Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of Arundo donax, Areca catechu, and Ferula assa-foetida against Haemonchus contortus

Badar, Syed Nadeem; Iqbal, Zafar; Sajid, Muhammad Sohail; Rizwan, Hafiz Muhammad; Shareef, Muhammad; Malik, Muhammad Abdullah; Khan, Muhammad Nisar

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612021028

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 30 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021028 copy

Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of Arundo donax, Areca catechu, and Ferula assa-foetida against Haemonchus contortus

Eficácia anthelmíntica comparativa de Arundo donax, Areca catechu e Ferula assa-foetida contra Haemonchus contortus

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In the present study, anthelmintic activities of Arundo (A.) donax L., Areca (Ar.) catechu L., and Ferula (F.) assa-foetida L. were determined. Leaves of A. donax L., latex of F. assa-foetida L. and seeds of Ar. catechu L. in different solvent fractions were subjected to in vitro (egg hatch assay; EHA, and adult motility assay; AMA) and in vivo (faecal egg count reduction test; FECRT) tests of anthelmintic activity using Haemonchus contortus model. In the AMA, crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAME) and ethyl acetate fractions of F. assa-foetida at 10 hr post-treatment showed maximum mortality of H. contortus at 12.5-50 mg mL^-1. In the EHA, CAME of F. assa-foetida was identified as a potent ovicide based on its low LC₅₀ (16.9 µg mL^-1), followed in order by Ar. catechu and A. donax. Results from the FECRT also showed the extract of F. assa-foetida L. to be more effective than those of Ar. catechu L. and A. donax L., against the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed better anthelmintic activities against the adult worms in vitro, while CAME of these plants were better than their crude powders in vivo. It is recommended to document and investigate indigenous knowledge of possible medicinal plants to plan scientific trials that may justify their endorsement.

Keywords:
Arundo donax L.; Areca catechu L.; Ferula assa-foetida L.; Haemonchus contortus; in vivo; in vitro

