City size and competitiveness for the cities of São Paulo: a spatial statistics analysis

Porto, Paulo Costacurta de Sá; Rocha, Francisco Marcelo

doi:10.20396/rbi.v16i4.8650853

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Artigo • Rev. Bras. Inov. 17 (01) • Jan-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v16i4.8650853 copy

City size and competitiveness for the cities of São Paulo: a spatial statistics analysis^* * We would like to thank Carlos Roberto Azzoni and Veneziano Araujo for comments and suggestions on different versions of this paper, and Alexandre Rosenberg for research assistanship.

Tamanho da cidade e competitividade dos municípios de São Paulo: uma análise de estatística espacial

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this article is to develop a competitiveness index for the 645 cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil (ICM-SP). We ranked cities according to the overall competitiveness index and each one of the five dimensions of competitiveness: urban/environmental, sociodemographic, fiscal/institutional, economic and innovation. Additionally, we performed an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) in the ICM-SP. Our results show that cities with similar competitiveness levels tend to locate near each other, which show the presence of spatial clusters in the state of São Paulo. The cluster of cities with high competitiveness spill over from the São Paulo Metropolitan Region to the Campinas Metropolitan Region, reaching another cluster around Ribeirão Preto. Moreover, we found that cities with the highest competitiveness indexes are mostly midsized cities, in general part of metropolitan areas led by one or more large cities. Regarding the five dimensions of competitiveness, we noted that cities with high urban/environmental and sociodemographic competitiveness are composed mostly of medium sized cities. Smaller cities tend to perform better in the fiscal/institutional dimension, whereas larger and midsized cities tend to excel in the economic dimension. In the innovation dimension, we noticed a cluster of cities with high performance which spillover from São José dos Campos to São Paulo and to Campinas, plus another cluster surrounding Ribeirão Preto.

Keywords:
City Competitiveness; Competitiveness Index; Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis; Innovation

1) Urban/Environmental	2) Sociodemographic
Urbanization rate	Human Development Index
Number of people between 18 and 65 years old	Gini Index
% of houses with waste collection	Child mortality rate (up to 5 years old)
% of houses with sewerage	Life expectancy
% of houses with piped water	% of illiteracy
% of houses with lighting	% of indigent people
Inpatient beds per thousand inhabitants	% people receiving up to 1/2 of minimum wage
Registered physicians per thousand inhabitants	Population growth 2000-2010
Nursing technicians per thousand inhabitants	% people employed in total population
Number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants	-
% of houses with computers	-
% of houses with phone lines (fixed)	-
% of houses with phone lines (mobile)	-
Inhabitants over Total of Vehicles	-
Presence of structure for environmental management	-
Presence of local environmental fund	-
Presence of local environmental legislation	-
3) Fiscal/Institutional	4) Economic
City revenue per capita	Per capita income
City expenditure per capita	Average wage (monthly)
Municipal Participation Fund transfer amount	% GDP secondary sector
City investments (excluding federal and state investment) over GDP	% GDP tertiary sector
Payroll expenditure over city revenue	City GDP per capita
City tax burden	Per capita savings
Presence of local urban policy	Credit operations per capita
Presence of local environmental legislation	Number of banks per 100,000 inhabitants
5) Innovation
Patents per 100,000 inhabitants	Innovative Potential Index*
Engineers and researchers per 10,000 employees	% of population with university degree

