Cerqueira-Cézar, Camila Koutsodontis; Calero-Bernal, Rafael; Dubey, Jitender Prakash; Gennari, Solange Maria

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612017045

Camila Koutsodontis Cerqueira-Cézar

Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States of America

Rafael Calero-Bernal

Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States of America

Jitender Prakash Dubey

Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States of America

Solange Maria Gennari ^**Corresponding author: Solange Maria Gennari. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. e-mail: sgennari@usp.br

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

*Corresponding author: Solange Maria Gennari. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. e-mail: sgennari@usp.br

Host	Source	Bioassay		Isolate designation	Genetic data	Remarks	Reference
Host	Source	Animals	Cell culture	Isolate designation	Genetic data	Remarks	Reference
Cattle	Clinical, blind, neurological calf, 3-months old	SW mice,	Vero	BCN/PR3	No	Tissue cysts were found in the brains of SW mice that were immunocompetent	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2003)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Sousa RS, Leite LC, Thomaz-Soccol V, Richartz RRTB, Joineau MEG, et al. Isolation of Neospora caninum from a blind calf in Paraná, southern Brazil. Vet Rec 2003; 153(12): 366-367. PMid:14533770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.12.366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.12.366...
	Aborted fetus, 7 months of gestation	Mice, gerbils	Vero	BCN/PR1	Yes	Initial isolation in immunosuppressed mice. Tachyzoites infective to immunocompetent mice and gerbils	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2004)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Soccol VT, Richartz RRTB, Gasino-Joineau ME, van der Vinne R, Pinckney RD. Isolamento de Neospora caninum de feto bovino de rebanho leiteiro no Paraná. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 103-109.
	Asymptomatic, 4 months old	KO mice	MARC-145	Nc-Goiás 1b	Yes	Not pathogenic to BALB/c mice	García-Melo et al. (2009)García-Melo DP, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Ortega-Mora LM, Collantes-Fernández E, Oliveira VSF, Oliveira MAP, et al. Isolation and biological characterisation of a new isolate of Neospora caninum from an asymptomatic calf in Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2009; 54(2): 180-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-009-0018-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-009-001...
	Adult slaughtered in abattoir	Dog, SW mice, gerbils	Vero	NC-SP1	Yes	Isolated from dog bioassay	Oliveira et al. (2017)Oliveira S, Soares RM, Aizawa J, Soares HS, Chiebao DP, Ortega-Mora LM, et al. Isolation and biological and molecular characterization of Neospora caninum (NC-SP1) from a naturally infected adult asymptomatic cattle (Bos taurus) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Parasitology 2017; 144(6): 707-711. PMid:28073388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016002481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016002...
Dog	Collie, 7 years old, clinical	Gerbil	Vero (COS-1)	NC-Bahia	Yes	Isolate pathogenic to gerbils	Gondim et al. (2001Gondim LFP, Pinheiro AM, Santos POM, Jesus EEV, Ribeiro MB, Fernandes HS, et al. Isolation of Neospora caninum from the brain of a naturally infected dog, and production of encysted bradyzoites in gerbils. Vet Parasitol 2001; 101(1): 1-7. PMid:11587828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00493-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)... , 2004Gondim LFP, Laski P, Gao L, McAllister MM. Variation of the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence within individual strains and among different strains of Neospora caninum. J Parasitol 2004; 90(1): 119-122. PMid:15040677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-134R. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-134R... )
Sheep	Two 4 months old, clinically normal	Gerbil, SW and vesper mice, dogs	Vero	Not stated	No	Mice remained healthy. Necropsied 60 dpi. Tissue cysts in brains of both gerbils.	Pena et al. (2007)Pena HFJ, Soares RM, Ragozo AMA, Monteiro RM, Yai LEO, Nishi SM, et al. Isolation and molecular detection of Neospora caninum from naturally infected sheep from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147(1-2): 61-66. PMid:17451882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007....
Water buffalo	6 seropositive from abattoir	Dogs, gerbil, KO mice	CV1	NCBrBuf-1	No	Both gerbils and KO remained asymptomatic	Rodrigues et al. (2004)Rodrigues AAR, Gennari SM, Aguiar DM, Sreekumar C, Hill DE, Miska KB, et al. Shedding of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed tissues from naturally infected water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 124(3-4): 139-150. PMid:15381294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
				NCBrBuf-2
				NCBrBuf-3
				NCBrBuf-4
				NCBrBuf-5

Sera source	Antigen	ELISA type ^* * A = WT= Whole tachyzoite extract; B = SA = soluble antigen; C = IH= In house; D = CHEKIT= CHEKIT Neospora, indirect ELISA, detergent lysate of tachyzoites, IDEXX Laboratories, The Netherlands; E = IDEXX = IDEXX HerdChek Neospora caninum antibody, indirect ELISA, sonicate lysate of tachyzoites, IDEXX Laboratories, USA; F = VMRD= Neospora caninum cELISA competitive ELISA GP65 surface antigen of tachyzoites VMRD, USA; G = Horse IgG = Horse IgG(T) ELISA Quantitation Set; Bethyl Laboratories; H = Horse IgM = Horse IgM ELISA, Kamiya Biomedical Company, Seattle; I = ISCOM= Detergent extracted tachyzoite antigen incorporated in immune stimulating complex particles; J = NcSAG1 = Recombinant surface antigen; K = NhSAG1 = Recombinant NhSAG1; L = rNcSRS2 = Recombinant antigen protein; M = NS/ND= not stated/ not done.	Results in table	Reference
Dogs	Antigen incorporated into iscoms	A, C, I	3	Mineo et al. (2004)Mineo TWP, Silva DAO, Näslund K, Björkman C, Uggla A, Mineo JR. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum serological status of different canine populations from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2004; 56(3): 414-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352004000300022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352004...
	NC-1 strain maintained in bovine monocytes cells; soluble antigen	B, C		Silva et al. (2007)Silva DAO, Lobato J, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR. Evaluation of serological tests for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in dogs: optimization of cut off titers and inhibition studies of cross-reactivity with Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143(3-4): 234-244. PMid:16973287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
	NC-1 tachyzoites strain in Vero cells	A, C		Raimundo et al. (2015)Raimundo JM, Guimarães A, Moraes LMB, Santos LA, Nepomuceno LL, Barbosa SM, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the state of Tocantins: serology and associated factors. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 475-481. PMid:26689184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Cattle	NC-1 tachyzoites strain in Vero cells, lysed in SDS buffer	J	4	Chahan et al. (2003)Chahan B, Gaturaga I, Huang X, Liao M, Fukumoto S, Hirata H, et al. Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant truncated NcSAG1. Vet Parasitol 2003; 118(3-4): 177-185. PMid:14729165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
	Commercial	E		Andreotti et al. (2004)Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE. Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 129-131.
	Commercial	F		Paz et al. (2007)Paz GF, Leite RC, Rocha MA. Associação entre sorologia para Neospora caninum e taxa de prenhez em vacas receptoras de embriões. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2007; 59(5): 1323-1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007000500034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007...
	Commercial	E		Melo et al. (2001)Melo CB, Leite RC, Souza GN, Leite RC. Frequência de infecção por Neospora caninum em dois diferentes sistemas de produção de leite e fatores predisponentes à infecção em bovinos em Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2001; 10(2): 67-74.
	Commercial	E		Melo et al. (2004)Melo CB, Leite RC, Lobato ZIP, Leite RC. Infection by Neospora caninum associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119(2-3): 97-105. PMid:14746970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.12.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
	Antigen incorporated into iscoms	I		Mineo et al. (2006)Mineo TWP, Alenius S, Näslund K, Montassier HJ, Björkman C. Distribution of antibodies against Neospora caninum, BVDV and BHV-1 among cows in Brazilian dairy herds with reproductive disorders. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(4): 188-192. PMid:17196123.
	Commercial	E		Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2001)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Soccol VT, Richartz RRTB, Gasino-Joineau ME, Vinne R, Pinckney RD. Serological diagnosis of neosporosis in a herd of dairy cattle in southern Brazil. J Parasitol 2001; 87(6): 1493-1494. PMid:11780849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1493:SDONIA]2.0.CO;2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001...
	Commercial	E		Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2008)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Machado PC Jr, Fridlund-Plugge N, Richartz RRTB, Montiani-Ferreira F, Patrício LFL, et al. Determinação e correlação de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos e cães do Paraná, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 191-196. PMid:20059847.
	Commercial	E		Marques et al. (2011)Marques FAC, Headley AS, Figueredo-Pereira V, Taroda A, Barros LD, Cunha IAL, et al. Neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered beef cows (Bos indicus). Parasitol Res 2011; 108(4): 1015-1019. PMid:21063729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2146-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-214...
	Commercial	E		Nascimento et al. (2014)Nascimento EE, Sammi AS, Santos JR, Nino BSL, Bogado ALG, Taroda A, et al. Anti-Neospora caninum antibody detection and vertical transmission rate in pregnant zebu beef cows (Bos indicus): Neospora caninum in pregnant beef cows (Bos indicus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37(4): 267-270. PMid:25193073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.08.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.0...
	NC-1 strain in Vero cells; soluble antigen	B, C		Ramos et al. (2016)Ramos IAS, Silva RJ, Maciel TA, Silva JABA, Fidelis OL, Soares PC, et al. Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(4): 516-522. PMid:27737368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
	Commercial	E		Munhoz et al. (2006Munhoz AD, Flausino W, Silva RT, Almeida CRR, Lopes CWG. Distribuição de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras dos municípios de Resende e Rio Claro, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(3): 101-104. PMid:16978473., 2009Munhoz AD, Pereira MJS, Flausino W, Lopes CWG. Neospora caninum seropositivity in cattle breeds in the South Fluminense Paraíba Valley, state of Rio de Janeiro. Pesq Vet Bras 2009; 29(1): 29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2009000100004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2009... )
	Commercial	D		Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
	Commercial	E		Sartor et al. (2003)Sartor IF, Hasegawa MY, Canavessi AMO, Pinckney RD. Ocorrência de anticorpos de Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras avaliados pelos métodos ELISA e RIFI no município de Avaré, SP. Semina Cienc Agrar 2003; 24(1): 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003v24n1p3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003...
	Commercial	M		Sartor et al. (2005)Sartor IF, Garcia A Fo, Vianna LC, Pituco EM, Dal Pai V, Sartor R. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros e de corte da região de Presidente Prudente, SP. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2005; 72(4): 413-418.
Buffalo	Commercial	E	5	Viana et al. (2009)Viana RB, Del Fava C, Moura ACB, Cardoso EC, Araújo CV, Monteiro BM, et al. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum, Brucella sp. e Leptospira spp. em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2009; 76(3): 453-457.
	Commercial	D		Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
	Commercial kit	G, H		Silva et al. (2014)Silva JB, Santos PN, Castro GNS, Fonseca AH, Barbosa JD. Prevalence survey of selected bovine pathogens in water buffaloes in the north region of Brazil. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014: 603484. PMid:24563780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/603484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/603484...
Sheep	NC-1 strain in Vero cells	A, L	6	Andreotti et al. (2009)Andreotti R, Matos MFC, Gonçalves KN, Oshiro LM, Lima-Junior MSC, Paiva F, et al. Comparison of indirect ELISA based on recombinant protein NcSRS2 and IFAT for detection of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(2): 19-22. PMid:19602311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802004...
	NC-1 strain in Vero cells, soluble antigen	A, C		Rossi et al. (2011)Rossi GF, Cabral DD, Ribeiro DP, Pajuaba ACAM, Corrêa RR, Moreira RQ, et al. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175(3-4): 252-259. PMid:21075529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010....
	Commercial	D		Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
Captive deer	Commercial	E	11	Zimpel et al. (2015)Zimpel CK, Grazziotin AL, Barros IR Fo, Guimarães AMS, Santos LC, Moraes W, et al. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 482-487. PMid:26689185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Horse	NC-1 strain in HeLa cells	A, C	12	Pivoto et al. (2014)Pivoto FL, Macêdo AG Jr, Silva MV, Ferreira FB, Silva DAO, Pompermayer E, et al. Serological status of mares in parturition and the levels of antibodies (IgG) against protozoan family Sarcocystidae from their pre colostral foals. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199(1-2): 107-111. PMid:24183649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013....
Horse	NC-1 strain in bovine turbinate cell monolayers	C, K	12	Hoane et al. (2006)Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LEO, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....

