Organic acids allied with paclobutrazol modify mango tree ‘Keitt’ flowering

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fulvic acids and free amino acids on paclobutrazol in the flowering of mango ‘Keitt’ cultivated in the semi-arid region. The experiment was performed from 2017 to 2018 simultaneously in two orchards with the same plants and management characteristics, located in Cabrobó, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments and five replications of four trees. The treatments were: T1: paclobutrazol + water (control); T2: paclobutrazol + fulvic acids; T3: paclobutrazol + amino acids; T4: paclobutrazol + fulvic acids + amino acids. Applying fulvic acids plus paclobutrazol increased gas exchange efficiency, favoring flowering and fruiting. In contrast, amino acids alone or with fulvic acids decreased the flowering efficiency.

Index terms
Mangifera indica L.; PBZ; floral induction; humic substances; agricultural amino acids; vegetable gas exchange

Authorship

Luan dos Santos Silva Luan dos Santos Silva E-mail:luan_agronomia@hotmail.com

Master in Phytotechnics, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus - PI, Brazil. E-mail: luan_agronomia@hotmail.com Federal University of PiauíBrasilBom Jesus, PI, Brasil Master in Phytotechnics, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus - PI, Brazil. E-mail: luan_agronomia@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4419-6669

Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante

PhD in Agronomy, Professor Researcher, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil.E-mail: italo.cavalcante@univasf.edu.br Federal University of Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil PhD in Agronomy, Professor Researcher, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil.E-mail: italo.cavalcante@univasf.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-1546

Jenilton Gomes da Cunha

Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: jeniltongomes@hotmail.com Federal University of Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: jeniltongomes@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-6605

Jackson Teixeira Lobo

Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: jackson_lob@hotmail.com Federal University of Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: jackson_lob@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6978-083X

Daniel Almeida Carreiro

Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: daniel.almeida.sb@gmail.com Federal University of Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil Master in Plant Production, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: daniel.almeida.sb@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-7038

Vespasiano Borges de Paiva Neto

PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Professor Researcher, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: vespasiano.paiva@univasf.edu.br Federal University of Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Professor Researcher, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina – PE, Brazil. E-mail: vespasiano.paiva@univasf.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-7043

Luan dos Santos Silva E-mail:luan_agronomia@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (8)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Rainfall, air temperature, and air relative humidity recorded during the experiment OC: orchard characterization; AT: Application of treatments; BM: Branches maturation; IRR: irrigation rate reduction; FI: floral induction; FF: full flowering; T.: Temperature; Sampling Date.

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Figure 2
Numbers of panicles per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Figure 3
Proline content [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)], catalase enzyme activity [orchard 1 (C); orchard 2 (D)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. T1: PBZ + water (control); T2: PBZ + FA; T3: PBZ + free amino acids; and T4: PBZ + FA + free amino acids. IRR: irrigation rate reduction; FI: flowering induction; FF: full flowering; T: treatments, EP: evaluation period; T x EP: interaction of factors; *: significant at 5%, **: significant at1%; ns: not significant; Similar capital letters ( evaluation period) and common lower case letters (treatments) do not differ at the 5% level by Tukey’s test.

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Figure 4
Numbers of panicles per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Figure 5
Efficiency of carboxylation [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Figure 6
Stomatal conductance [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] and transpiration [orchard 1 (C) e orchard 2 (D)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Figure 7
Intrinsic water use efficiency [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Figure 8
Mass and number of fruits per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Similar capital letters (number of fruits) and common lower case letters (Mass of fruits) do not differ at the 5% level by Tukey’s test. Experimental details are similar to those in Figure 2.

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Table 1
Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the mango cv. Keitt orchards studied.

Figure 1 Rainfall, air temperature, and air relative humidity recorded during the experiment OC: orchard characterization; AT: Application of treatments; BM: Branches maturation; IRR: irrigation rate reduction; FI: floral induction; FF: full flowering; T.: Temperature; Sampling Date.

Figure 2 Numbers of panicles per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Figure 3 Proline content [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)], catalase enzyme activity [orchard 1 (C); orchard 2 (D)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. T1: PBZ + water (control); T2: PBZ + FA; T3: PBZ + free amino acids; and T4: PBZ + FA + free amino acids. IRR: irrigation rate reduction; FI: flowering induction; FF: full flowering; T: treatments, EP: evaluation period; T x EP: interaction of factors; *: significant at 5%, **: significant at1%; ns: not significant; Similar capital letters ( evaluation period) and common lower case letters (treatments) do not differ at the 5% level by Tukey’s test.

Figure 4 Numbers of panicles per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Figure 5 Efficiency of carboxylation [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Figure 6 Stomatal conductance [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] and transpiration [orchard 1 (C) e orchard 2 (D)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Figure 7 Intrinsic water use efficiency [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Experimental and statistical details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Figure 8 Mass and number of fruits per plant [orchard 1 (A); orchard 2 (B)] of mango ‘Keitt’ as a function of FA and free amino acids. Similar capital letters (number of fruits) and common lower case letters (Mass of fruits) do not differ at the 5% level by Tukey’s test. Experimental details are similar to those in Figure 2.

Table 1 Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the mango cv. Keitt orchards studied.

Orchard	Soil layer	pH (in water)	P	K⁺		Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H + Al	SB	V
-	M	-	mg.dm^-³	^{___________________________}cmol_c.dm^-³ ^{___________________________}								%
-	M	-	mg.dm^-³									%
1	0.0 - 0.2	4.94	66.62	0.41		1.22	2.52	1.43	0.35	4.29	5.58	56.55
1	0.2 - 0.4	5.33	31.22	0.31		1.13	2.91	1.91	0.25	3.05	6.26	67.21
2	0.0 - 0.2	5.37	70.62	0.36		0.78	3.20	1.65	0.08	3.05	5.99	66.25
2	0.2 - 0.4	6.22	44.28	0.64		1.70	3.06	1.92	0.08	1.98	7.31	78.70
Orchard	Soil layer	CEC (pH7)	OM	FA	HA	HU	E.C.	Sand	Clay	Silt	Texture
-	m	cmol_c.dm^-³	^{_____________}g.kg^{-1 _____________}				dS.m^-1	^{_______________}dag.kg^{-1 _______________}
1	0.0 - 0.2	9.87	11.13	0.03	1.44	4.45	0.06	51.13	15.90	32.97	Loam
1	0.2 - 0.4	9.31	10.68	1.01	1.30	4.02	0.07	48.32	18.10	33.58	Loam
2	0.0 - 0.2	9.04	13.13	0.07	1.61	4.95	0.15	48.94	14.10	36.96	Loam
2	0.2 - 0.4	9.29	9.68	0.84	1.62	5.53	0.17	54.81	16.40	28.79	Sand Loam

^*
SB = sum of bases; OM = Organic matter; CEC = cationic exchangeable capacity [Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Na+ + K+ + (H+ + Al3+)]; EC = electrical conductivity; P, K: Melich-1; H + Al: calcium acetate (extractor) 0.5M, pH 7; Al, Ca, Mg: KCl 1 M extractor; CEC: cationic exchangeable capacity.

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Organic acids allied with paclobutrazol modify mango tree ‘Keitt’ flowering

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Mensagem

[1] Luan dos Santos Silva E-mail:luan_agronomia@hotmail.com