Ectoparasitas de tilápias-do-Nilo (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) criadas em tanques-rede em um reservatório de usina hidrelétrica no Brasil

Zago, Aline Cristina; Franceschini, Lidiane; Garcia, Fabiana; Schalch, Sérgio Henrique Canello; Gozi, Kátia Suemi; Silva, Reinaldo José da

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612014041

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 23 (2) • Apr-Jun 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014041 copiar

Ectoparasitas de tilápias-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criadas em tanques-rede em um reservatório de usina hidrelétrica no Brasil

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar análise parasitológica de tilápias-do-Nilo, (Oreochromis niloticus) criadas em tanques-rede no Reservatório de Água Vermelha, Sudeste do Brasil, bem como verificar suas inter-relações com as características limnológicas, sazonalidade e fase de criação. Durante o período de março de 2010 a março de 2011, espécimes de O. niloticus, pertencentes a três fases de criação (inicial, intermediária e final), foram colhidos, totalizando 63 indivíduos. Todos os peixes estavam infestados por pelo menos uma espécie de ectoparasita (prevalência = 100%). Foi observada a ocorrência de cinco espécies de protozoários (Trichodina compacta, Trichodina magna, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Piscinoodinium pillulare e Epistylissp.), assim como cinco espécies de monogenóides (Cichlidogyrus halli, Cichlidogyrus thurstonae, Cichlidogyrus sp. 1,Scutogyrus longicornis e Gyrodactylussp.). A abundância de Trichodina spp. e prevalência de Epistylis sp. foram maiores no período seco, e a prevalência de C. halli foi maior no período chuvoso. Para a maioria dos ectoparasitas encontrados neste estudo, os peixes pertencentes às fases intermediária e final apresentaram maiores taxas de parasitismo do que aqueles pertencentes à fase inicial. Os dados apresentados neste estudo podem ser de grande importância para piscicultores, de forma a auxiliá-los no conhecimento da dinâmica dos parasitas da espécie de peixe estudada em sistemas de tanques-rede.

Piscicultura; sanidade; qualidade da água; monogenóide; Trichodina spp.; Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Ectoparasites	Dominance frequency	Mean relative dominance^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range).
Trichodina spp.	45	0.6 ± 0.3
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis	0	0.01 ± 0.02
Cichlidogyrus halli	14	0.2 ± 0.3
Cichlidogyrus thurstonae	4	0.1 ± 0.2
Cichlidogyrus sp. 1	0	0.001 ± 0.1
Scutogyrus longicornis	0	0.03 ± 0.1
Gyrodactylus sp.	0	0.04 ± 0.1

Fish growth phase	Weight (g)	Standard length (cm)	P (%)	MII^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range). g: gram; cm: centimeter. Prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance followed by the same letter in the column: no significant difference (p > 0.05). Epistylis sp. was not included in the calculations of mean intensity of infection and mean abundance because it is a colonial protozoan.	MA^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range). g: gram; cm: centimeter. Prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance followed by the same letter in the column: no significant difference (p > 0.05). Epistylis sp. was not included in the calculations of mean intensity of infection and mean abundance because it is a colonial protozoan.
Initial	56.4 ± 13.7 (1.4-214.3)	10.06 ± 0.9 (4.2-17.2)	100^a	25 ± 5.9 (2-108)^a	25 ± 5.9 (2-108)^a
Intermediate	228.4 ± 27.4 (59.8-444.6)	18 ± 0.8 (13-23.5)	100^a	181 ± 94.3 (10-2030)^b	181 ± 94.3 (10-2030)^b
Final	590.6 ± 59.6 (205.4-1481.1)	24.2 ± 0.8 (17-32)	100^a	581.2 ± 387.6 (4-8199)^b	581.2 ± 387.6 (4-8199)^b

Ectoparasites	Prevalence (%)			Mean intensity of infection^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range).†The calculations of mean intensity of infection and mean abundance were not performed as this is a colonial protozoan. Prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance followed by the same letter in the row: no significant difference (p > 0.05).			Mean abundance^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range).†The calculations of mean intensity of infection and mean abundance were not performed as this is a colonial protozoan. Prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance followed by the same letter in the row: no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Ectoparasites	IN	IT	FN	IN	IT	FN	IN	IT	FN
Trichodina spp.	76.2^a	100^a	90.5^a	23.9 ± 7.1 (2-96)^a	159.3 ± 83 (2-1778)^b	603 ± 405.3 (2-7768)^b	18.2 ± 5.8 (0-96)^a	159.3 ± 83 (2-1778)^b	545.5 ± 367.9 (0-7768)^b
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis	0^a	9.5^a	38.1^b	0^a	100 ± 98 (2-198)^a	51.1 ± 1 (2-10)^a	0^a	9.5 ± 9.4 (0-198)^a	1.9 ± 0.7 (0-10)^a
Epistylissp.^†	19.1^a	52.4^a	57.14^a	-	-	-	-	-	-
Piscinoodinium pillulare	4.8^a	0^a	0^a	1^a	0^a	0^a	0.1 ± 0.1 (0-1)^a	0^a	0^a
Cichlidogyrus halli	61.9^a	100^a	90.5^a	5.3 ± 1.8 (0.7-23.5)^a	4.5 ± 0.7 (0.9-13.5)^a	7.2 ± 2.6 (0.6-45.5)^a	3.3 ± 1.2 (0-23.5)^a	4.5 ± 0.7 (0.9-13.5)^a	8 ± 2.4 (0-45.5)^b
Cichlidogyrus thurstonae	57.1^a	95.2^a	85.7^a	2.4 ± 0.9 (0.3-9.7)^a	4.7 ± 1.6 (0.3-25.5)^a	4.2 ± 0.7 (0.8-12.2)^a	1.4 ± 2.5 (0-9.7)^a	4.5 ± 1.4 (0-25.5)^a	4 ± 0.7 (0-12.2)^a
Cichlidogyrus sp. 1	0^a	0^a	61.9^b	0^a	0^a	0.2 ± 0.1 (0.01-1)^a	0^a	0^a	0.1 ± 0.1 (0-1)^a
Scutogyrus longicornis	42.9^a	85.7^a	76.2^a	0.3 ± 0.1 (0.1-1)^a	1.6 ± 0.4 (0.3-6)^b	1.7 ± 0.5 (0.1-8.2)^b	0.1 ± 0.1 (0-1)^a	1.4 ± 0.3 (0-6)^b	1.3 ± 0.4 (0-8.2)^b
Gyrodactylus sp.	33.3^a	33.3^a	47.6^a	5.7 ± 1.5 (2-12)^a	7 ± 3 (1-24)^a	44.2 ± 38.3 (1-388)^a	1.9 ± 0.8 (0-12)^a	2.3 ± 1.2 (0-24)^a	21.1 ± 18.4 (0-388)^a