Sera source	Antigen ^{^} Produced in non reducing conditions.	Sera tested previously	Results in Table	Reference
Dog	NC-1 tachyzoites lysed in SDDS-PAGE buffer	IFAT, 1:25; indirect ELISA	3	Silva et al. (2007)Silva DAO, Lobato J, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR. Evaluation of serological tests for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in dogs: optimization of cut off titers and inhibition studies of cross-reactivity with Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143(3-4): 234-244. PMid:16973287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
Cattle	NC-1 tachyzoites lysed in SDDS-PAGE buffer	NcSAG1 ELISA, 60/66 sera positive for ELISA	4	Chahan et al. (2003)Chahan B, Gaturaga I, Huang X, Liao M, Fukumoto S, Hirata H, et al. Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant truncated NcSAG1. Vet Parasitol 2003; 118(3-4): 177-185. PMid:14729165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
Sheep	NC-1 tachyzoites lysed in 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer	IFAT, 1:50; discordant results	6	Rossi et al. (2011)Rossi GF, Cabral DD, Ribeiro DP, Pajuaba ACAM, Corrêa RR, Moreira RQ, et al. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175(3-4): 252-259. PMid:21075529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010....
Cat	Detergent extracted whole NC-1 tachyzoites	NAT, 1:80	9	Dubey et al. (2002)Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Hill D, Romand S, Thulliez P, Kwok OCH, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in sera of domestic cats from Brazil. J Parasitol 2002; 88(6): 1251-1252. PMid:12537122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1251:POATNC]2.0.CO;2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002...
Donkey	Whole NC-1 tachyzoites	Sera positive by IFAT, 1:100	12	Galvão et al. (2015)Galvão CMMQ, Rezende-Gondim MM, Chaves ACR, Schares G, Ribas JRL, Gondim LFP. Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus) have a low exposure to Neospora spp. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(3): 340-344. PMid:26444065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Human	NC-1 tachyzoites lysed in SDDS-PAGE buffer	Sera with discordant results by IFAT and ELISA	-	Lobato et al. (2006)Lobato J, Silva DAO, Mineo TWP, Amaral JDHF, Segundo GRS, Costa-Cruz JM, et al. Detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Neospora caninum in humans: high seropositivity rates in patients who are infected by human immunodeficiency virus or have neurological disorders. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13(1): 84-89. PMid:16426004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.13.1.84-89.2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.13.1.84-89...