Competitiveness			Urban/Environmental		Sociodemographic		Fiscal/Institutional		Economic		Innovation
São Caetano do Sul	0,757	Barretos	0,719	Cerquilho	0,822	Ilhabela	0,786	São Caetano do Sul	0,845	São Caetano do Sul	1,000
Vinhedo	0,735	Jaú	0,715	Vinhedo	0,821	Caraguatatuba	0,761	Barueri	0,821	Campinas	0,998
São Paulo	0,728	Americana	0,703	Lindóia	0,813	Ubatuba	0,734	São Paulo	0,816	São Bernardo do Campo	0,998
São José dos Campos	0,723	São Caetano do Sul	0,703	Nova Odessa	0,811	Paraibuna	0,710	Jundiaí	0,787	São Carlos	0,990
Jundiaí	0,723	Fernandópolis	0,702	Louveira	0,799	Ipiguá	0,709	Vinhedo	0,764	Jundiaí	0,987
São Carlos	0,722	Nhandeara	0,699	Jaú	0,798	Águas da Prata	0,707	Ribeirão Preto	0,763	São José dos Campos	0,983
Indaiatuba	0,722	Araraquara	0,697	Jumirim	0,798	Rifaina	0,706	Jaguariúna	0,762	Indaiatuba	0,975
Valinhos	0,718	Duartina	0,693	Americana	0,795	Rubinéia	0,705	Campinas	0,761	Piracicaba	0,973
Piracicaba	0,714	Ituverava	0,692	Nova Europa	0,791	Praia Grande	0,702	Cordeirópolis	0,760	Valinhos	0,968
São Bernardo do Campo	0,714	Araras	0,692	Hortolândia	0,772	Bom Jesus dos Perdões	0,700	Águas de São Pedro	0,752	São Paulo	0,965
Barueri	0,713	São José do Rio Pardo	0,691	Paulínia	0,770	Mirante do Paranapanema	0,697	Paulínia	0,743	Cotia	0,934
Paulínia	0,708	Neves Paulista	0,690	Birigui	0,766	Ribeirão Bonito	0,696	São Bernardo do Campo	0,740	Itatiba	0,926
São José do Rio Preto	0,706	Lins	0,690	Valinhos	0,762	Tupã	0,693	Osasco	0,738	Sorocaba	0,921
Campinas	0,704	Santa Fé do Sul	0,688	Tietê	0,761	Águas de Lindóia	0,691	Piracicaba	0,735	Barueri	0,921
Sorocaba	0,700	Cajobi	0,687	Araraquara	0,758	Poá	0,691	Santo André	0,727	Limeira	0,919
Araraquara	0,698	Orlândia	0,685	Cordeirópolis	0,758	São Pedro	0,690	Valinhos	0,719	Santana de Parnaíba	0,918
Americana	0,696	Franca	0,684	Potirendaba	0,758	Rio Grande da Serra	0,690	Americana	0,717	Bragança Paulista	0,917
Araras	0,687	São José do Rio Preto	0,684	Pereiras	0,755	Águas de São Pedro	0,690	Santos	0,713	Pompéia	0,916
Itu	0,684	Adamantina	0,682	Cosmópolis	0,754	Silveiras	0,690	São José dos Campos	0,712	Paulínia	0,914
Santo André	0,683	Barra Bonita	0,682	Guapiaçu	0,753	Barra do Chapéu	0,689	São José do Rio Preto	0,703	Bauru	0,908

Universidade Estadual de Campinas Rua: Carlos Gomes, 250. Bairro Cidade Universitária, Cep: 13083-855 , Campinas - SP / Brasil , Tel: +55 (19) 3521-5176 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbi@unicamp.br

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[TFN1] Sources of data: IBGE (2013); Fund. SEADE (2011); Fund. J.Pinheiro/PNUD/IPEA (2013). INPI (2011); RAIS (2013). * This index is defined in Gois and Azzoni (2016).

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City size and competitiveness for the cities of São Paulo: a spatial statistics analysis* * We would like to thank Carlos Roberto Azzoni and Veneziano Araujo for comments and suggestions on different versions of this paper, and Alexandre Rosenberg for research assistanship.

Tamanho da cidade e competitividade dos municípios de São Paulo: uma análise de estatística espacial

Abstract

City size and competitiveness for the cities of São Paulo: a spatial statistics analysis^* * We would like to thank Carlos Roberto Azzoni and Veneziano Araujo for comments and suggestions on different versions of this paper, and Alexandre Rosenberg for research assistanship.