Chemotypes, extraction, chemical composition and use of <i>lippia alba</i> essential oil

LINDE, G.A.; COLAUTO, N.B.; ALBERTÓ, E.; GAZIM, Z.C.

doi:10.1590/1983-084X/15_037

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REVISÃO • Rev. bras. plantas med. 18 (1) • Jan-Mar 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/15_037 copy

Chemotypes, extraction, chemical composition and use of lippia alba essential oil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Lippia alba is a plant widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of the Americas, Africa and Asia. The essential oil of L. alba has been widely studied and there are many variations in the production process. Therefore, this study is aimed at conducting a review of the main chemotypes, extraction methods, composition and application of the essential oil of L. alba. In this study, the main chemotypes and its relation to genetic and morphological characteristics are discussed. It also discusses the factors that affect the yield, chemical composition, extraction methods and the use and the biological activity of the essential oil of L. alba. Despite the vast literature on the essential oils of L. alba, there is still a lack of development in its application for the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, as well as a lack of agronomic definitions for its cultivation and genetic improvement.

Key words
Lippia alba; essential oil; chemotype; biological activity; extraction method

Parte de la planta	Método de extracción	Rendimiento (%)	Método para el análisis^* * CG/EM = cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas.	Origen^ a= Hennebelle et al. (2006); b= Castro et al. (2002); c= Glamoclija et al. (2011); d= Heldwein et al. (2012); e= Hatano et al. (2012); f= Yamamoto et al. (2008); g= Pandeló et al. (2012); h= Azambuja et al. (2011); i= Conde et al. (2011); j= Parodi et al. (2012); k=Shukla et al. (2008); l= Shukla et al. (2009); m= López et al. (2011); n=Stashenko et al. (2004).
Hoja fresca o congelada	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger	0,2-0,6	CG/EM	a, b, c, d
Hoja y flor fresca	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger por 1 h	-	CG/EM	e
Hoja seca	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger por 1,5 h	0,4-2,8	CG/EM	f
Hoja y/o flor fresca	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger por 2 h	-	CG/EM	g, h, i, j
Hoja fresca	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger por 4 h	0,1	CG/EM	k, l
Hoja y flor fresca	Hidrodestilación con el aparato Clevenger asistido por microondas por 40 min	-	-	m
Tallo y hoja	Hidrodestilación; Destilación simultânea de extracción con solvente; Hidrodestilación asistida por microondas; Fluido supercrítico	-	CG/EM	n

^*
CG/EM = cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas.
^**
a= Hennebelle et al. (2006)HENNEBELLE, T. et al. The essential oil of Lippia alba: analysis of samples from French overseas departments and review of previous works. Chemistry and Biodiversity, v.3, n.10, p.1116–25, 2006.; b= Castro et al. (2002)CASTRO, D.M. et al. Biomass production and chemical composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown Britt & Wilson in leaves on different plant parts in different seasons. Acta Horticulturae, v.569, p.111–5, 2002.; c= Glamoclija et al. (2011)GLAMOČLIJA, J. et al. Chemical characterization of Lippia alba essential oil: an alternative to control green molds. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, v.42, n.4, p.1537–46, 2011.; d= Heldwein et al. (2012)HELDWEIN, C.G. et al. Participation of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v.45, n.5, p.436–43, 2012.; e= Hatano et al. (2012)HATANO, V.Y. et al. effects of repeated treatment with an essential oil from Lippia alba and (R)-(-)-carvone in the elevated T–maze. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v.45, n.3, p.238–43, 2012.; f= Yamamoto et al. (2008)YAMAMOTO, P.Y. et al. Performance of ginger grass (Lippia alba) for traits related to the production of essential oil. Scientia Agricola, v.65, n.5, p.481–9, 2008.; g= Pandeló et al. (2012)PANDELÓ, D. et al. Oil production at different stages of leaf development in Lippia alba. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, v.22, n.3, p.497–501, 2012.; h= Azambuja et al. (2011)AZAMBUJA, C.R. et al. Effect of the essential oil of Lippia alba on oxidative stress parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) subjected to transport. Aquaculture, v.319, n.1–2, p.156–61, 2011.; i= Conde et al. (2011)CONDE, R. et al. Chemical composition and therapeutic effects of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown leaves hydro–alcoholic extract in patients with migraine. Phytomedicine, v.18, n.14, p.1197–201, 2011.; j= Parodi et al. (2012)PARODI, T.V. et al. The anesthetic efficacy of eugenol and the essential oils of Lippia alba and Aloysia triphylla in post–larvae and sub–adults of Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea, Penaeidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology and Pharmacology, v.155, n.3, p.462–8, 2012.; k=Shukla et al. (2008)SHUKLA, R. et al. Antimycotic and antiaflatoxigenic potency of Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers. on fungi causing biodeterioration of food commodities and raw herbal drugs. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v.62, n.4, p.348–51, 2008.; l= Shukla et al. (2009)SHUKLA, R. et al. Efficacy of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil and its monoterpene aldehyde constituents against fungi isolated from some edible legume seeds and aflatoxin B1 production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, v.135, n.2, p.165–70, 2009.; m= López et al. (2011)LÓPEZ, M.A. et al. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oils. Genetics and Molecular Biology, v.34, n.3, p,479–88, 2011.; n=Stashenko et al. (2004)STASHENKO, E.E. et al. Comparison of different extraction methods for the analysis of volatile secondary metabolites of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, grown in Colombia, and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity. Journal of Chromatography A, v.1025, n.1, p.93–103, 2004..

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