State	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% Positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks	Reference
Alagoas	Urban	128	5	3.8	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed, area, habitat	Sousa et al. (2012)Sousa ME, Porto WJN, Albuquerque PPF, Souza OL No, Pinheiro JW, Mota RA. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(3): 287-290. PMid:23070441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...
Alagoas	Rural	99	5	4.8	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed, area, habitat
Amazon region	Indian communities	325	32	9.8	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, T. gondii, others	Minervino et al. (2012)Minervino AHH, Cassinelli ABM, Lima JTR, Soares HS, Malheiros AF, Marcili A, et al. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from two different indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon Region. J Parasitol 2012; 98(6): 1276-1278. PMid:22551468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3151.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3151.1...
(MT and TO)	Indian communities	325	32	9.8	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, T. gondii, others
Bahia	Stray	250	28	11.2	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, others	Jesus et al. (2006)Jesus EEV, Santos POM, Barbosa MVF, Pinheiro AM, Gondim LFP, Guimarães JE, et al. Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cães nos municípios de Salvador e Lauro de Freitas, Estado da Bahia - Brasil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2006; 43(1): 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26511. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445...
Bahia	Owned	165	22	13.3	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, others
Bahia	Urban	156	4	2.6	IFAT	1:50	Area, contact with other dogs, feeding habits, others	Sicupira et al. (2012)Sicupira PML, Magalhães VCS, Galvão GS, Pereira MJS, Gondim LFP, Munhoz AD. Factors associated with infection by Neospora caninum in dogs in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185(2-4): 305-308. PMid:22015062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011....
	Rural	41	6	14.6	IFAT	1:50	Area, contact with other dogs, feeding habits, others
	Peri-urban	214	28	13.1	IFAT	1:50	Area, contact with other dogs, feeding habits, others
Espírito Santo	Rural	187	22	11.7	IFAT	1:50	Sex, T. gondii	Acosta et al. (2016)Acosta ICL, Centoducatte LD, Soares HS, Marcili A, Gondim MFN, Rossi JL, et al. Occurrence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from rural properties surrounding a biological reserve, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(4): 536-539. PMid:27925068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Goiás	Zoonosis Center	72	26	36.1	IFAT	1:50	Sex, origin	Boaventura et al. (2008)Boaventura CM, Oliveira VSF, Melo DPG, Borges LMF, Silva AC. Prevalência de Neospora caninum em cães de Goiânia. Rev Patol Trop 2008; 37(1): 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v37i1.4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v37i1.4027...
	Hospital (owned)	125	39	31.2	IFAT	1:50	Sex, origin
Maranhão	Stray	100	45	45.0	IFAT	1:50	Sex	Teixeira et al. (2006)Teixeira WC, Silva MIS, Pereira JG, Pinheiro AM, Almeida MAO, Gondim LFP. Freqüência de cães reagentes para Neospora caninum em São Luís, Maranhão. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2006; 58(4): 685-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352006000400038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352006...
Mato Grosso	Clinics	60	27	45.0	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, diet, access to streets	Benetti et al. (2008)Benetti AH, Toniollo GH, Santos TR, Gennari SM, Costa AJ, Dias RA. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cães no município de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Ciênc Anim Bras 2008; 9(1): 177-180.
Mato Grosso	Rural	37	25	67.6	IFAT	1:50		Benetti et al. (2009)Benetti AH, Schein FB, Santos TR, Toniollo GH, Costa AJ, Mineo JR, et al. Pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros, cães e trabalhadores rurais da região Sudoeste do Estado de Mato Grosso. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009;18(Suppl 1): 29-33. PMid:20040187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1005...
Mato Grosso do Sul	Pet	245	65	26.5	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex	Oliveira et al. (2004)Oliveira JM, Matos MFC, Oshiro LM, Andreotti R. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs in the urban area of Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(4): 155-158.
Mato Grosso do Sul	Rural	40	12	30.0	IFAT	1:100		Andreotti et. al. (2004)Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE. Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 129-131.
Mato Grosso do Sul	Urban	345	93	27.2	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, *Leishmania*	Andreotti et al. (2006)Andreotti R, Oliveira JM, Silva EA, Oshiro LM, Matos MFC. Occurrence of Neospora caninum in dogs and its correlation with visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006; 135(3-4): 375-379. PMid:16310954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Minas Gerais	Clinical	163	11	6.7	IFAT	1:25	T. gondii	Mineo et al. (2001)Mineo TWP, Silva DAO, Costa GHN, von Ancken ACB, Kasper LH, Souza MA, et al. Detection of IgG antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs examined in a veterinary hospital from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2001; 98(4): 239-245. PMid:11423182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00441-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)...
Minas Gerais	Urban	300	32	10.7	IFAT	1:50	Age, breed, sex, area	Fernandes et al. (2004)Fernandes BCTM, Gennari SM, Souza SLP, Carvalho JM, Oliveira WG, Cury MC. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from urban, periurban and rural areas of the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais - Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 123(1-2): 33-40. PMid:15265569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
	Peri urban	58	11	18.9	IFAT	1:50
	Rural	92	20	21.7	IFAT	1:50
Minas Gerais	Clinic	275	22	7.9	ELISA	A,C	Age, breed, sex, habitat, T. gondii, others	Mineo et al. (2004)Mineo TWP, Silva DAO, Näslund K, Björkman C, Uggla A, Mineo JR. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum serological status of different canine populations from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2004; 56(3): 414-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352004000300022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352004...
Minas Gerais	Stray	94	12	12.8	ELISA	I
Minas Gerais	Clinic, stray	300	32	10.7	IFAT	1:50	Age, breed, sex, T. gondii	Silva et al. (2007)Silva DAO, Lobato J, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR. Evaluation of serological tests for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in dogs: optimization of cut off titers and inhibition studies of cross-reactivity with Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143(3-4): 234-244. PMid:16973287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
Minas Gerais	Clinic, stray	300	105	35.0	ELISA	B,C
Minas Gerais	Clinics	228	7	3.1	IFAT	1:50	Age, breed, sex T. gondii, Leishmania, Babesia canis	Guimarães et al. (2009)Guimarães AM, Rocha CMBM, Oliveira TMFS, Rosado IR, Morais LG, Santos RRD. Fatores associados à soropositividade para Babesia, Toxoplasma, Neospora e Leishmania em cães atendidos em nove clínicas veterinárias do município de Lavras, MG. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009;18(Suppl 1): 49-53. PMid:20040191. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1009...
Minas Gerais	Rural	240	36	15.0	IFAT	1:50	Age, breed, origin, sex, others	Bruhn et al. (2012)Bruhn FRP, Figueiredo VC, Andrade GS, Costa-Júnior LM, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AM. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs in rural areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(2): 161-164. PMid:22832759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000200017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...
Minas Gerais	Urban	182	15	8.2	IFAT	1:50	Age, diet, hunting, area	Nogueira et al. (2013)Nogueira CI, Mesquita LP, Abreu CC, Nakagaki KYR, Seixas JN, Bezerra PS, et al. Risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs from urban and rural areas of milk and coffee production in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141(11): 2286-2293. PMid:23419686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813000162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813000...
Minas Gerais	Rural	421	58	13.7	IFAT	1:50	Bovine abortion, area
Pará	Rural	72	8	11.1	IFAT	1:50	Sex, area T. gondii, Leishmania	Valadas et al. (2010b)Valadas S, Minervino AHH, Lima VMF, Soares RM, Ortolani EL, Gennari SM. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum, anti-Toxoplasma gondii, and anti-Leishmania chagasi in serum of dogs from Pará State, Amazon, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2010b; 107(2): 453-457. PMid:20445991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1890-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-189...
Pará	Urban-stray	57	8	14.0	IFAT	1:50
Paraíba	Urban Domestic	286	24	8.4	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed, others, habitat, T. gondii	Azevedo et al. (2005)Azevedo SS, Batista CSA, Vasconcellos SA, Aguiar DM, Ragozo AMA, Rodrigues AAR, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the state of Paraíba, Northeast region of Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2005; 79(1): 51-56. PMid:15894024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.10.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.10...
Paraná	Dairy farms	134	29	21.6	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed	Souza et al. (2002)Souza SLP, Guimarães JS, Ferreira F, Dubey JP, Gennari SM. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from dairy cattle farms in Paraná, Brazil. J Parasitol 2002; 88(2): 408-409. PMid:12054023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0408:PONCAI]2.0.CO;2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002...
Paraná	Neurological	98	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	T. gondii	Giraldi et al. (2002)Giraldi JH, Bracarense APFRL, Vidotto O, Tudury EA, Navarro IT, Batista TN. Sorologia e histopatologia de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães portadores de distúrbios neurológicos. Semina Cienc Agrar 2002; 23(1): 9-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2002v23n1p9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2002...
Paraná	Sheep farms	24	7	29.1	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed, T. gondii	Romanelli et al. (2007)Romanelli PR, Freire RL, Vidotto O, Marana ERM, Ogawa L, Paula VSO, et al. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and dogs from Guarapuava farms, Paraná State, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82(2): 202-207. PMid:17266999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.04.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.04...
Paraná	Urban	181	23	12.7	IFAT	1:50	Area, habitat	Plugge et al. (2008)Plugge NF, Montiani-Ferreira F, Richartz RRTB, Dal Pizzol J, Machado PC Jr, Patrício LFL, et al. Frequency of antibodies against Neospora caninum in stray and domiciled dogs from urban, periurban and rural areas from Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(4): 222-226. PMid:19265582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000400010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
	Peri urban	178	28	15.7	IFAT	1:50
	Rural	197	50	25.3	IFAT	1:50
Paraná	Rural	129	32	25.0	IFAT	1:50	Dogs and cattle	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2008)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Machado PC Jr, Fridlund-Plugge N, Richartz RRTB, Montiani-Ferreira F, Patrício LFL, et al. Determinação e correlação de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos e cães do Paraná, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 191-196. PMid:20059847.
Paraná	Owned	127	14	11.0	IFAT	1:50	T. gondii, neurologic signs	Plugge et al. (2011)Plugge NF, Ferreira FM, Richartz RRTB, Siqueira A, Dittrich RL. Occurrence of antibodies against Neospora caninum and/or Toxoplasma gondii in dogs with neurological signs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(3): 202-206. PMid:21961748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000300004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Paraná	Stray	20	3	15.0	IFAT	1:50
Paraná	Stray	26	3	11.5	IFAT	1:25	Leishmania spp, T. gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi	Constantino et al. (2016)Constantino C, Pellizzaro M, Paula EFE, Vieira TSWJ, Brandão APD, Ferreira F, et al. Serosurvey for Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi and Neospora caninum in neighborhood dogs in Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(4): 504-510. PMid:27925057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Pernambuco								Figueredo et al. (2008)Figueredo LA, Dantas-Torres F, de Faria EB, Gondim LFP, Simões-Mattos L, Brandão-Filho SP, et al. Occurrence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs from Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157(1-2): 9-13. PMid:18723288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008....
Paulista	Domiciled	289	75	26.0	IFAT	1:50	T. gondii, origin
Amaraji	Domiciled	168	44	26.2	IFAT	1:50
Garanhuns	Domiciled	168	58	34.5	IFAT	1:50
Pernambuco	Rural villages	56	0	0	IFAT	1:50	T.gondii antibodies surveyed	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Piauí		530	17	3.2	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, breed, T. gondii, *Leishmania*	Lopes et al. (2011)Lopes MG, Mendonça IL, Fortes KP, Amaku M, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM. Presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leishmania infantum in dogs from Piauí. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(2): 111-114. PMid:21722484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000200004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Piauí	Rural villages	71	5	7.0	IFAT	1:50	T.gondii antibodies surveyed	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Rio de Janeiro	Urban - Clinic	402	34	8.4	IFAT	1:50	Age, neurologycal signs, others	Balthazar et al. (2013)Balthazar LMC, Leal PDS, Teixeira Filho WL, Lopes CWG. Cães sororreagentes a Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatinae) atendidos em uma clínica veterinária na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Rev Bras Med Vet 2013; 35(S2): 48-51.
Rio Grande do Sul	Rural	230	47	20.4	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, area, type of farm, carcasses and abortions not removed, others	Cunha et al. (2008)Cunha NA Fo, Lucas AS, Pappen FG, Ragozo AMA, Gennari SM, Lucia Jr T, et al. Fatores de risco e prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cães urbanos e rurais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 301-306. PMid:20059865.
Rio Grande do Sul	Urban	109	6	5.5	IFAT	1:50
Rondônia	Domiciled (Street access)	157	13	8.3	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, diet, street access	Cañón-Franco et al. (2003)Cañón-Franco WA, Bergamaschi DP, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Souza SLP, Silva JCR, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs from Amazon, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115(1): 71-74. PMid:12860070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00131-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(03)...
Rondônia	Farms	174	22	12.6	IFAT	1:50	Age, diet, abortion, stillbirth, others	Aguiar et al. (2006)Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AAR, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, et al. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142(1-2): 71-77. PMid:16857319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
São Paulo	Hospital	203	44	21.6	IFAT	1:50	T. gondii, neurological signs	Higa et al. (2000)Higa AC, Machado RZ, Tinucci-Costa M, Domingues LM, Malheiros EB. Evaluation of cross-reactivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antigens in dogs sera. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2000; 9(2): 91-95.
São Paulo	Rural and urban	295	25	8.4	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, T. gondii, neurologic signs	Varandas et al. (2001)Varandas NP, Rached PA, Costa GHN, Souza LM, Castagnolli KC, Costa AJ. Freqüência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Toxolasma gondii em cães da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Correlação com neuropatias. Semina Cienc Agrar 2001; 22(1): 105-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001v22n1p105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001...
São Paulo	Domiciled	500	49	10.0	NAT	1:25	Age, sex, breed, habitat	Gennari et al. (2002)Gennari SM, Yai LEO, D’Áuria SNR, Cardoso SMS, Kwok OCH, Jenkins MC, et al. Occurrence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sera from dogs of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2002; 106(2): 177-179. PMid:12031819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00052-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)...
São Paulo	Street	611	151	25.0	NAT	1:25
São Paulo	Urban	204	36	17.6	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, T. gondii, Leishmania spp.,	Gennari et al. (2006)Gennari SM, Cañón-Franco WA, Feitosa MM, Ikeda FA, Lima VMF, Amaku M.. Presence of anti-Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis from the region of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2006; 43(5): 613-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26569. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445...
São Paulo	Urban	108	17	15.7	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, diet, others, T. gondii	Bresciani et al. (2007b)Bresciani KDS, Costa AJ, Nunes CM, Serrano ACM, Moura AB, Stobbe NS, et al. Ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii e estudo de fatores de risco em cães de Araçatuba - SP. Ars Vet 2007b; 23: 40-46.
São Paulo	Urban	865	223	25.8	IFAT	1:50	Age, sex, area	Moraes et al. (2008)Moraes CCG, Megid J, Pituco EM, Okuda LH, Del Fava C, Stefano E, et al. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cães da microrregião da Serra de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(1): 1-6. PMid:18554432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000100001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
	Rural	65	11	16.9	IFAT	1:50
	Peri urban	33	11	33.3	IFAT	1:50
São Paulo	Rural (stray)	100	14	14.0	IFAT	1:25	Leishmania spp.	Greca et al. (2010)Greca H, Silva AV, Langoni H. Associação entre a presença de anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp. e anti-Neospora caninum cães de Bauru, SP. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2010; 62(1): 224-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010000100032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010...
São Paulo	Sheep farms	42	2	4.8	IFAT	1:25	Type of raising (chained or free), access to raw meat or offal	Machado et al. (2011)Machado GP, Kikuti M, Langoni H, Paes AC. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with neosporosis in sheep and dogs from farms. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182(2-4): 356-358. PMid:21676548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011....
São Paulo	Neurologic	50	7	14%	IFAT	1:25	T. gondii	Langoni et al. (2012)Langoni H, Matteucci G, Medici B, Camossi LG, Richini-Pereira VB, Silva RC. Detection and molecular analysis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum from dogs with neurological disorders. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45(3): 365-368. PMid:22760137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822012000300016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822012...
São Paulo	Domiciled	342	17	4.9	IFAT	1:25	Age, sex, breed, T. gondii	Langoni et al. (2014)Langoni H, Fornazari F, Silva RC, Monti ET, Villa FB. Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44(4): 1327-1330. PMid:24688530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013000400043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013...
São Paulo	Rural	93	6	6.5	IFAT	1:50	Leishmania, T. gondii, Ehrlichia spp., Babesia canis	Paulan et al., (2013)Paulan SC, Lins AGS, Tenório MS, Silva DT, Pena HFJ, Machado RZ, et al. Seroprevalence rates of antibodies against Leishmania infantum and other protozoan and rickettsial paraites in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(1): 162-166. PMid:24252965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013...
São Paulo	Kennel	167	37	22.1	IFAT	1:25	T. gondii, Leishmania	Seabra et al. (2015)Seabra NM, Pereira VF, Kuwassaki MV, Benassi JC, Oliveira TMFS. Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Leishmania spp. serology and Leishmania spp. PCR in dogs from Pirassununga, SP. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 454-458. PMid:26689180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
São Paulo	Clinic	133	36	27.0	IFAT	1:25	T. gondii, Leishmania
Tocantins	Rural	99	43	43.4	ELISA	A,C	Age, breed, area, T. gondii	Raimundo et al. (2015)Raimundo JM, Guimarães A, Moraes LMB, Santos LA, Nepomuceno LL, Barbosa SM, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the state of Tocantins: serology and associated factors. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 475-481. PMid:26689184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
	Rural	99	31	31.3	IFAT	1:25	Age, breed, area, T. gondii
	Urban	105	45	42.9	ELISA	A,C
	Urban	105	31	29.5	IFAT	1:25

Host	Tested	%positive	DNA or Antibodies	Test	Cut-off / Method	Reference
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)	200 (outdoor)	47 (23.5)	Antibodies	IFAT	1:50	Costa et al. (2008)Costa KS, Santos SL, Uzêda RS, Pinheiro AM, Almeida MAO, Araújo FR, et al. Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38(2): 157-159. PMid:18054356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2007....
	200 (indoor)	3 (1.5)	Antibodies	IFAT	1:50
	10 positive	6 (60.0)	DNA	PCR	3/4 of brain Direct PCR for Nc5
	100 farm chickens	17 (17.0)	Antibodies	IFAT	1:50	Gonçalves et al. (2012)Gonçalves IN, Uzêda RS, Lacerda GA, Moreira RRN, Araújo FR, Oliveira RHM, et al. Molecular frequency and isolation of cyst-forming coccidia from free ranging chickens in Bahia State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190(1-2): 74-79. PMid:22673105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
	100 farm chickens	6 (6.0)	DNA	PCR	Np21/Np6
Sparrow (Passer domesticus)	40	3 (7.5)	DNA	PCR	Heart and brain.	Gondim et al. (2010)Gondim LSQ, Abe-Sandes K, Uzêda RS, Silva MSA, Santos SL, Mota RA, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sparrows (Passer domesticus) in the Northeast of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168(1-2): 121-124. PMid:19879051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009....
Sparrow (Passer domesticus)	40	3 (7.5)	DNA	PCR	Nested PCR of Nc5 and sequencing of ITS
Several species	294	0 (0.0)	Antibodies	IFAT	1:50	Mineo et al. (2011)Mineo TWP, Carrasco AOT, Raso TF, Werther K, Pinto AA, Machado RZ. Survey for natural Neospora caninum infection in wild and captive birds. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182(2-4): 352-355. PMid:21680099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011....

