Statistical analysis of hydrochemistry and isotopic characterization of groundwater from the Parecis Basin

Stradioto, Marcia Regina; Teramoto, Elias Hideo; Chang, Hung Kiang

doi:10.1590/2318-0331.262120210087

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Scientific/Technical Article • RBRH 26 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.262120210087 copy

Statistical analysis of hydrochemistry and isotopic characterization of groundwater from the Parecis Basin

Análise estatística da hidroquimica e caracterização isotópica das águas subterrâneas da Bacia dos Parecis

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of mechanism controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater are crucial requirement to understand the hydrochemical evolution and evaluate the water quality of subsurficial water resources. Thus, to understand the process governing the hydrochemistry variability and flow dynamics of the Parecis and Ronuro Aquifers, the use of statistical analysis and isotopic characterization were combined. In the correlation matrix it was found that the highest correlation coefficient was observed for HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, SO₄^2-, and F^-, which suggested that these parameters are derived from the same source, most likely from rock–water interactions. Additionally, we noticed moderate to high correlation among NO₃^-, Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺, and Ba²⁺, which collectively are indicative of domestic sewage contamination. Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) identified that the most variance in hydrochemistry from the evaluated samples was controlled by HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, which is associated with rock–water interaction. Regarding the ¹⁸O and ²H isotope values, it could be observed that the aquifer recharges were of meteoric origin and that the Ronuro Aquifer samples were more enriched than the PAS samples. This work reinforces the capability of multivariate statistics to discern the main process that controls the variability of groundwater hydrochemistry.

Keywords:
Hydrochemistry; Parecis aquifer; Ronuro aquifer; Multivariate statistics; Stable isotopes