Parameters	Sampling months
Parameters	Mar/10^* * Months belonging to the rainy season (Mar: March, Nov: November, Jan: January);	May/10^† † Months belonging to the dry season (May, Jul: July, Sept: September);	Jul/10^† † Months belonging to the dry season (May, Jul: July, Sept: September);	Sept/10^† † Months belonging to the dry season (May, Jul: July, Sept: September);	Nov/10^* * Months belonging to the rainy season (Mar: March, Nov: November, Jan: January);	Jan/11^* * Months belonging to the rainy season (Mar: March, Nov: November, Jan: January);	Mar/11^* * Months belonging to the rainy season (Mar: March, Nov: November, Jan: January);
Dissolved oxygen (mg.L^–1)	6.6	6.7	6.3	7.6	3.9	6.2	5.2
Transparency (m)	2	> 2	> 1.5	1.5	0.98	>1.5	> 1.5
pH	7	7	7	6.8	6.5	7.5	7
Temperature (°C)	29.3	24.5	22.9	23.6	28.6	30.8	28.6
Ammonia (mg.L^–1)	0.1	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Toxic ammonia (mg.L^–1)	9 × 10^–4	0	0	6 × 10^–4	2.3 × 10^–4	2.3 × 10^–4	9 × 10^–4
Nitrite (mg.L^–1)	0.1	0.03	0	0	0.03	0.1	0.03
Rainfall (mm)^‡ ‡ Rainfall data were obtained by consulting the database CIIAGRO - Centro Integrado de Informações Agrometeorológicas of the São Paulo State, Brazil.	147.3	58.9	14.1	64.5	124	271.6	147.3

Ectoparasites	P (%)		MII^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range).		MA^* * Values presented as mean ± standard error (range).
Ectoparasites	DS^γ γ DS: dry season (April to September) -n = 36;	RS^λ λ RS: Rainy season (October to March) -n = 27.	DS^γ γ DS: dry season (April to September) -n = 36;	RS^λ λ RS: Rainy season (October to March) -n = 27.	DS^γ γ DS: dry season (April to September) -n = 36;	RS^λ λ RS: Rainy season (October to March) -n = 27.
Trichodina spp.	96.3^a	83.3^a	472.8 ± 302.5 (4-7768)^a	96.4 ± 33.8 (2-926)^a	455.3 ± 291.6 (4-7768)^a	80.3 ± 28.8 (0-926)^b
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis	28.6^a	11.1^a	37.7 ± 32.1 (2-198)^a	3.8 ± 1.2 (2-7)^a	8.4 ± 7.3 (0-198)^a	0.4 ± 0.2 (0-7)^a
Epistylis sp.^† γ DS: dry season (April to September) -n = 36;	71.4^a	33.3^b	-	-	-	-
Piscinoodinium pillulare	11.1^a	0^a	1^a	0^a	0.1 ± 0.1 (0-1)^a	0^a
Cichlidogyrus halli	70.4^a	94.4^b	5.1 ± 1.2 (0.7-18.8)^a	6.4 ± 1.6 (0.6-45.5)^a	3.6 ± 0.9 (0-18.8)^a	6.1 ± 1.5 (0-45.5)^a
Cichlidogyrus thurstonae	90.5^a	86.1^a	3.7 ± 0.8 (0.3-12.2)^a	4.1 ± 1 (0.3-24.5)^a	2.6 ± 0.7 (0-12.2)^a	3.5 ± 0.9 (0-24.5)^a
Cichlidogyrus sp. 1	18.5^a	22.2^a	0.4 ± 0.2 (0.03-1)^a	0.2 ± 0.1 (0.01-0.9)^a	0.1 ± 0.04 (0-1)^a	0.04 ± 0.03 (0-0.9)^a
Scutogyrus longicornis	59.3^a	75^a	1.7 ± 0.4 (0.02-6)^a	1.2 ± 1.6 (0.05-8.2)^a	1 ± 0.3 (0-6)^a	0.9 ± 0.3 (0-8.2)^a
Gyrodactylus sp.	48.2^a	30.6^a	36.3 ± 29.4 (2-388)^a	5.4 ± 1.6 (1-18)^a	17.5 ± 14.3 (0-388)^a	1.6 ± 0.6 (0-18)^a
Total	100^a	100^a	506.1 ± 322.4 (0-8166)^a	94. 2 ± 30.1 (2-943)^a	506.1 ± 322.4 (0-8166)^a	94.2 ± 30.1 (2-943)^a

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: Aline Cristina Zago, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brasile-mail: alinecristhina@yahoo.com.br