State	No. tested	Type	No. herds	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks ^a a Statistically significant risk factors.	Reference
Bahia	447	Dairy	14	63	14.0	IFAT	1:200	-	Gondim et al. (1999a)Gondim LFP, Sartor IF, Hasegawa M, Yamane I. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Bahia, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 1999a; 86(1): 71-75. PMid:10489205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00129-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)...
Goiás	444	Dairy	11	135	30.4	IFAT	1:250	-	Melo et al. (2006)Melo DPG, Silva AC, Ortega-Mora LM, Bastos SA, Boaventura CM. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos das microrregiões de Goiânia e Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(3): 105-109. PMid:16978474.
Goiás	30	Mixed	1	13	43.3	IFAT	1:250	-	Melo et al. (2006)Melo DPG, Silva AC, Ortega-Mora LM, Bastos SA, Boaventura CM. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos das microrregiões de Goiânia e Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(3): 105-109. PMid:16978474.
Goiás	456	Beef	9	135	29.6	IFAT	1:250	-	Melo et al.(2006)Melo DPG, Silva AC, Ortega-Mora LM, Bastos SA, Boaventura CM. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos das microrregiões de Goiânia e Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(3): 105-109. PMid:16978474.
Maranhão	812	Dairy	27	412	50.7	IFAT	1:200	-	Teixeira et al. (2010)Teixeira WC, Uzêda RS, Gondim LFP, Silva MIS, Pereira HM, Alves LC, et al. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) em bovinos leiteiros de propriedades rurais em três microrregiões no estado do Maranhão. Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(9): 729-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010000900004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010...
Mato Grosso	932	Dairy	24 farms	499	53.5	IFAT	1:200	-	Benetti et al. (2009)Benetti AH, Schein FB, Santos TR, Toniollo GH, Costa AJ, Mineo JR, et al. Pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros, cães e trabalhadores rurais da região Sudoeste do Estado de Mato Grosso. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009;18(Suppl 1): 29-33. PMid:20040187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.018e1005...
Mato Grosso do Sul	197	NS	6	66	33.5	ELISA	J	-	Chahan et al. (2003)Chahan B, Gaturaga I, Huang X, Liao M, Fukumoto S, Hirata H, et al. Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant truncated NcSAG1. Vet Parasitol 2003; 118(3-4): 177-185. PMid:14729165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
Mato Grosso do Sul	87	Beef	NS	26	29.9	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Mato Grosso do Sul	23	Dairy	NS	5	21.7	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Mato Grosso do Sul	90	Beef (history of abortions)	NS	38	43.0	ELISA	E	-	Andreotti et al.(2004)Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE. Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 129-131.
Mato Grosso do Sul	60		Heifers	18	30.0	ELISA	E	-	Andreotti et al. (2004)Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE. Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 129-131.
Mato Grosso do Sul	91		Healthy	7	7.7	ELISA	E	-	Andreotti et al. (2004)Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE. Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2004; 13(3): 129-131.
Mato Grosso do Sul	2448	NS	205	449	14.9	IFAT	1:50	Production system (Dairy/beef)	Oshiro et al. (2007)Oshiro LM, Matos MFC, Oliveira JM, Monteiro LARC, Andreotti R. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2007; 16(3): 133-138. PMid:18078599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612007000300004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612007...
Mato Grosso do Sul	275	Beef	2 farms	81	29.5	cELISA	F	-	Paz et al. (2007)Paz GF, Leite RC, Rocha MA. Associação entre sorologia para Neospora caninum e taxa de prenhez em vacas receptoras de embriões. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2007; 59(5): 1323-1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007000500034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007...
Mato Grosso do Sul	392	Dairy/beef	4 farms	43	9.1	IFAT	1:50	-	Mello et al. (2008)Mello RC, Andreotti R, Barros JC, Tomich RGP, Mello AKM, Campolim AI, et al. Levantamento epidemiológico de Neospora caninum em bovinos de assentamentos rurais em Corumbá, MS. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 311-316. PMid:20059867.
Mato Grosso do Sul	1098	Beef	1 farm	687	62.5	IFAT	1:50	Reproductive failure, 15% higher in seropositive cows.	Andreotti et al. (2010)Andreotti R, Barros JC, Pereira AR, Oshiro LM, Cunha RC, Figueiredo LF No. Association between seropositivity for Neospora caninum and reproductive performance of beef heifers in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2010; 19(2): 119-123. PMid:20624350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010000200010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010...
Minas Gerais	584	Dairy	18	109	18.7	ELISA	E	-	Melo et al. (2001)Melo CB, Leite RC, Souza GN, Leite RC. Frequência de infecção por Neospora caninum em dois diferentes sistemas de produção de leite e fatores predisponentes à infecção em bovinos em Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2001; 10(2): 67-74.
Minas Gerais	126	Dairy	2	43	34.4	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Minas Gerais	36	Beef	NS	4	11.1	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Minas Gerais	576	Dairy	18	106	18.4	ELISA	E	-	Melo et al. (2004)Melo CB, Leite RC, Lobato ZIP, Leite RC. Infection by Neospora caninum associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119(2-3): 97-105. PMid:14746970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.12.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
Minas Gerais	243	Dairy	2	41	16.8	ELISA	I	-	Mineo et al. (2006)Mineo TWP, Alenius S, Näslund K, Montassier HJ, Björkman C. Distribution of antibodies against Neospora caninum, BVDV and BHV-1 among cows in Brazilian dairy herds with reproductive disorders. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(4): 188-192. PMid:17196123.
Minas Gerais	559	Dairy	18	510	91.2	IFAT	1:200	Farm size, number of cows lactating, milk production per day	Guedes et al. (2008)Guedes MHP, Guimarães AM, Rocha CMBM, Hirsch C. Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas e fetos provenientes de municípios do sul de Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(4): 189-194. PMid:19265576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000400004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
Minas Gerais	575	Dairy	Abattoir	559	97.2	IFAT	1:200	Farm size, number of cows lactating, milk production per day	Guedes et al. (2008)Guedes MHP, Guimarães AM, Rocha CMBM, Hirsch C. Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas e fetos provenientes de municípios do sul de Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(4): 189-194. PMid:19265576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000400004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
Minas Gerais	503	Dairy	Abattoir (fetuses)	64	12.7	IFAT	1:25	Farm size, number of cows lactating, milk production per day	Guedes et al. (2008)Guedes MHP, Guimarães AM, Rocha CMBM, Hirsch C. Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas e fetos provenientes de municípios do sul de Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(4): 189-194. PMid:19265576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000400004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
Minas Gerais	1,204	Dairy	40 farms	260	21.6	IFAT	1:200	Reproductive failure	Bruhn et al. (2013)Bruhn FRP, Daher DO, Lopes E, Barbieri JM, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AM. Factors associated with seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in southeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45(5): 1093-1098. PMid:23212838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0330-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-033...
Pará	500	beef	500	260	52	IFAT	1:128	Region, T. gondii	Silva et al. (2017)Silva JB, Nicolino RR, Fagundes GM, Bomjardim HA, Reis ASB, Lima DHS, et al. Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in ten provinces of Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 52: 30-35. PMid:28673459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.05.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.0...
Pará	40	Dairy	4 farms	7	17.5	IFAT	1:100	-	Minervino et al. (2008)Minervino AHH, Ragozo AMA, Monteiro RM, Ortolani EL, Gennari SM. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84(2): 254-256. PMid:17619028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05...
Pará	120	Beef	12	23	19.2	IFAT	1:100	-	Minervino et al. (2008)Minervino AHH, Ragozo AMA, Monteiro RM, Ortolani EL, Gennari SM. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84(2): 254-256. PMid:17619028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05...
Paraná	172	Dairy	1	60	34.8	ELISA	E	Abortion	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2001)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Soccol VT, Richartz RRTB, Gasino-Joineau ME, Vinne R, Pinckney RD. Serological diagnosis of neosporosis in a herd of dairy cattle in southern Brazil. J Parasitol 2001; 87(6): 1493-1494. PMid:11780849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1493:SDONIA]2.0.CO;2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001...
Paraná	15	Beef	NS	4	26.7	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Paraná	75	Dairy	NS	16	21.3	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Paraná	623	Dairy	23 farms	89	14.3	IFAT	1:25	Breed, presence of dogs, age, feed	Guimarães et al. (2004)Guimarães JS Jr, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies and factors associated with their presence in dairy cattle of the north of Paraná state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 124(1-2): 1-8. PMid:15350656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
Paraná	385	Dairy	90 farms	45	12.0	IFAT	1:200	-	Ogawa et al. (2005)Ogawa L, Freire RL, Vidotto O, Gondim LFP, Navarro IT. Occurrence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cattle from the northern region of the Paraná State, Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2005; 57(3): 312-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352005000300006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352005...
Paraná	1263	NS	77 farms	423	33.0	ELISA	E	-	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2008)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Machado PC Jr, Fridlund-Plugge N, Richartz RRTB, Montiani-Ferreira F, Patrício LFL, et al. Determinação e correlação de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos e cães do Paraná, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 191-196. PMid:20059847.
Paraná	159	Beef	Abattoir	24	15.1	ELISA	E	-	Marques et al. (2011)Marques FAC, Headley AS, Figueredo-Pereira V, Taroda A, Barros LD, Cunha IAL, et al. Neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered beef cows (Bos indicus). Parasitol Res 2011; 108(4): 1015-1019. PMid:21063729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2146-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-214...
Paraná	309	Dairy	15 farms	63	20.4	IFAT	1:100	Feed, wild animal access, artificial insemination	Martins et al. (2012)Martins AA, Zamprogna TO, Lucas TM, Cunha IAL, Garcia JL, Silva AV. Frequency and risk factors for infection by Neospora caninum in dairy farms of Umuarama, PR, Brazil. Arq Ciênc Vet Zool 2012; 15(2): 137-142.
Paraná	76	Beef	4	23	30.3	ELISA	E	-	Nascimento et al.(2014)Nascimento EE, Sammi AS, Santos JR, Nino BSL, Bogado ALG, Taroda A, et al. Anti-Neospora caninum antibody detection and vertical transmission rate in pregnant zebu beef cows (Bos indicus): Neospora caninum in pregnant beef cows (Bos indicus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37(4): 267-270. PMid:25193073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.08.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.0...
Pernambuco	469	Dairy	20 farms	163	31.7	IFAT	1:200	Veterinary assistance, nutritional condition, presence of wetlands, manipulation of newborn calves, destination of cows that had aborted, abortion history, abortions period.	Silva et al. (2008)Silva MIS, Almeida MAO, Mota RA, Pinheiro-Junior JW, Rabelo SSA. Fatores de riscos associados à infecção por Neospora caninum em matrizes bovinas leiteiras em Pernambuco. Cienc Anim Bras 2008; 9(2): 455-461.
Pernambuco	316	Dairy	25 municipalities	31	19.6	IFAT	1:200	Transplacental transmission	Ramos et al. (2016)Ramos IAS, Silva RJ, Maciel TA, Silva JABA, Fidelis OL, Soares PC, et al. Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(4): 516-522. PMid:27737368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Pernambuco	316	Dairy	25 municipalities	57	36.0	ELISA	B, C	Transplacental transmission
Rio Grande do Sul	223 (abortion history)	Dairy	5	25	11.2	IFAT	1:200	Reproductive failure	Corbellini et al. (2002)Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Cruz CFE, Gondim LFP, Wald V. Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103(3): 195-202. PMid:11750112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00600-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)...
Rio de Janeiro	75	Dairy	NS	17	22.7	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Rio de Janeiro	75	Beef	NS	5	6.7	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Rio de Janeiro	563	Dairy	57 farms	131	23.2	ELISA	E	Breed	Munhoz et al. (2006Munhoz AD, Flausino W, Silva RT, Almeida CRR, Lopes CWG. Distribuição de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras dos municípios de Resende e Rio Claro, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(3): 101-104. PMid:16978473., 2009Munhoz AD, Pereira MJS, Flausino W, Lopes CWG. Neospora caninum seropositivity in cattle breeds in the South Fluminense Paraíba Valley, state of Rio de Janeiro. Pesq Vet Bras 2009; 29(1): 29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2009000100004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2009... )
Rio Grande do Sul	70	Dairy	NS	13	18.6	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Rio Grande do Sul	70	Beef	NS	15	21.4	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
Rio Grande do Sul	1,549	Dairy	60 farms	276	17.8	IFAT	1:200	several	Corbellini et al. (2006)Corbellini LG, Smith DR, Pescador CA, Schmitz M, Correa A, Steffen DJ, et al. Herd-level risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy farms in southern Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2006; 74(2-3): 130-141. PMid:16343669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.11.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.20...
Rio Grande do Sul	781	Dairy/beef	NS	89	11.4	ELISA	D	-	Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
Rondônia	1011	Dairy	50	114	11.2	IFAT	1:25	Farm size, number of cows	Aguiar et al.(2006)Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AAR, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, et al. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142(1-2): 71-77. PMid:16857319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
Rondônia	584	Beef	11 farms	56	9.5	IFAT	1:25	-	Aguiar et al. (2006)Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AAR, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, et al. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142(1-2): 71-77. PMid:16857319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
Rondônia	514	Mixed	25 farms	50	9.7	IFAT	1:25	-	Aguiar et al. (2006)Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AAR, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, et al. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142(1-2): 71-77. PMid:16857319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
Rondônia	621	Dairy	63 farms	66	10.6	IFAT	1:100	Abortion, birth of weak calves	Boas et al. (2015)Boas RV, Pacheco TA, Melo ALT, Oliveira ACS, Aguiar DM, Pacheco RC. Infection by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle belonging to family farmers in the northern region of Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(2): 204-208. PMid:26154960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Santa Catarina	1518	Dairy	72 farms	466	30.6	IFAT	1:100	Presence of dogs	Fávero et al. (2017)Fávero JF, Silva AS, Campigotto G, Machado G, Barros LD, Garcia JL, et al. Risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and their possible cause-effect relation for disease. Microb Pathog 2017; 110: 202-207. PMid:28666842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017...
Santa Catarina	130	Dairy	29 farms	57	43.8	IFAT	1:200	Age, no. of pregnancies	Klauck et al. (2016)Klauck V, Machado G, Pazinato R, Radavelli WM, Santos DS, Berwaguer JC, et al. Relation between Neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows: Risk factors and pathogenesis of disease. Microb Pathog 2016; 92: 46-49. PMid:26747583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015...
São Paulo and Minas Gerais	600	NS	NS	101	16.8	IFAT	1:200	Area	Costa et al. (2001)Costa GHN, Cabral DD, Varandas NP, Sobral EA, Borges FA, Castagnolli KC. Freqüência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soros de bovinos pertencentes aos estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Semina Cienc Agrar 2001; 22(1): 61-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001v22n1p61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001...
São Paulo	150	NS	NS	41	27.3	IFAT	1:25	-	Ragozo et al. (2003)Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(1): 33-37.
São Paulo	521	Dairy	NS	82	15.9	IFAT	1:200	-	Sartor et al. (2003)Sartor IF, Hasegawa MY, Canavessi AMO, Pinckney RD. Ocorrência de anticorpos de Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras avaliados pelos métodos ELISA e RIFI no município de Avaré, SP. Semina Cienc Agrar 2003; 24(1): 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003v24n1p3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003...
São Paulo	521	Dairy	NS	159	30.5	ELISA	E	-	Sartor et al. (2003)Sartor IF, Hasegawa MY, Canavessi AMO, Pinckney RD. Ocorrência de anticorpos de Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras avaliados pelos métodos ELISA e RIFI no município de Avaré, SP. Semina Cienc Agrar 2003; 24(1): 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003v24n1p3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2003...
São Paulo	777	Beef	8 Farms	121	15.5	IFAT	1:200	-	Hasegawa et al. (2004)Hasegawa MY, Sartor IF, Canavessi AMO, Pinckney RD. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos de corte e em cães rurais da região de Avaré, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Semina Cienc Agrar 2004; 25(1): 45-50.
São Paulo	505	Beef	11 Herds	101	20.0	ELISA	M	Production system	Sartor et al. (2005)Sartor IF, Garcia A Fo, Vianna LC, Pituco EM, Dal Pai V, Sartor R. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros e de corte da região de Presidente Prudente, SP. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2005; 72(4): 413-418.
São Paulo	408	Dairy	6 herds	145	35.5	ELISA	M	N. caninum significatively higher in dairy cattle	Sartor et al. (2005)Sartor IF, Garcia A Fo, Vianna LC, Pituco EM, Dal Pai V, Sartor R. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros e de corte da região de Presidente Prudente, SP. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2005; 72(4): 413-418.
São Paulo	1027	Dairy	3 farms	107	10.4	IFAT	1:100	High degree of association between N. caninum serological status of dams and daughter	Cardoso et al. (2012a)Cardoso JMS, Amaku M, Araújo AJUS, Gennari SM. A longitudinal study of Neospora caninum infection on three dairy farms in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012a; 187(3-4): 553-557. PMid:22309800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
Tocantins	192	Dairy	10 farms	48	25.0	IFAT	1:200		Martins et al. (2011)Martins NÉX, Freschi CR, Baptista F, Machado RZ, Freitas FLC, Almeida KS. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas lactantes do município de Araguaína, estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Rev Patol Trop 2011; 40(3): 231-238.