Sample	Aquifer	Depth	Electrical conductivity	pH	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Si	F^-	Sr²⁺	Al³⁺	Ba²⁺	Fe²⁺	Pb²⁺	Zn²⁺	Mn²⁺	Cu²⁺	δ¹⁸O	δ²H
Sample	Aquifer	(m)	μS/cm		mg/L																		‰
1	parecis	80	85.3	6.88	36.7	0.24	8.32	< 0.04	6.41	3.18	4.46	1.51	17.1	0.13	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.07	< 0.005	0.01	0.03	< 0.004	ND	ND
2	parecis	80	171	6.21	21.7	17	3.73	33.2	8.73	1.47	17.5	4.85	13.4	0.10	0.02	0.03	0.31	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.23	< 0.004	-7.2	-42.9
3	parecis	60	67.8	6.01	7.04	2.27	0.12	21.6	0.23	1.83	4.22	6.52	6.71	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.39	0.04	< 0.005	0.02	0.04	< 0.004	-6.92	-41.5
4	parecis	18	48	6.2	7.24	1.89	3.79	7.27	1.52	1.04	3.69	2.6	5.7	0.09	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	0.01	< 0.004	-6.72	-41
5	parecis	76.5	78.6	6.76	7.3	10.1	2.11	13.4	4.05	0.55	11.4	1.82	3.33	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.08	0.04	0.02	0.10	0.39	0.02	-7.6	-47.1
6	parecis	52	123	4.01	0	5.84	0.07	34.7	0.54	0.31	7.47	1.55	4.43	0.04	< 0.005	0.97	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.01	-7.19	-46.5
7	parecis	120	23	6.81	9.22	1.62	0.51	0.38	2.39	0.20	1.62	0.38	3.58	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	< 0.005	0.17	0.03	0.05	-5.63	-40.4
8	parecis	83	26.1	5.92	7.53	1.76	0.22	0.72	1.59	0.21	1.26	0.43	3.52	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.04	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.11	0.01	0.02	-6.5	-44.1
9	parecis	90	10.9	5.19	3.84	0.39	0.22	0.22	0.45	0.05	0.58	1.21	1.58	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.05	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.01	ND	ND
10	parecis	90	20.6	5.85	7.63	2.26	0.27	0.54	3.16	0.26	1.49	1.44	3.33	0.02	0.01	0.06	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.14	0.02	0.01	-6.09	-42.8
11	parecis	72	382	6.77	99.7	23.7	2.93	45.8	21	17.7	8.55	1.38	21.4	0.17	0.12	0.01	0.21	0.01	0.01	0.01	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.17	-43.6
12	parecis	35	37.6	5.86	5.92	0.95	0.08	11.8	0.15	0.06	8.03	0.6	2.81	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	0.01	0.04	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	0.01	-6.77	-47.8
13	parecis	25	113	4.86	1.35	11	3.44	31.2	1.17	2.4	9.98	6.7	5.18	0.05	0.02	0.18	0.57	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.05	0.01	-5.81	-39.7
14	parecis	42	54.2	4.71	0	6.02	0.12	13.8	0.42	0.38	5.97	1.52	4.14	0.02	< 0.005	0.13	0.07	0.01	0.01	< 0.005	0.36	0.01	-6.23	-40.6
15	parecis	40	39.9	4.66	0.97	1.77	0.05	12	0.09	0.04	5.5	0.21	2.78	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.05	0.01	0.02	< 0.005	0.04	0.02	0.01	-6.82	-45.8
16	parecis	80	75.3	4.54	0	3.26	0.15	26.3	0.27	0.15	10.8	0.75	3.85	0.03	< 0.005	0.2	0.03	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.04	< 0.004	-6.82	-43.7
17	parecis	32	134	6.28	21	8.88	5.19	29.5	2.42	1.27	24	0.81	2.25	0.03	< 0.005	0.03	0.01	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.004	-6.46	-42.0
18	parecis	10	142	6.97	88.1	0.17	0.07	0.16	16.2	8.84	0.22	< 0.1	2.71	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.12	-39.6
19	parecis	22	32.2	5.94	10.6	0.21	0.12	4.95	0.69	0.26	2.27	4.05	8.26	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.23	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	0.01	-6.37	-40.8
20	Ronuro	60	8.5	5.19	1.8	0.3	0.07	0.41	0.25	0.15	0.36	< 0.1	4.34	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	0.02	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.27	-33.6
21	Ronuro	120	12.8	5.02	1.32	0.23	0.04	2.42	0.11	0.03	1.25	< 0.1	3.61	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	0.01	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.004	-5.85	-38.1
22	Ronuro	100	12.4	5	1.02	0.56	0.07	2.04	0.05	0.02	1.46	< 0.1	4	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	0.01	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.89	-35.8
23	Ronuro	32	7.1	5.04	0.84	0.33	0.09	0.06	0.08	0.04	0.23	< 0.1	2.8	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-5.7	-35.8
24	Ronuro	30	5.6	5.1	0.78	0.33	0.07	0.28	0.04	0.01	0.45	< 0.1	3.28	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.00	-29.4
25	Ronuro	8	77.1	4.58	0	4.74	0.11	23.2	0.63	1.58	0.93	9.86	1.63	< 0.01	0.01	0.13	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.09	< 0.004	-5.2	-31.1
26	Ronuro	100	42.8	4.58	0.7	3.57	0.16	10.6	0.33	0.13	4.2	0.53	4.04	0.01	< 0.005	0.36	0.01	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.004	-5.63	-33.0
27	Ronuro	38	79.5	5.82	7.75	6.2	0.66	20.3	0.06	0.02	9.93	1.36	2.5	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	0.01	-5.63	-33.8
28	Ronuro	45	91.8	5.07	3.89	8.87	0.15	26.6	0.06	0.01	16.3	0.19	3.11	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.61	-36.1
29	parecis	100	16.7	5.2	2.32	0.86	0.08	3.09	0.03	0.01	3.13	< 0.1	3.96	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.78	-37.9
30	parecis	50	5.1	5.17	1.12	0.09	0.09	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.36	< 0.1	2.96	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.7	-38.5
