Utilitarian walking and walking as exercise among community-dwelling older adults: what factors influence it?

Lima, Waléria Paixão de; Lima, Camila Astolphi; Santos, Renato Barbosa dos; Soares, Wuber Jefferson de Souza; Perracini, Monica Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/1981-22562020023.190255

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Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia

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Original Articles • Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 23 (01) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023.190255 copy

Utilitarian walking and walking as exercise among community-dwelling older adults: what factors influence it?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

: to investigate the association between utilitarian walking and walking as exercise, and socio-demographic, clinical and functional covariates related to these walking types.

Methods

: a cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted with 148 older adults (aged 60 and over). Walking frequency and duration was assessed using the IPEQ-W (Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire - Version W). Socio-demographic, clinical conditions, level of disability and mobility were also assessed. Types of walking were compared among the variables using the Mann-Whitney test and non-parametric Spearman rho correlations were used to investigate the association between the types of walking and the variables.

Results

: the participants performed a mean of 1.1 (±2.1) h/week of walking as exercise and 2.2 (±2.3) h/week of utilitarian walking. Older adults who had diabetes (p=0.015) did fewer h/week of walking as exercise. Participants who were older (p=0.014), reported poor self-rated health (p<0.001), poor disability levels (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.048), strokes (p<0.001), heart disease (p=0.026), urinary incontinence (p<0.001), dizziness (p=0.008), or sleep disorders (p=0.042) spent fewer hours performing utilitarian walking. Correlations between the covariates and types of walking varied from very weak to weak.

Conclusion

: chronic diseases and unfavorable health conditions decreased walking time. Utilitarian walking was the most frequent type of walking performed by the older adults. Health care professionals and public policy managers should use utilitarian walking as a way of increasing levels of physical activity and to promote healthy aging.