State	No. of farms	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	References
Bahia	4	117	42	35.9	IFAT	1:200	Gondim et al. (2007)Gondim LFP, Pinheiro AM, Almeida MAO. Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) criados no estado da Bahia. Rev Bras Saúde Prod Anim 2007; 8(2): 92-96.
Pará	3	196	139	70.9	IFAT	1:25	Gennari et al. (2005)Gennari SM, Rodrigues AAR, Viana RB, Cardoso EC. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the northern region of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(1-2): 169-171. PMid:16051440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Pará	26	500	195	39	IFAT	1:128	Silva et al. (2017)Silva JB, Nicolino RR, Fagundes GM, Bomjardim HA, Reis ASB, Lima DHS, et al. Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in ten provinces of Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 52: 30-35. PMid:28673459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.05.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.0...
Pará	4	212	187	88.2	ELISA	E	Viana et al. (2009)Viana RB, Del Fava C, Moura ACB, Cardoso EC, Araújo CV, Monteiro BM, et al. Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum, Brucella sp. e Leptospira spp. em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2009; 76(3): 453-457.
Paraíba	14	136	26	19.1	IFAT	1:200	Brasil et al. (2015)Brasil AWL, Parentoni RN, Feitosa TF, Bezerra CS, Vilela VLR, Pena HFJ, et al. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum seropositivity in buffaloes in Paraíba State, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 459-463. PMid:26689181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Rio Grande do Sul		164	24	14.6	ELISA	D	Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
São Paulo	11	222	117	53.0	NAT	1:40	Fujii et al. (2001aFujii TU, Kasai N, Nishi SM, Dubey JP, Gennari SM. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in female water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the southeastern region of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2001a; 99(4): 331-334. PMid:11511420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00474-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)... , bFujii TU, Kasai N, Vasconcellos SA, Richtzenhain LJ, Cortez A, Souza SLP, et al. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e contra outros agentes de abortamentos em búfalas da região do Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2001b; 68(2): 5-9.)
São Paulo	11	222	142	64.0	IFAT	1:25
São Paulo	12	411	230	56.0	IFAT	1:200	Souza et al. (2001)Souza LM, Nascimento AA, Furuta PI, Basso LMS, Silveira DM, Costa AJ. Detecção de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em soros de bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Semina Cienc Agrar 2001; 22(1): 39-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001v22n1p39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2001...
São Paulo	5	192	169	88.0	IFAT	1:50	Chryssafidis et al. (2015)Chryssafidis AL, Cantón G, Chianini F, Innes EA, Madureira EH, Soares RM, et al. Abortion and foetal lesions induced by Neospora caninum in experimentally infected water buffalos (Bubalus bubalis). Parasitol Res 2015; 114(1): 193-199. PMid:25324135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4178-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-417...
Northern Brazil-13 provinces		4,796	2,665	55.5	ELISA	G, H	Silva et al. (2014)Silva JB, Santos PN, Castro GNS, Fonseca AH, Barbosa JD. Prevalence survey of selected bovine pathogens in water buffaloes in the north region of Brazil. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014: 603484. PMid:24563780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/603484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/603484...
Northern Brazil-13 provinces		4,796	2,345	48.8	IFAT	1:40