31	parecis	152	8.2	4.77	1.24	0.43	0.08	0.09	0.06	0.01	0.89	< 0.1	2.23	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-7.19	-41.2
32	parecis	70	6.86	4.81	1.03	0.26	0.09	0.09	0.04	0.01	0.68	< 0.1	2.14	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	0.01	-7.18	-41.1
33	parecis	35	5.3	5.17	1.09	0.8	0.16	2.73	0.03	0.01	1.5	0.25	2.16	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.71	-41.2
34	parecis	152	18.6	5.25	0.8	2.19	0.11	2.38	0.09	0.04	2.63	0.15	4.41	0.02	< 0.005	0.04	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.96	-42.2
35	parecis	60	7.9	5.6	2.7	0.25	0.08	0.63	0.07	0.29	0.38	0.87	5.94	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	0.05	0.01	< 0.005	0.02	0.02	0.01	-7.06	-43.5
36	parecis	70	21.5	6.14	10.4	0.28	0.09	0.8	0.53	0.93	0.67	2.38	8.66	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.004	-6.51	-44.1
37	parecis	40	122	4.59	0	18.8	0.12	13.6	0.2	0.42	0.2	20.6	3.95	0.04	< 0.005	0.95	0.09	0.15	0.01	0.01	0.21	< 0.004	-6.43	-45.3
38	parecis	30	6.4	5.2	0.74	0.2	0.09	0.13	0.05	0.01	0.28	< 0.1	2.91	0.02	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-5.97	-42.3
39	parecis	48	271	4.1	0	17.3	< 0.02	88.4	4.23	1.44	25.8	4.14	3.76	0.07	0.02	1.41	0.06	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.01	-6.88	-45.4
40	parecis	60	6.51	4.88	0.63	0.09	0.08	0.12	0.05	0.01	0.24	< 0.1	2.23	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.21	-39.8
41	parecis	60	8.4	4.86	1.37	0.08	0.09	0.04	0.05	0.01	0.16	< 0.1	2.7	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.07	-40.6
42	parecis	96	7.1	5.33	0.96	0.39	0.10	0.42	0.06	0.03	0.46	0.13	3.83	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-5.97	-39.6
43	parecis	100	7.2	5.46	0.65	0.03	0.07	0.11	0.05	0.01	0.13	< 0.1	3.67	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-6.02	-40.6
44	parecis	12	37.3	6.23	14.6	3.32	0.09	0.78	2.86	1.85	1.53	< 0.1	2.08	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.04	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.004	-5.45	-37.4
45	parecis	100	397	7.79	231	3.29	6.22	< 0.04	17.9	6.7	70.2	< 0.1	10.1	2.21	0.22	0.01	0.38	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.06	< 0.004	-6.61	-42.5
46	parecis	70	118	6.45	37.1	8.01	0.13	8.28	0.09	0.02	7.52	1.72	2.67	< 0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.73	-43.8
47	parecis	40	8.9	5.39	1.85	0.71	0.09	0.82	0.08	0.02	1.86	< 0.1	2.67	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.58	-40.3
48	parecis	49	5.4	4.99	0.66	0.1	0.09	0.04	0.09	0.02	0.25	< 0.1	2.52	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.82	-47.4
49	parecis	80	21.7	6.48	3.79	1.06	0.09	5.29	0.12	0.02	5.18	< 0.1	2.94	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.04	< 0.005	0.09	< 0.001	0.01	-6.49	-44.3
50	parecis	96	8.6	4.95	0.9	0.23	0.08	0.87	0.09	0.01	0.75	< 0.1	3.47	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.04	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.77	-45.6
51	parecis	100	7.2	4.82	0.88	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.01	0.17	< 0.1	3.5	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.16	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.2	-42.1
52	parecis	95	6.6	4.94	0.99	0.05	0.10	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.16	< 0.1	3.19	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.05	< 0.005	0.04	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.63	-44.9
53	parecis	100	2.1	5.61	3.82	0.03	0.09	0.04	0.04	0.004	0.18	< 0.1	3.48	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.97	-38.3
54	parecis	75	104	4.6	0	7.45	0.08	33.8	0.74	0.28	14.1	1.02	3.83	< 0.01	0.01	0.24	0.03	0.02	< 0.005	0.01	0.02	< 0.004	-6.25	-39.2
55	parecis	72	5.9	5.29	0.78	0.09	0.09	0.58	0.06	0.01	0.3	< 0.1	3.3	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	0.01	-7.78	-52.0
56	parecis	75	4.2	5.11	0.66	0.03	0.06	0.15	0.06	0.01	0.14	< 0.1	3.68	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.07	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-6.11	-39.6
57	parecis	96	229	7.12	135	1.26	0.6	2.16	17.7	4.81	21.2	3.46	22.7	0.31	0.14	0.05	0.10	0.02	< 0.005	0.02	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.42	-43.0
58	parecis	100	173.9	7.74	370	6.53	7.67	< 0.04	48.9	20.6	50.9	1.15	12	0.16	0.81	0.01	0.36	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	0.05	< 0.004	-6.74	-43.9
59	Ronuro	120	10.5	5.04	1.25	0.16	0.08	1.85	0.06	0.03	1.34	< 0.1	4.21	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.33	-34.0
60	Ronuro	30	13.7	5.3	1.26	0.94	0.19	2.94	0.14	0.03	2.59	0.12	3.29	< 0.01	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.005	0.03	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-5.51	-32.9
61	parecis	198	234	8.4	147	0.33	0.22	0.14	4.35	1.16	52.9	< 0.1	8.04	0.09	0.16	< 0.005	0.10	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.005	< 0.001	< 0.004	-6.35	-39.6
62	Ronuro	30	320	5.69	7.97	28.9	0.39	92.8	1.65	0.43	47	6.08	2.8	0.07	0.01	0.07	0.02	0.01	< 0.005	0.01	0.03	< 0.004	-4.02	-22.0
63	Ronuro	40	32.5	6.19	18.5	0.13	0.12	< 0.04	2.1	1.4	0.8	1.86	13.7	0.02	0.03	< 0.005	0.03	0.03	< 0.005	0.01	< 0.001	0.01	-4.72	-26.1