Treatments (in mg mL^-1)	Arundo donax (leaves)						Ferula assa-foetida (latex)				Areca catechu (seeds)
	Hours post-exposure						Hours post-exposure				Hours post-exposure
	0	2		6		10	0	2	6	10	0	2	6	10
Levamisole 0.5	0.00^r	10.00±0.00^a		10.00±0.00^a		10.00±0.00^a	0.00^k	10.00±0.00^a	10.00±0.00^a	10.00±0.00^a	0.00^k	10.00±0.00^a	10.00±0.00^a	10.00±0.00^a
PBS	0.00^r	0.00^r		0.00^r		0.00^r	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k	0.00^k
Crude Aqueous Methanol Extract
1.56	0.00^l	0.00^l		0.00^l		0.33±0.33^kl	0.00ⁿ	0.00ⁿ	1.00±0.00^mn	7.33±0.33^de	0.00^m	0.00^m	0.00^m	1.33±0.33^jkl
3.12	0.00^l	0.00^l		0.00^l		0.67±0.33^ikl	0.00ⁿ	0.00ⁿ	1.67±0.33^klm	7.00±0.58^de	0.00^m	0.00^m	0.33±0.33^lm	1.67±0.33^jk
6.25	0.00^l	0.00^l		0.33±0.33^kl		1.33±0.33^ij	0.00ⁿ	0.00ⁿ	2.33±0.33^jkl	8.67±0.33^abc	0.00^m	0.00^m	1.67±0.33^jk	3.00±0.58^hi
12.5	0.00^l	0.00^l		1.00±0.00^ijk		2.67±0.33^fg	0.00ⁿ	0.67±0.33^mn	4.33±0.88^gh	10.00±0.00^a	0.00^m	0.67±0.33^klm	2.33±0.33^ij	5.67±0.67^ef
25	0.00^l	0.00^l		2.33±0.33^gh		4.33±0.33^e	0.00ⁿ	3.33±0.33h^ij	6.33±0.88^ef	10.00±0.00^a	0.00^m	2.00±0.58^ij	5.00±1.16^fg	7.67±0.88^cd
50	0.00^l	0.67±0.33 ^jkl		3.33±0.33^f		5.67±0.33^c	0.00ⁿ	5.67±0.33^f	8.00±0.58^bcd	10.00±0.00^a	0.00^m	4.00±0.58^gh	7.33±0.33^cd	9.00±0.58^ab
Chloroform fractions
1.56	0.00^o	0.00^o		0.00^o		1.00±0.00^l-o	0.00^p	0.00^p	1.00±0.58^nop	2.67±0.33^jm	0.00^m	0.00^m	0.00^m	0.67±0.33^klm
3.12	0.00^o	0.00^o		0.67±0.33^mno		1.33±0.33^kn	0.00^p	0.00^p	2.00±0.58^lmn	3.67±0.33^hij	0.00^m	0.00^m	0.67±0.67^klm	1.67±0.33^hk
6.25	0.00^o	0.33±0.33^no		1.33±0.33^kn		2.33±0.33^hk	0.00^p	0.67±0.33^op	2.33±0.33^klm	5.00±0.58^efg	0.00^m	0.00^m	1.00±0.00^jm	2.33±0.33^fi
12.5	0.00^o	0.67±0.67^mno		2.33±0.33^hk		3.67±0.33^dg	0.00^p	1.67±0.33^mno	4.00±0.58^ghi	7.00±0.58^c	0.00^m	0.00^m	2.33±0.33^fi	3.00±0.00^efg
25	0.00^o	1.33±0.33^kn		3.00±0.00^fi		4.33±0.67^cde	0.00^p	2.33±0.33^klm	5.00±0.58^efg	9.67±0.33^a	0.00^m	0.00^m	2.67±0.67^eh	4.33±0.33^cd
50	0.00^o	2.33±0.67^hk		4.67±0.33^cd		6.67±0.67^b	0.00^p	4.33±0.88^fgh	7.00±0.58^c	10.00±0.00^a	0.00^m	0.33±0.33^lm	3.33±0.88^ef	5.33±0.67^bc
Ethyle acetate fractions
1.56	0.00^o	0.00^o	0.00^o		0.67±0.33^mno		0.00^m	0.00^m	1.67±0.33^jk	4.00±0.58^fg	0.00^o	1.00±0.00^lo	0.00^o	1.00±0.00^lo
3.12	0.00^o	0.00^o	0.00^o		1.33±0.33^lo		0.00^m	0.33±0.33^lm	2.33±0.33^ij	5.33±0.33^d	0.67±0.33^mno	1.67±0.33^klm	0.67±0.33^mno	1.67±0.33^klm
6.25	0.00^o	0.00^o	1.00±0.58^mno		2.67±0.33^hk		0.00^m	1.33±0.33^jk	3.67±0.67^fgh	8.00±0.58^b	1.33±0.33^kn	2.33±0.33^ijk	1.33±0.33^kn	2.33±0.33^ijk
12.5	0.00^o	0.67±0.33^mno	2.33±0.33^il		3.33±0.67^fi		0.00^m	1.67±0.33^jk	5.00±0.58^de	10.00±0.00^a	2.33±0.33^ijk	3.67±0.33^fgh	2.33±0.333^ijk	3.67±0.33^fgh
25	0.00^o	1.00±0.58^mno	3.33±0.88^fi		4.33±0.67^ef		0.00^m	2.33±0.33^ij	6.67±0.33^c	10.00±0.00^a	3.67±0.67^fgh	5.00±0.58^de	3.67±0.667^fgh	5.00±0.58^de
50	0.00^o	3.00±1.16^gj	5.00±0.57^de		7.00±0.58^bc		0.00^m	3.33±0.33^gh	8.00±0.58^b	10.00±0.00^a	4.67±1.20^def	6.67±0.88^bc	4.67±1.202^def	6.67±0.88^bc
Petroleum spirit fractions
1.56	0.00^l	0.00^l	0.00^l		0.67±0.33^jkl		0.00^m	0.00^m	0.00^m	1.67±0.33^hk	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.00^j
3.12	0.00^l	0.00^l	0.00^l		1.00±0.00^ijk		0.00^m	0.00^m	0.67±0.33^klm	2.00±0.58^gj	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.33±0.33^ij
6.25	0.00^l	0.00^l	0.33±0.33^kl		1.33±0.33^hij		0.00^m	0.33±0.33^lm	1.67±0.33^hk	2.67±0.33^fgh	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.67±0.33^hij
12.5	0.00^l	0.00^l	0.67±0.33^jkl		1.67±0.33^ghi		0.00^m	1.00±0.58^jm	2.33±0.88^fi	4.33±0.33^cd	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.33±0.33^ij	1.33±0.33^fgh
25	0.00^l	0.67±0.67 ^jkl	1.33±0.33^hij		2.33±0.33^efg		0.00^m	1.33±0.33^il	3.00±0.58^fg	4.67±0.88^cd	0.00^j	0.00^j	0.67±0.33^hij	2.00±0.00^e
50	0.00^l	1.00±0.58 ^ijk	2.33±0.33^efg		4.00±0.58^bc		0.00^m	2.33±0.67^fi	4.67±0.33^cd	6.33±0.33^b	0.00^j	0.00^j	2.00±0.58^ef	3.00±0.58^c