State	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks	Reference
Alagoas	26 farms	343	33	9.6	IFAT	1:50	Small farms, water supply	Faria et al. (2010)Faria EB, Cavalcanti EF, Medeiros ES, Pinheiro JW Jr, Azevedo SS, Athayde AC, et al. Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum seropositivity in sheep from the State of Alagoas, in the northeast region of Brazil. J Parasitol 2010; 96(1): 197-199. PMid:19799489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2176.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2176.1...
Federal District	32 farms	1028	90	8.8	IFAT	1:50	Titers up to 51,200	Ueno et al. (2009)Ueno TEH, Gonçalves VSP, Heinemann MB, Dilli TLB, Akimoto BM, Souza SLP, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Federal District, central region of Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41(4): 547-552. PMid:18726165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9220-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-922...
Maranhão	5 farms	64	3	4.7	IFAT	1:25	Food supplement, reproductive failure	Moraes et al. (2011)Moraes LMB, Raimundo JM, Guimarães A, Santos HA, Macedo GL Jr, Massard CL, et al. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in goats and sheep in western Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(4): 312-317. PMid:22166386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000400010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Mato Grosso do Sul	1 farm	441	136	30.8	IFAT	1:50	Comparison of techniques	Andreotti et al. (2009)Andreotti R, Matos MFC, Gonçalves KN, Oshiro LM, Lima-Junior MSC, Paiva F, et al. Comparison of indirect ELISA based on recombinant protein NcSRS2 and IFAT for detection of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(2): 19-22. PMid:19602311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802004...
Mato Grosso do Sul	1 farm	441	141	32.0	ELISA	A, L	Comparison of techniques
Minas Gerais	12 farms	334	27	8.1	IFAT	1:50	Abortion history	Salaberry et al. (2010)Salaberry SRS, Okuda LH, Nassar AFC, Castro JR, Lima-Ribeiro AMC. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep flocks of Uberlândia county, MG. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2010; 19(3): 148-151. PMid:20943017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010000300004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010...
Minas Gerais	2 farms	155	73	47.1	IFAT	1:50	Age	Rossi et al. (2011)Rossi GF, Cabral DD, Ribeiro DP, Pajuaba ACAM, Corrêa RR, Moreira RQ, et al. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175(3-4): 252-259. PMid:21075529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010....
Minas Gerais	2 farms	155	41	26.4	ELISA	A, C	Age
Minas Gerais	63 farms	488	64	13.1	IFAT	1:50	Age, area	Andrade et al. (2012)Andrade GS, Bruhn FRP, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AS, Gouveia AMG, Guimarães AM. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum in sheep in the state Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188(1-2): 168-171. PMid:22475416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
Paraná	9 farms	305	29	9.5	IFAT	1:50	Sex, age, breed, reproductive fails, presence of dogs	Romanelli et al. (2007)Romanelli PR, Freire RL, Vidotto O, Marana ERM, Ogawa L, Paula VSO, et al. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and dogs from Guarapuava farms, Paraná State, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82(2): 202-207. PMid:17266999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.04.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.04...
Pernambuco	23 farms	81	52	64.2	IFAT	1:50	Age	Tembue et al. (2011)Tembue AASM, Ramos RAN, Sousa TR, Albuquerque AR, Costa AJ, Meunier IMJ, et al. Serological survey of Neospora caninum in small ruminants from Pernambuco State, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(3): 246-248. PMid:21961757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000300013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Pernambuco	Rural villages	179	39	21.8	IFAT	1:50	Region, age, sex, breed	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Piauí	Rural villages	153	8	5.2	IFAT	1:50	Region, age, sex, breed	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Rio Grande do Norte	35 farms	409	7	1.8	IFAT	1:50	Sex, presence of dogs, reproductive fails	Soares et al. (2009a)Soares HS, Ahid SMM, Bezerra ACDS, Pena HFJ, Dias RA, Gennari SM. Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep from Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2009a; 160(3-4): 211-214. PMid:19091473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008....
Rio Grande do Sul	4 counties	62	2	3.2	ELISA	D		Vogel et al. (2006)Vogel FSF, Arenhart S, Bauermann FV. Anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2006; 36(6): 1948-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000600048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006...
Rondônia	15 farms	141	41	29.0	IFAT	1:50	Titers up to 1:25,600; Reproductive problems, presence of dogs, source of water	Aguiar et al. (2004)Aguiar DM, Chiebao DP, Rodrigues AAR, Cavalcante GT, Labruna MB, Gennari SM. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em ovinos do município de Monte Negro, RO, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Arq Inst Biol 2004; 71: 616-618.
São Paulo	Meat breeds	597	55	9.2	IFAT	1:50	Age and presence of dogs	Figliuolo et al. (2004a)Figliuolo LPC, Kasai N, Ragozo AMA, Paula VSO, Dias RA, Souza SLP, et al. Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in ovine from São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004a; 123(3-4): 161-166. PMid:15325042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
São Paulo	16 farms	1497	120	8.0	IFAT	1:25	Water supply, presence of dogs, reproductive problems	Machado et al. (2011)Machado GP, Kikuti M, Langoni H, Paes AC. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with neosporosis in sheep and dogs from farms. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182(2-4): 356-358. PMid:21676548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011....
São Paulo	8 farms	382	49	12.8	IFAT	1:25	Tested for T. gondii	Langoni et al. (2011)Langoni H, Greca H Jr, Guimarães FF, Ullmann LS, Gaio FC, Uehara RS, et al. Serological profile of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in commercial sheep from São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 177(1-2): 50-54. PMid:21256676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010....
São Paulo/ Rio Grande do Sul	Abattoir	596	353	59.2	IFAT	1:25	Sex, breeding system, breed, area, age	Paiz et al. (2015)Paiz LM, Silva RC, Menozzi BD, Langoni H. Antibodies to Neospora caninum in sheep from slaughterhouses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(1): 95-100. PMid:25909261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...

State	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks	Reference
Bahia	9 herds	384	58	15.1	IFAT	1:100	Breed	Uzêda et al. (2007b)Uzêda RS, Pinheiro AM, Fernández SY, Ayres MCC, Gondim LFP, Almeida MAO. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy goats from Bahia, Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2007b; 70(2-3): 257-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.04.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres....
Maranhão	5 farms	46	8	17.4	IFAT	1:25	Reproductive failure	Moraes et al. (2011)Moraes LMB, Raimundo JM, Guimarães A, Santos HA, Macedo GL Jr, Massard CL, et al. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in goats and sheep in western Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(4): 312-317. PMid:22166386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000400010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Minas Gerais	90 herds	667	71	10.7	IFAT	1:50	Maximum titer 1:3,200	Andrade et al. (2013)Andrade GS, Bruhn FRP, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AS, Gouveia AMG, Guimarães AM. Seroprevalence for Neospora caninum in goats of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94(3): 584-586. PMid:23200513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09...
Paraíba	Abattoir	306	10	3.3	IFAT	1:50	Gender	Faria et al. (2007)Faria EB, Gennari SM, Pena HFJ, Athayde ACR, Silva MLCR, Azevedo SS. Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in goats slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city, Paraíba State, Northeast region of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149(1-2): 126-129. PMid:17706359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007....
Pernambuco	23 farms	319	85	26.6	IFAT	1:50	Age	Tembue et al. (2011)Tembue AASM, Ramos RAN, Sousa TR, Albuquerque AR, Costa AJ, Meunier IMJ, et al. Serological survey of Neospora caninum in small ruminants from Pernambuco State, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(3): 246-248. PMid:21961757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000300013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
Pernambuco	Rural Villages	174	5	2.9	IFAT	1:50	Region, breed, age, sex	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Piauí	Rural Villages	202	4	2.0	IFAT	1:50	Region, breed, age, sex	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Rio Grande do Norte	14 farms	381	4	1.0	IFAT	1:50	Gender, reproductive fails, presence of dogs	Lima et al. (2008)Lima JTR, Ahid SMM, Barrêto RA Jr, Pena HFJ, Dias RA, Gennari SM. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em rebanhos caprinos do município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2008; 45(2): 81-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2008.26703. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445...
Santa Catarina	57 cities	654	30	4.6	IFAT	1:50	Age, abortion, diet	Topazio et al. (2014)Topazio JP, Weber A, Camillo G, Vogel FF, Machado G, Ribeiro A, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum in goats in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(3): 360-366. PMid:25271457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
São Paulo	19 farms	394	25	6.4	IFAT	1:50	Maximum titer 1:12,800; Age, presence of dogs	Figliuolo et al. (2004b)Figliuolo LPC, Rodrigues AAR, Viana RB, Aguiar DM, Kasai N, Gennari SM. Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in goat from São Paulo State, Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2004b; 55(1-3): 29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.12.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres....
São Paulo	17 farms	923	161	17.7	NAT	1:25	Presence of dogs, Age, gender, reproductive problems	Modolo et al. (2008)Modolo JR, Stachissini AVM, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Langoni H, Padovani CR, et al. Freqüência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros de caprinos do estado de São Paulo e sua relação com o manejo dos animais. Pesq Vet Bras 2008; 28(12): 597-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2008001200006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2008...

State	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks	Reference
Paraíba	Abattoir	130	4	3.1	IFAT	1:50	Sex, Also tested for T. gondii	Azevedo et al. (2010)Azevedo SS, Pena HFJ, Alves CJ, Guimarães AAM, Oliveira RM, Maksimov P, et al. Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in swine from Northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2010; 19(2): 80-84. PMid:20624342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010000200002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010...
Paraíba	Abattoir	190	6	3.2	IFAT	1:50	Also tested for T. gondii	Feitosa et al. (2014b)Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR, Melo LRB, Almeida JL No, Souto DVO, Morais DF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in slaughtered pigs from Northeast, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2014b; 202(3-4): 305-309. PMid:24703253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014....
Mato Grosso do Sul	Free living, wild	83	9	10.8	IFAT	1:50	Sex, age	Soares et al. (2016)Soares HS, Ramos VN, Osava CF, Oliveira S, Szabó MPJ, Piovezan U, et al. Occurrence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2016; 53(1): 112-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.v53i1p112-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445...

State	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Remarks	Reference
Bahia	Indoor, outdoor	272	8	2.9	IFAT	1:50	Also tested Sarcocystis neurona	Meneses et al. (2014)Meneses ID, Andrade MR, Uzêda RS, Bittencourt MV, Lindsay DS, Gondim LFP. Frequency of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora caninum in domestic cats in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(4): 526-529. PMid:25517534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
Maranhão	Outdoor access	200	54	27.0	IFAT	1:25	Also tested T. gondii	Braga et al. (2012)Braga MSCO, Andre MR, Jusi MMG, Freschi CR, Teixeira MCA, Machado RZ. Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cats with outdoor access in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(2): 107-111. PMid:22832749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000200007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...
Mato Grosso do Sul	Free roaming and domiciled	151	10	6.6	IFAT	1:50	Also tested T. gondii and L. infantum	Sousa et al. (2014)Sousa KCM, Herrera HM, Domingos IH, Campos JBV, Santos IMC, Neves HH, et al. Serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania infantum and Neospora caninum in cats from an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(4): 449-455. PMid:25517522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
Paraíba	Free roaming and domiciled	201	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	-	Feitosa et al. (2014a)Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR, Dantas ES, Souto DVO, Pena HFJ, Athayde ACR, et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in domestic cats from the Brazilian semi-arid: seroprevalence and risk factors. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2014a; 66(4): 1060-1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6696...
Pernambuco	Rural villages	32	2	6.2	IFAT	1:50	Region, breed, age, sex	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
Piauí	Rural villages	3	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	Region, breed, age, sex	Arraes-Santos et al. (2016)Arraes-Santos AI, Araújo AC, Guimarães MF, Santos JR, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in domestic mammals from two distinct regions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasit: Reg Stud Rep 2016; 5: 14-18.
São Paulo	Free roaming and domiciled	502	60	11.9	NAT	1:40	NAT + (1+ at 1:800)	Dubey et al. (2002)Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Hill D, Romand S, Thulliez P, Kwok OCH, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in sera of domestic cats from Brazil. J Parasitol 2002; 88(6): 1251-1252. PMid:12537122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1251:POATNC]2.0.CO;2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002...
							10 IB +
					IB	B, C	Also tested S. neurona
São Paulo	Domiciled	400	98	24.5	IFAT	1:16	4 IFAT + 1:256	Bresciani et al. (2007a)Bresciani KDS, Gennari SM, Serrano ACM, Rodrigues AAR, Ueno T, Franco LG, et al. Antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from Brazil. Parasitol Res 2007a; 100(2): 281-285. PMid:16941188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0262-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-026...
São Paulo	Domiciled	70	0	0.0	IFAT	1:16	-	Coelho et al. (2011)Coelho WMD, Amarante AFT, Apolinário JC, Coelho NMD, Lima VMF, Perri SHV, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leishmania spp. infections and risk factors for cats from Brazil. Parasitol Res 2011; 109(4): 1009-1013. PMid:21626423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2461-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-246...