Keywords:
Exercise; Health of the Elderly; Walking

Variables	Total population N (%)	Walking (hours/week) Mean (95% CI)
Variables	Total population N (%)	Exercise	p-value	Utilitarian	p-value
Age
60-74	103 (69.6)	1.2 (0.7 - 1.6)	0.132	2.4 (1.9 - 3.0)	0.014
75+	45 (30.4)	0.7 (0.2 - 1.1)		1.6 (1.2 - 2.0)
Sex
Women	126 (85.1)	1.1 (0.7 - 1.5)	0.343	2.2 (1.8 - 2.7)	0.563
Men	22 (14.9)	0.6 (0.0 - 1.3)		1.9 (1.1 - 2.7)
Income (in R$)
0.0 - 1.0	11 (7.4)	1.3 (0.0 - 3.4)	0.926	1.5 (0.9 - 2.2)	0.757
1.1 - 2.0	98 (66.2)	0.9 (0.5 - 1.3)		2.2 (1.6 - 2.7)
2.1 - 3.0	20 (13.5)	1.1 (0.1 - 2.0)		2.3 (1.4 - 3.2)
3.1 +	19 (12.8)	1.2 (0.0 - 2.5)		2.5 (1.6 - 3.3)
Living alone
Yes	38 (25.7)	1.3 (0.6 - 1.9)	0.397	2.6 (1.6 - 3.6)	0.199
No	110 (74.3)	0.9 (0.5 - 1.3)		2.0 (1.7 - 2.4)
Stroke			0.631		<0.001
Yes	11 (7.4)	0.7 (0.3 - 1.8)		0.9 (0.4 - 1.4)
No	137 (92.6)	1.0 (0.7 - 1.4)		2.3 (1.9 - 2.7)
Depression			0.791		0.403
Yes	36 (24.3)	0.9 (0.2 - 1.7)		1.7 (0.9 - 2.5)
No	112 (75.7)	1.0 (0.6 - 1.4)		2.3 (1.9 - 2.8)
Hypertension			0.177		0.048
Yes	112 (75.7)	0.9 (0.5 - 1.3)		2.0 (1.6 - 2.4)
No	36 (24.3)	1.4 (0.6 - 2.3)		2.9 (1.9 - 3.8)
Diabetes			0.015		0.602
Yes	59 (39.9)	0.5 (0.2 - 0.9)		2.1 (1.4 - 2.7)
No	89 (60.1)	1.3 (0.8 - 1.8)		2.3 (1.8 - 2.8)
Heart disease			0.675		0.026
Yes	28 (18.9)	0.8 (0.2 - 1.8)		1.5 (0.9 - 2.1)
No	120 (81.1)	1.0 (0.7 - 1.4)		2.3 (1.9 - 2.8)
Osteoarthritis			0.926		0.827
Yes	28 (18.9)	0.7 (0.3 - 1.8)		0.9 (0.4 - 1.4)
No	120 (81.1)	1.0 (0.6 - 1.4)		2.3 (1.9 - 2.7)
Urinary incontinence			0.481		<0.001
Yes	28 (18.9)	0.7 (0.3 - 1.8)		1.1 (0.6 - 1.6)
No	120 (81.1)	0.9 (0.6 - 1.7)		2.4 (2.0 - 2.9)
Dizziness			0.076		0.008
Yes	46 (31.1)	0.6 (0.2 - 1.1)		1.6 (1.1 - 2.0)
No	102 (68.9)	1.2 (0.7 - 1.6)		2.5 (1.9 - 3.0)
Sleep problems			0.671		0.042
Yes	34 (23.0)	1.1 (0.3 - 2.0)		1.6 (1.1 - 2.2)
No	114 (77.0)	1.0 (0.6 - 1.4)		2.4 (1.9 - 2.8)
Number of comorbidities			0.101		0.142
0	15 (10.1)	2.0 (0.2 - 3.8)		3.1 (1.5 - 4.7)
1 - 2	69 (46.7)	1.2 (0.6 -1.7)		2.5 (1.8 - 3.1)
3 or more	64 (43.2)	0.6 (0.2 - 1.0)		1.6 (1.2 - 2.0)
Polypharmacy (≥5)			0.283		0.019
Yes	43 (29.1)	0.8 (0.1 - 1.4)		1.5 (1.0 - 2.0)
No	105 (70.9)	1.1 (0.7 - 1.5)		2.5 (2.0 - 3.0)
Perceived health			0.070		<0.001
Very good and good	76 (51.4)	1.4 (0.8 - 2.0)		2.8 (2.2 - 3.4)^a
Fair	61 (41.2)	0.6 (0.2 - 1.0)		1.6 (1.2 - 2.0)^b
Very poor and poor	11 (7.4)	0.5 (0.0 - 1.1)		1.2 (0.0 - 2.5)^c
WHODAS 2.0 (0-12)			0.052		<0.001
1^sttercile	58 (39.2)	1.3 (0.7 - 1.9)		3.3 (2.5 - 4.1)^d
2^ndtercile	42 (28.4)	1.4 (0.5 - 2.3)		1.7 (1.2 - 2.1)^e
3^rdtercile	48 (32.4)	0.3 (0.0 - 0.5)		1.3 (0.9 - 1.7^f

Variables	Walking
Variables	Exercise	Utilitarian
Age, years	rho= - 0.131 p= 0.113	rho= - 0.171 p= 0.037
Income, R$	rho= 0.075 p= 0.363	rho= 0.126 p= 0.126
Education, years	rho= 0.111 p= 0.179	rho= 0.016 p= 0.847
Number of medications	rho= -0.105 p= 0.203	rho= - 0.234 p = 0.004
Number of comorbidities	rho= - 0.185 p = 0.025	rho= - 0.228 p = 0.005
TUGT, seconds	rho= - 0.201 p = 0.014	rho= - 0.265 p = 0.001
WHODAS 2.0, points (0- 48)	rho= - 0.201 p = 0.014	rho= - 0.328 p < 0.001
GDS, points (0 -15)	rho= - 0.174 p = 0.034	rho= -0.201 p = 0.014

Domains WHODAS 2.0	Walking
Domains WHODAS 2.0	Exercise	Utilitarian
Cognitive	rho= - 0.192 p = 0.019	rho= - 0.207 p = 0.008
Mobility	rho= - 0.159 p = 0.054	rho= - 0.273 p = 0.001
Self-care	rho= -0.031 p= 0.711	rho= - 0.099 p= 0.233
Relationship	rho= - 0.190 p = 0.021	rho= - 0.190 p = 0.021
Life activities	rho= - 0.174 p = 0.034	rho= - 0.214 p = 0.009
Participation	rho= - 0.056 p= 0.498	rho= - 0.248 p = 0.002

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[1] Correspondence Monica Rodrigues Perracini monica.perracini@unicid.edu.br