Starch balance in perennial organs of <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> Koch in a production cycle

Pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis Koch) is a native specie in Northern Mexico and the Southeastern United States, both countries dominate the production of walnuts to worldwide. The objective was to determine starch balance in root and trunk monthly in two varieties (Western and Wichita), during a production cycle. Sampling was systematic. Results in root and stem showed differences in starch concentrations between varieties, Wichita presented higher concentrations than Western. Wichita variety, in both organs, showed better accumulation conditions of starch. In response to higher starch accumulation in this variety its due to biotic and abiotic requirements to develop up are less demanding than other varieties.

Index terms
carbohydrates; walnut; reserves; Western; Wichita

Authorship

Edwin Amir Briceño Contreras

Doctorate Agricultural Production Sciences. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: edwinamir320@gmail.com Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción AgropecuariaMéxicoTorreón, Coahuila, México Doctorate Agricultural Production Sciences. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: edwinamir320@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-2164

Alejandro Moreno Reséndez

Doctorate Agricultural Sciences. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: alejamorsa@hotmail.com Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción AgropecuariaMéxicoTorreón, Coahuila, México Doctorate Agricultural Sciences. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: alejamorsa@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-0190

Luis Manuel Valenzuela Núñez

Ph.D. Forest Biology. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología y Ecología Forestal. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: luisvn70@hotmail.com Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología y Ecología ForestalMéxicoGómez Palacio, Durango, México Ph.D. Forest Biology. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología y Ecología Forestal. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: luisvn70@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-3005

Cristina García De la Peña

Ph.D. Biological Sciences. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: cristina.garcia@ujed.mx Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Medicina de la ConservaciónMéxicoGómez Palacio, Durango, México Ph.D. Biological Sciences. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: cristina.garcia@ujed.mx

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-4466

Rafael Rodríguez-Martínez

Doctorate Agricultural Biotechnology. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: rafael.rdz.mtz@gmail.com Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción AgropecuariaMéxicoTorreón, Coahuila, México Doctorate Agricultural Biotechnology. Professor. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Producción Agropecuaria. Torreón, Coahuila, México. E-mails: rafael.rdz.mtz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-0393

Juan Ramón Esparza Rivera

Ph.D. Food Science and Human Nutrition. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: jresparza02001@yahoo.com Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasMéxicoGómez Palacio, Durango, México Ph.D. Food Science and Human Nutrition. Professor. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. E-mail: jresparza02001@yahoo.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-8954

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (5)
Formulas (3)

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Figure 1
Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the root of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

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Figure 2
Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the stem of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

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Table 1
Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in root (mg g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

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Table 2
Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in root.

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Table 3
Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in stem (mg • g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

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Table 4
Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in stem.

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Table 5
Total biomass (dry matter) of four trees, calculated using the models of Drexhage et al. (1999) and Brucciamacchie (1982) at the experimental site.

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[1]

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[2]

Thumbnail

[3]

Figure 1 Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the root of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

Figure 2 Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the stem of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in root (mg g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

Variety	Month	Mean	Standar deviation	n
Western	July	30.19	0.84	16
	August	30.08	0.67	16
	September	39.47	0.51	16
	October	40.56	0.95	16
	November	39.57	0.36	16
	December	48.05	2.54	16
	January	52.27	1.79	16
	February	50.66	1.34	16
	March	41.88	1.05	16
	April	40.52	3.28	16
	May	31.34	0.92	16
	June	29.26	0.54	16
	Total	39.49	7.87	192

Wichita	July	32.86	0.81	16
	August	32.20	0.55	16
	September	42.57	1.71	16
	October	41.49	1.10	16
	November	43.44	1.78	16
	December	64.26	3.95	16
	January	65.50	5.27	16
	February	61.74	4.22	16
	March	42.11	0.92	16
	April	41.15	1.61	16
	May	34.20	1.11	16
	June	34.79	2.74	16
	Total	44.69	12.01	192

^{n =}
number of samples

Table 2 Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in root.

Origin	*** of tables type III	gl	Quadratic mean	F	P
Corrected model	40391.06^a	23	1756.13	387.07	0.000
Intersection	680414.31	1	680414.31	149973.23	0.000
Variety	2600.26	1	2600.26	573.13	0.000
Month	35296.63	11	3208.78	707.26	0.000
Variety*Month	2494.16	11	226.74	49.97	0.000
Error	1633.28	360	4.53
Total	722438.66	384
Total, corrected	42024.34	383

^*
squared R = 0.961 (squared-corrected R = 0.959)

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in stem (mg • g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

Variety	Month	Mean	Standar deviation	n
Western	July	37.75	0.91	16
	August	34.08	1.24	16
	September	48.27	1.59	16
	October	50.51	2.06	16
	November	51.21	3.06	16
	December	39.63	0.43	16
	January	39.88	3.19	16
	February	38.49	0.76	16
	March	36.91	0.49	16
	April	37.92	0.64	16
	May	35.49	0.69	16
	June	33.42	2.15	16
	Total	40.30	6.18	192

Wichita	July	44.13	1.91	16
	August	41.17	3.90	16
	September	56.49	1.80	16
	October	61.62	3.23	16
	November	56.93	4.11	16
	December	51.14	2.00	16
	January	52.32	3.24	16
	February	50.69	1.34	16
	March	51.33	1.94	16
	April	50.63	2.30	16
	May	44.77	1.89	16
	June	44.67	5.28	16
	Total	50.49	6.46	192

^{n =}
number of samples

Table 4 Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in stem.

Origin	Sum of tables type III	gl	Quadratic mean	F	P
Corrected model	23143.24^a	23	1006.22	170.16	0.000
Intersection	791411.89	1	791411.89	133834.70	0.000
Variety	9976.11	1	9976.11	1687.04	0.000
Month	12480.31	11	1134.57	191.86	0.000
Variety*Month	686.82	11	62.43	10.55	0.000
Error	2128.80	360	5.91
Total	816683.95	384
Total, corrected	25272.05	383

^*
Squared R = 0.916 (squared-corrected R = 0.910)

Table 5 Total biomass (dry matter) of four trees, calculated using the models of Drexhage et al. (1999) and Brucciamacchie (1982) at the experimental site.

	Total biomass in * **** (kg)
		**** 1	Tree 2	Tree 3	Tree 4
	Stem biomass (kg)	281.56	234.39	521.31	425.61
Western	Root biomass (kg)	107.14	85.99	224.73	176.03
	Total biomass of perennial ****** (kg)	388.70	320.38	746.04	601.64

		Tree 1	Tree 2	**** 3	Tree 4
	Stem biomass (kg)	216.22	309.29	309.29	270.07
Wichita	Root biomass (kg)	78.07	119.92	119.92	101.91
	Total biomass of perennial organs (kg)	294.29	429.21	429.21	371.98

[1]

log (root biomass (kg) = -1.56 + 2.44 * log (Diam)

[2]

total biomass of perenn ial organs (g) = -484.7 * {Diam}_{1.30} + 414.4 * {({Diam}_{1.30})}^{2}

[3]

[3] stem biomass (g) = -320.9 * {Diam}_{1.30} + 332.2 {({Diam}_{1.30})}^{2}

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Starch balance in perennial organs of <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> Koch in a production cycle

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[TFN0101] ^{n =}
number of samples