Host species	Type	No. tested	No. positive	% positive	Test	Cut-off	Reference
Fam. Felidae
Caracal (Caracal caracal)	Zoo	1	1	100.0	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)	Zoo	1	1	100.0	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Jaguar (Panthera onca)	Wild	11	7	63.6	IFAT	1:25	Onuma et al. (2014)Onuma SSM, Melo ALT, Kantek DLZ, Crawshaw-Junior PG, Morato RG, May-Júnior JA, et al. Exposure of free-living jaguars to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in the Brazilian Pantanal. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(4): 547-553. PMid:25517539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
Jaguar (Panthera onca)	Zoo	13	8	61.5	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi syn. Herpailurus yagouaroundi)	Zoo	25	5	20.0	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Lion (Panthera leo)	Zoo	9	1	11.1	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Little-spotted-cat (Leopardus tigrinus)	Zoo	35	11	31.4	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)	Zoo	42	30	71.4	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Pampas cat (Oncifelis colocolo)	Zoo	3	3	100.0	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Puma-cougar (Puma concolor)	Zoo	18	5	27.8	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Serval (Leptailurus serval)	Zoo	1	1	100.0	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Tiger (Panthera tigris)	Zoo	6	4	66.7	IFAT	1:25	André et al. (2010)André MR, Adania CH, Teixeira RHF, Silva KF, Jusi MMG, Machado STZ, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids. J Parasitol 2010; 96(5): 1007-1009. PMid:20950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2502.1...
Fam. Canidae
Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)	Wild	15	4	26.6	IFAT	1:50	Cañón -Franco et al. (2004)
			1	6.6	NAT	1:40	Cañón -Franco et al. (2004)
	Captivity	2	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	Melo et al. (2002)Melo CB, Leite RC, Leite FSC, Leite RC. Serological surveillance on South American wild canids for Neospora caninum. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2002; 54(4): 444-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352002000400018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352002...
Hoary fox(Pseudalopex vetulus)	Wild	30	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	Cañón-Franco et al. (2004)Cañón-Franco WA, Yai LEO, Souza SLP, Santos LC, Farias NAR, Ruas J, et al. Detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 123(3-4): 275-277. PMid:15325054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
					NAT	1:40
Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)	Captivity and wild	48	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	Melo et al. (2002)Melo CB, Leite RC, Leite FSC, Leite RC. Serological surveillance on South American wild canids for Neospora caninum. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2002; 54(4): 444-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352002000400018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352002...
	Zoo and preserves	59	5	8.5	IFAT	1:25	Vitaliano et al. (2004)Vitaliano SN, Silva DAO, Mineo TWP, Ferreira RA, Bevilacqua E, Mineo JR. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from southeastern and midwestern regions of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 122(4): 253-260. PMid:15262003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus)	Wild	12	5	41.6	IFAT	1:50	Cañón-Franco et al. (2004)Cañón-Franco WA, Yai LEO, Souza SLP, Santos LC, Farias NAR, Ruas J, et al. Detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2004; 123(3-4): 275-277. PMid:15325054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
					NAT	1:40
Fam. Didelphidae
Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)	Feral	396	84	21.2	IFAT	1:25	Yai et al. (2003)Yai LEO, Cañon-Franco WA, Geraldi VC, Summa MEL, Camargo MCGO, Dubey JP, et al. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the South American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. J Parasitol 2003; 89(4): 870-871. PMid:14533710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-83R. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-83R...
Fam. Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)	Zoo	17	4	23.5	IFAT	1:50	Morikawa et al. (2014)Morikawa VM, Zimpel CK, Paploski IAD, Lara MCCSH, Villalobos EMC, Romaldini AHCN, et al. Occurrences of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Barbary sheep at Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(2): 255-259. PMid:25054509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
Fam. Cervidae
Brazilian dwarf brocket (Mazama nana)	Captive and zoo	40	7	17.5	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005b)Tiemann JCH, Souza SLP, Rodrigues AAR, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Vet Parasitol 2005b; 134(1-2): 73-76. PMid:16112811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Brazilian dwarf brocket (Mazama nana)	Captive	22	1	4.5	ELISA	E	Zimpel et al. (2015)Zimpel CK, Grazziotin AL, Barros IR Fo, Guimarães AMS, Santos LC, Moraes W, et al. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 482-487. PMid:26689185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)	Captive and zoo	66	29	43.9	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005b)Tiemann JCH, Souza SLP, Rodrigues AAR, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Vet Parasitol 2005b; 134(1-2): 73-76. PMid:16112811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Marsh deer (Blastoceros dichotomus)	Captive	6	1	16.7	ELISA	E	Zimpel et al. (2015)Zimpel CK, Grazziotin AL, Barros IR Fo, Guimarães AMS, Santos LC, Moraes W, et al. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 482-487. PMid:26689185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)	Wild National Park	23	3	13.0	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005a)Tiemann JCH, Rodrigues AAR, Souza SLP, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Brazilian cervids kept in captivity. Vet Parasitol 2005a; 129(3-4): 341-343. PMid:15845290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004....
	Pantanal	16	12	75.0	IFAT	1:50
Red brocket deer (Mazama americana)	Captive PR	4	0	0.0	ELISA	E	Zimpel et al. (2015)Zimpel CK, Grazziotin AL, Barros IR Fo, Guimarães AMS, Santos LC, Moraes W, et al. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 482-487. PMid:26689185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
	Captive and zoo	29	18	62.0	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005b)Tiemann JCH, Souza SLP, Rodrigues AAR, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Vet Parasitol 2005b; 134(1-2): 73-76. PMid:16112811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Rodon (Mazama rondoni)	Captive and zoo	8	3	37.5	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005b)Tiemann JCH, Souza SLP, Rodrigues AAR, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Vet Parasitol 2005b; 134(1-2): 73-76. PMid:16112811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Small red brocket (Mazama bororo)	Captive and zoo	3	2	66.6	IFAT	1:50	Tiemann et al. (2005b)Tiemann JCH, Souza SLP, Rodrigues AAR, Duarte JMB, Gennari SM. Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Vet Parasitol 2005b; 134(1-2): 73-76. PMid:16112811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Fam. Caviidae
Capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris)	Wild	213	20	9.4	IFAT	1:25	Yai et al. (2008)Yai LEO, Ragozo AMA, Cañón-Franco WA, Dubey JP, Gennari SM. Occurrence of Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) from São Paulo State, Brazil. J Parasitol 2008; 94(3): 766. PMid:18605804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-1468.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-1468.1...
	Wild	63	1	1.5	IFAT	1:25	Valadas et al. (2010a)Valadas S, Gennari SM, Yai LEO, Rosypal AC, Lindsay DS. Prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Sarcocystis neurona, and Neospora caninum in capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, from São Paulo State, Brazil. J Parasitol 2010a; 96(3): 521-524. PMid:20020808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2368.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2368.1...
	Wild	170	0	0.0	IFAT	1:50	Abreu et al. (2016)Abreu JAP, Krawczak FS, Nunes FP, Labruna MB, Pena HFJ. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Itu Municipality, São Paulo. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(1): 116-118. PMid:26982562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016...

State	No. tested	Type	No. positive	% positive	Assay	Cut-off titer or test	Remarks	Reference
Mato Grosso	200	Healthy	30	15.0	IFAT	1:50	Highest titer 1:400 in 1 horse.	Laskoski et al. (2015)Laskoski LM, Muraro LS, Dittrich RL, Abreu RA, Koch MO, Silva FT, et al. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in horses in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Semina Cienc Agrar 2015; 36(2): 895-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n2p895. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015...
Pará	411	Healthy horses	28	6.8	IFAT	1:50	No risk factors detected.	Norlander (2014)Norlander E. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in equids from three municipalities in Pará, Brazil [Dissertation]. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 2014.
Paraná	72	Mares	28	38.8	IFAT	1:50	2 foals had pre-colostral antibodies	Locatelli-Dittrich et al. (2006)Locatelli-Dittrich R, Dittrich JR, Richartz RRTB, Gasino-Joineau ME, Antunes J, Pinckney RD, et al. Investigation of Neospora sp. and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in mares and in precolostral foals from Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006; 135(3-4): 215-221. PMid:16289863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
Paraná	14	Pregnant mares	12	85.7	IFAT	1:50	Highest titer 1:400	Hoffmann Kormann et al. (2008)Hoffmann Kormann DCS, Locatelli-Dittrich R, Richartz RRTB, Antunes J, Dittrich JR, Patrício LFL. Soroprevalência e cinética mensal de anticorpos anti-Neospora sp. em éguas gestantes. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(Suppl 1): 335-338. PMid:20059873.
Paraná	97	Healthy horses	14	14.4	IFAT	1:50	Highest titer 1:200 in 2 horses	Villalobos et al. (2012)Villalobos EMC, Furman KE, Lara MCCSH, Cunha EMS, Finger MA, Busch APB, et al. Detection of Neospora sp. antibodies in cart horses from urban areas of Curitiba, Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(1): 68-70. PMid:22534949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000100014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...
Paraná and Santa Catarina	112	Mares from 5 breeding farms	14	12.5	IFAT	1:50	25.7% (9/35) prevalence in mares with reproductive problem versus 6.4% (5/77) without problems. Highest titer only 1:50.	Abreu et al. (2014)Abreu RA, Weiss RR, Thomaz-Soccol V, Locatelli-Dittrich R, Laskoski LM, Bertol MAF, et al. Association of antibodies against Neospora caninum in mares with reproductive problems and presence of seropositive dogs as a risk factor. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202(3-4): 128-131. PMid:24731383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014....
Rio Grande do Sul	241	Cart horses and Crioula breed	34	15.9	IFAT	1:50	-	Toscan et al. (2011)Toscan G, Vogel FSF, Cadore GC, Cezar AS, Sangioni LA, Pereira RCF, et al. Occurrence of antibodies anti-Neospora spp. in cart horses and Crioula breed horses from Rio Grande do Sul State. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2011; 63(1): 258-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000100038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011...
Rio Grande do Sul	181	Pregnant mares	39	21.5	ELISA	A, C	9.3% of their paired foals had pre-colostral anti-Neospora antibodies.	Pivoto et al. (2014)Pivoto FL, Macêdo AG Jr, Silva MV, Ferreira FB, Silva DAO, Pompermayer E, et al. Serological status of mares in parturition and the levels of antibodies (IgG) against protozoan family Sarcocystidae from their pre colostral foals. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199(1-2): 107-111. PMid:24183649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013....
Rio Grande do Sul	197	Abattoir	77	39.1	IFAT	1:50	Tested for Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii	Portella et al. (2017)Portella LP, Cadore GC, Sangioni LA, Pellegrini LFV, Fighera R, Ramos F, et al. Antibodies against Apixomplexa protozoa and abscence sarcocysts in heart tissues from horses in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 100-103. PMid:28327879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro	101	Race horses	0	0.0	NAT	1:25	-	Dubey et al. (1999)Dubey JP, Kerber CE, Granstrom DE. Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215(7): 970-972. PMid:10511862.
Santa Catarina	615	Healthy	25	4.1	IFAT	1:50	72 with history of neurological and reproductive problems.	Moura et al. (2013)Moura AB, Silva MO, Farias JA, Vieira-Neto A, Souza AP, Sartor AA, et al. Neospora spp. antibodies in horses from two geographical regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(4): 597-601. PMid:24473888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000400023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013...
São Paulo	325	Healthy	19	5.8	IFAT	1:50	Highest titer 1:400	Villalobos et al. (2006)Villalobos EMC, Ueno TEH, Souza SLP, Cunha EMS, Lara MCCSH, Gennari SM, et al. Association between the presence of serum antibodies against Neospora spp. and fetal loss in equines. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142(3-4): 372-375. PMid:16962708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006....
São Paulo	483	Diseased	73	15.1	IFAT	1:50	Highest titer 1:400
São Paulo	26	History of ataxia.	15	57.6	IFAT	1:2	26 cerebrospinal fluids negative.	Stelmann et al. (2011)Stelmann UJP, Ullmann LS, Langoni H, Amorim RM. Equine neosporosis: search for antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and sera from animals with history of ataxia. Rev Bras Med Vet 2011; 33(2): 99-102.
South	203	Mares	129	63.3	IFAT	1:50	Of 129, 34.8% gave birth to seropositive foals.	Antonello et al. (2012)Antonello AM, Pivoto FL, Camillo G, Braunig P, Sangioni LA, Pompermayer E, et al. The importance of vertical transmission of Neospora sp. in naturally infected horses. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187(3-4): 367-370. PMid:22436425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012....
10 states	961	Old horses from abattoirs	24	2.5	ELISA	C, K	-	Hoane et al. (2006)Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LEO, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....