	EC	pH	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Si
	μS/cm		mg/L
*Parecis Aquifer System (50 samples)*
Minimum	2.1	4.0	0.0	0.03	0.0	0.0	0.03	0.0	0.13	0.0	1.6
Maximum	397.0	8.4	370.0	23.7	8.3	88.4	48.9	20.6	70.2	20.6	22.7
Average	70.9	5.7	26.2	3.5	1.0	9.1	3.4	1.6	7.9	1.5	5.2
Std Dev	94.3	0.98	66.7	5.5	2.0	16.5	8.3	4.0	14.4	3.2	4.6
*Ronuro Aquifer (13 Samples)*
Minimum	5.6	4.6	0.0	0.13	0.04	0.0	0.04	0.01	0.23	0.0	1.6
Maximum	320.0	6.2	18.5	28.9	0.7	92.8	2.1	1.6	47.0	9.9	13.7
Average	54.9	5.2	3.6	4.3	0.2	14.1	0.4	0.3	6.7	1.5	4.1
Std Dev	85.4	0.46	5.2	7.9	0.2	25.5	0.7	0.5	13.0	3.0	3.0

	EC	pH	HCO₃^-	F^-	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K+	Sr²⁺
EC
pH	0.359
HCO₃^-	0.777	0.639
F^-	0.767	0.512	0.661
Cl^-	0.867	0.214	0.450	0.616
SO₄^2-	0.425	0.510	0.341	0.735	0.376
NO₃^-	0.779	-0.085	0.240	0.467	0.839	0.253
Ca²⁺	0.820	0.626	0.966	0.719	0.575	0.363	0.305
Mg²⁺	0.861	0.465	0.930	0.710	0.592	0.290	0.409	0.922
Na⁺	0.503	0.137	0.085	0.289	0.661	0.460	0.731	0.127	0.068
K⁺	0.217	-0.031	-0.070	0.234	0.288	0.181	0.432	-0.004	0.069	0.104
Sr²⁺	0.816	0.478	0.738	0.834	0.688	0.451	0.446	0.786	0.868	0.131	0.145
Ba²⁺	0.392	0.095	0.113	0.434	0.486	0.259	0.506	0.186	0.259	0.256	0.669	0.347

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E-mail: rbrh@abrh.org.br

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[1] E-mails: marcia.stradioto@unesp.br (MRS), elias.hideo-teramoto@unesp.br (EHT), chang.hung-kiang@unesp.br (HKC)