252.439	192.766	183.897 A		<0.001	<0.001
Means²	125.584	161.867	254.882	190.013	183.086		<0.001	<0.001
Leaf: stem ratio
Year	Phosphorus (kg ha^-1 year^-1)**				Means	P*					CV (%)
	0	50	100	200		Year	Phosphorus			Year x Phosphorus
	0	50	100	200		Year	EL	EQ	DL	Year x Phosphorus
2016/2017	0.777	0.837	0.825	0.788	0.770 B	0.252	0.809	0.012	0.160	0.241	6.40
2017/2018	0.808	0.905	0.831	0.830	0.880 A		0.652	0.026	0.631
Means³	0.792	0.871	0.828	0.809	0.825		0.564	<0.001	0.110

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[1] *Corresponding author: tvaleria_18@hotmail.com