Days PT	Crude Powder							Untreated	Levamisole
Ferula assa-foetida								-	-
	0. 33 g/kg	0.66 g/kg		1 g/kg	0. 33 g/kg	0.66 g/kg	1 g/kg	0 g/kg	7.5 mg/kg
0	1570.3±73.5^a	1562.0±79.7^a		1528.7±87.5^a	1528.7±87.5^a	1495.3±83.5^a	1487.0±89.5^a	1587.0±70.4^a	1587.0±70.4^a
4	1400.0±51.6^ab (10.16)	1341.7±58.3^b (13.44)		1225.0±70.4^b (19.23)	1316.7±60.1^b (13.19)	1158.3±47.3^b (21.91)	950.0±51.6^b (35.59)	1641.7±67.6^a (-4.23)	58.3±15.4^b (96.30)
8	1258.3±52.3^bc (19.25)	1175.0±55.9^bc (24.19)		991.7±98.7^bc (34.61)	1125.0±52.8^c (25.83)	566.7±27.9^c (61.79)	316.7±16.7^c (78.53)	1758.3±74.6^a (-11.64)	8.3±8.3^b (99.47)
12	1183.3±60.1^c (24.06)	1100.0±50.0^c (29.03)		891.7±113.6^c (41.21)	908.3±53.9^d (40.11)	458.3±23.9^c (69.10)	183.3±16.7^c (87.57)	1825.0±79.3^a (-15.87)	0.0±0.0^b (100.0)
Areca catechu
0	2470.3±77.0^a	2445.3±84.5^a		2303.7±93.8^a	2395.3±92.1^a	2387.0±88.4^a	2362.0±86.9^a	2478.7±78.4^a	2479.0±86.6^a
4	2325.0±72.7^ab (5.42)	2275.0±82.4^ab (6.51)		2116.7±85.3^b (11.50)	1716.7±65.4^b (27.97)	1483.3±55.8^b (37.55)	925.0±38.2^b (60.64)	2516.7±95.4^a (-2.03)	66.7±10.5^b (97.31)
8	2225.0±61.6^bc (9.49)	2133.3±71.5^bc (12.33)		1891.7±82.1^bc (20.91)	1591.7±61.1^b (33.21)	1308.3±41.7^b (44.91)	625.0±21.4^c (73.40)	2616.7±118.8^a (-6.08)	0.0±0.0^b (100.0)
12	2083.3±64.1^c (15.25)	2016.7±71.5^c (17.12)		1683.3±70.3^c (29.62)	1350.0±57.7^c (43.36)	1066.7±44.1^c (55.09)	425.0±21.4^d (81.91)	2566.7±128.2^a (-4.05)	0.0±0.0^b (100.0)
Arundo donax								-	-
	1 g/kg		4 g/kg	7 g/kg	1 g/kg	4 g/kg	7 g/kg	0 g/kg	7.5 mg/kg
0	1710.3±84.3^a		1710.3±84.3^a	1695.3±78.4^a	1695.3±78.4^a	1695.3±78.4^a	1678.7±81.5^a	1753.7±78.0^a	1778.7±77.2^a
4	1591.7±75.7^ab (6.83)		1425.0±71.6^b (16.58)	1308.3±67.6^b (22.28)	1641.7±84.1^a (2.47)	1591.7±83.1^a (5.44)	1475.0±69.2^ab (11.50)	1800.0±82.7^a (-3.35)	50.0±0.0^b (97.17)
8	1491.7±66.3^ab (12.68)		1208.3±45.5^c (29.27)	1091.7±45.5^c (35.15)	1600.0±76.4^a (4.95)	1508.3±83.1^a (10.40)	1308.3±63.8^bc (21.50)	1841.7±87.9^a (-5.74)	16.7±16.7^b (99.05)
12	1391.7±62.5^b (18.53)		1058.3±41.7^c (38.05)	833.3±38.0^d (50.50)	1533.3±79.2^a (8.91)	1400.0±76.4^a (16.83)	1141.7±67.6^c (31.50)	1883.3±81.3^a (-8.13)	16.7±16.7^b (99.05)

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[1] *Corresponding author: Muhammad Sohail Sajid. E-mail: drsohailuaf@hotmail.com. Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan. E-mail: hm.rizwan@uvas.edu.pk