Host	No. animals	Dose	Tests	Results	Reference
Chickens
(Gallus gallus domesticus)	7-days old	10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶	Killed 15,30,45,60 dpi	No mortality; Dpi 15:IFAT+ IHC+	Furuta et al. (2007)Furuta PI, Mineo TWP, Carrasco AOT, Godoy GS, Pinto AA, Machado RZ. Neospora caninum infection in birds: experimental infections in chicken and embryonated eggs. Parasitology 2007; 134(Pt14): 1931-1939. PMid:17686190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007003344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007003...
	Laying eggs	10⁸	Bioassay, PCR, Histopathology	Dpi 60: IFAT – IHC -
	Embrionated eggs	10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶	Histopathology Dogs bioassay	Eggs- Mortality:18-21 days incubation Dogs shed oocyst
	90-days old	3 x 10⁶	IFAT, IHC, Histopathology, Bioassay	IFAT+	Munhoz et al. (2014)Munhoz AD, Amaral TF, Gonçalves LR, Moraes VMB, Machado RZ. Gallus gallus domesticus are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites of the NC-1 strain. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206(3-4): 123-128. PMid:25468016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014....
	Embrionated eggs	1 x 10²	2 embryos died	PCR+ spleen, muscles (1bird)
Pigeons
(Columbia livia)	4	1 x 10⁷ Blood samples each 5 days	IFAT	1:20; peak 10-20dpi	Mineo et al. (2009)Mineo TWP, Carrasco AOT, Marciano JA, Werther K, Pinto AA, Machado RZ. Pigeons (Columba livia) are a suitable experimental model for Neospora caninum infection in birds. Vet Parasitol 2009; 159(2): 149-153. PMid:19027237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008....
	4	control	IHC +	Lungs, heart, CNS
Quails
(Coturnix coturnis japonica)	40	3.5 x 10⁶	Histopathology	+	Oliveira et al. (2013)Oliveira UV, Magalhães VCS, Almeida CP, Santos IA, Mota DA, Macêdo LS, et al. Quails are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198(1-2): 209-213. PMid:24041486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013....
	8	5.0 x 10⁶	IHC	+
	10	control	PCR	+

State	No. aborted	No. positive (%)	Diagnosis			Reference
State	No. aborted	No. positive (%)	Histo	IHC	PCR	Reference
Bahia	1	1	Yes	Yes	ND	Gondim et al. (1999b)Gondim LFP, Sartor IF, Monteiro LA Jr, Haritani M. Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine foetus in Brazil. N Z Vet J 1999b; 47(1): 35. PMid:16032066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1999.36106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1999....
Goiás	195 dead fetuses from abattoir	40 9(20.5)	No	No	Yes	Brom et al. (2014)Brom PRF, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Collantes-Fernández E, Ortega-Mora LM, Guimarães MS, Silva AC. Genetic characterisation of Neospora caninum strains from clinical samples of zebuine foetuses obtained in abattoirs in Goiás, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204(3-4): 381-387. PMid:24893690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014....
Paraná	34	8 (23.5)	Yes	Yes	ND	Santos et al. (2005)Santos APME, Navarro IT, Freire RL, Vidotto O, Bracarense APFRL. Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Paraná State, Brazil: histological and immunohistochemical analysis in fetuses. Semina Cienc Agrar 2005; 26(4): 559-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2005v26n4p559. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2005...
Rio Grande do Sul	30	1 (3.3)	Yes	Yes	ND	Corbellini et al. (2000)Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Cruz C, Dias MM. Aborto bovino por Neospora caninum no Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 2000; 30(5): 863-868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782000000500021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782000...
Rio Grande do Sul	46	22 (47.8)	Yes	Yes	ND	Corbellini et al.(2002)Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Cruz CFE, Gondim LFP, Wald V. Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103(3): 195-202. PMid:11750112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00600-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)...
Rio Grande do Sul	161	37 (17.4)	Yes	Yes	ND	Corbellini et al. (2006)Corbellini LG, Smith DR, Pescador CA, Schmitz M, Correa A, Steffen DJ, et al. Herd-level risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy farms in southern Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2006; 74(2-3): 130-141. PMid:16343669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.11.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.20...
Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina	258	55 (21.3)	Yes	Yes	ND	Pescador et al. (2007)Pescador CA, Corbellini LG, Oliveira EC, Raymundo DL, Driemeier D. Histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of Neospora caninum diagnosis in bovine aborted fetuses. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150(1-2): 159-163. PMid:17904290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007....
São Paulo	105	26 (24.7)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cabral et al. (2009)Cabral AD, Camargo CN, Galleti NTC, Okuda LH, Pituco EM, Del Fava C. Diagnosis of Neospora caninum in bovine fetuses by histology, immunohistochemistry, and nested-PCR. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(4): 14-19. PMid:20040203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01804003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01804003...

Total number of cattle/farms examined	Aborting			Non aborting or control			Reference
Total number of cattle/farms examined	Test cut-off	No. tested	No. seropositive (%)	No. tested	No. seropositive (%)	Risk of abortion indicated by odd ratio (OR), significant association (SA), remarks	Reference
223 dairy cows, 5 herds	IFAT, 1:200	NS	NS (23.3)	NS	NS (8.3)	OR 3.3	Corbellini et al. (2002)Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Cruz CFE, Gondim LFP, Wald V. Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103(3): 195-202. PMid:11750112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00600-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)...
2448 cattle from 205 herds, beef, dairy	IFAT, 1:50	-	55/68 herds (80.9)	-	84/134 herds (62.7)	OR 2.5	Oshiro et al. (2007)Oshiro LM, Matos MFC, Oliveira JM, Monteiro LARC, Andreotti R. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2007; 16(3): 133-138. PMid:18078599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612007000300004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612007...
1256, 41 aborted	IFAT, 1:200	41	24 (58.5)	1215	199 (16.4)	OR 7.2	Hein et al. (2012)Hein HE, Machado G, Miranda ICS, Costa EF, Pellegrini DCP, Driemeier D, et al. Neosporose bovina: avaliação da transmissão vertical e fração atribuível de aborto em uma população de bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 2012; 32(5): 396-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012000500006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012...
1204 dairy cows from 40 farms	IFAT, 1:200	NS	NS (31.1)	NS	NS (17.7)	OR 1.98	Bruhn et al. (2013)Bruhn FRP, Daher DO, Lopes E, Barbieri JM, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AM. Factors associated with seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in southeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45(5): 1093-1098. PMid:23212838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0330-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-033...
621 cattle, 63 farms, 36 farms with abortion	IFAT, 1:100	-	26/36 farms (72.2)	-	12/27 farms (44.4)	SA	Boas et al. (2015)Boas RV, Pacheco TA, Melo ALT, Oliveira ACS, Aguiar DM, Pacheco RC. Infection by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle belonging to family farmers in the northern region of Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(2): 204-208. PMid:26154960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
3428 cattle from 174 herds	IFAT, 1:100	-	99/108 herds (91.7)	-	11/52 herds (21.1)	SA	Chiebao et al. (2015)Chiebao DP, Valadas SYOB, Minervino AHH, Castro V, Romaldini AHCN, Calhau AS, et al. Variables associated with infections of cattle by Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp. and Neospora spp. in Amazon Region in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62(5): e30-e36. PMid:26302373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12201...
1273 cattle from 6 dairy herds	IFAT, 1:200	305	122 (40.0)	968	40 (4.1)	SA	Pessoa et al. (2016)Pessoa GA, Martini AP, Trentin JM, Dalcin VC, Leonardi CEP, Vogel FSF, et al. Impact of spontaneous Neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2016; 85(3): 519-527. PMid:26542136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenolo...

State	Case no.	History	Diagnosis				Reference
State	Case no.	History	Serology	Histology	Immuno	PCR	Reference
Minas Gerais	1- day old	Born weak, unable to nurse	Doe, IFAT 1:400	White matter absent, mild necrosis, perivasculitis, only tissue cysts 9.8-20.5 µm in diameter.	Positive	Not done	Varaschin et al. (2012)Varaschin MS, Hirsch C, Wouters F, Nakagaki KY, Guimarães AM, Santos DS, et al. Congenital neosporosis in goats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Korean J Parasitol 2012; 50(1): 63-67. PMid:22451736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1....
	Day of birth	New born kid, late term	IFAT doe 1:800, presuckling kid 1:400	No lesions in placenta	Negative	Positive in placenta.
	Abortion	A chronically infected aborted 4 fetuses, 87 days after mating.	IFAT doe 1:6,400 at abortion day.	Positive in 1.	Brain positive in 1 fetus	PCR positive brain in the first and heart in the second fetus	Mesquita et al. (2013)Mesquita LP, Nogueira CI, Costa RC, Orlando DR, Bruhn FR, Lopes PFR, et al. Antibody kinetics in goats and conceptuses naturally infected with Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196(3-4): 327-333. PMid:23537945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013....
	2 stillborn	Stillborn on 148 days after mating of a chronically infected doe	IFAT doe 1:3,200 at parturition.	Positive in 2.	Positive in both.	Positive in CNS of both.
Rio Grande do Sul	1- day old	Born weak, unable to nurse, ataxic, euthanized day 3	No data	Encephalitis, more severe in mid brain, many intact and degenerating tissue cysts of 12.4-32.2 µm in diameter.	Positive	Not done	Corbellini et al. (2001)Corbellini LG, Colodel EM, Driemeier D. Granulomatous encephalitis in a neurologically impaired goat kid associated with degeneration of Neospora caninum tissue cysts. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13(5): 416-419. PMid:11580064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870101300509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387010130...

[1] *Corresponding author: Solange Maria Gennari. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. e-mail: sgennari@usp.br

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