Initial production and fruit quality of scion-rootstock combinations in orange trees in Amazonas

The cultivation of orange trees in Amazonas, Brazil relies predominantly on grafted plants combining ‘Pera’ scion and ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstock. Alternative rootstocks better adapted to the conditions of the region have not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test seven rootstocks for the production of high-quality oranges under the typical conditions of the Amazon. Citrus production was evaluated from May to August between 2017 and 2019, based on the variables of cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and crop-yield index over the study period. The fruit physicochemical quality was evaluated by quantification of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, juice percentage, and technological index. ‘Indio,’ ‘BRS Bravo’, and ‘Riverside’ genotypes combined with ‘Pera’/CNPMF scion had the highest yield and good fruit quality. They are potentially the most suitable combinations to grow sweet oranges in the Amazon.

Index terms
orange trees; Amazon; rootstocks; initial production; quality

Authorship

Jefferson Costa Santos

PhD Student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. E-mail: jefferson.doutorando@gmail.com Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrasilManaus, AM, Brasil PhD Student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. E-mail: jefferson.doutorando@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-5034

Cláudio Luiz Leone Azevedo

PhD, Researcher Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Cruz das Almas. Bahia, Brazil. E-mail: claudio.leone@embrapa.br Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrasilCruz das Almas, BA, Brasil PhD, Researcher Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Cruz das Almas. Bahia, Brazil. E-mail: claudio.leone@embrapa.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-5051

José Eduardo Borges de Carvalho

PhD, Researcher Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Cruz das Almas. Bahia, Brazil. E-mail: jose-eduardo.carvalho@embrapa.br Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrasilCruz das Almas, BA, Brasil PhD, Researcher Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Cruz das Almas. Bahia, Brazil. E-mail: jose-eduardo.carvalho@embrapa.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-2924

Silvana Pimentel de Oliveira

PhD Student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas .Brazil. E-mail: silvanapimentel.oli@gmail.com Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrasilManaus, AM, Brasil PhD Student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas .Brazil. E-mail: silvanapimentel.oli@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-3134

Ajax de Souza Ferreira

Master student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. E-mail: ajaxsousa@yahoo.com.br Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrasilManaus, AM, Brasil Master student in Tropical Agronomy at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. E-mail: ajaxsousa@yahoo.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-0790

José Ferreira da Silva

PhD, Full Professor at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences. E-mail: jfsilva@ufam.edu.br Universidade Federal do AmazonasBrasilManaus, AM, Brasil PhD, Full Professor at Federal University of Amazonas. Manaus. Amazonas. Brazil. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences. E-mail: jfsilva@ufam.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6545-9216

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), with correlation circle (95% confidence ellipse), diagram of observations, and dendrogram of rootstock genotypes obtained by Ward's method, based on the Euclidean distance for orange varieties Rubi and Pera/CNPMF evaluated in 2017 to 2019.

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Table 1
Contribution of the variables evaluated for each component (factor loadings) in the Pera / CNPMF and ‘Rubi’ orange experiments in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

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Table 2
Cumulative yield (CY), scion volume (CV), and tree height (PH) of the combinations of seven rootstocks with four scions tested in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

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Table 3
Total soluble solid (TSS) content, total titratable acidity (TTA), technological index (TI), juice content (JC), and ratio scion/rootstock combinations tested in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

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Table 4
Contribution of the variables evaluated for each component (factor loadings) in the Pera / CNPMF and ‘Rubi’ orange experiments in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

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Table 5
Eigenvalues of principal component analysis for orange varieties evaluated without experience of seven rootstocks in combination with four copies in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Figure 1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA), with correlation circle (95% confidence ellipse), diagram of observations, and dendrogram of rootstock genotypes obtained by Ward's method, based on the Euclidean distance for orange varieties Rubi and Pera/CNPMF evaluated in 2017 to 2019.

Table 1 Contribution of the variables evaluated for each component (factor loadings) in the Pera / CNPMF and ‘Rubi’ orange experiments in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Combinations	CY (t.ha^-1)	CYI (kg.cm^-2)	YE (kg.m^-3)
'Rubi' x 'Santa **** Rangpur' lime	0,195 j	0,80e	0,93e
'Rubi' x '***** Tropical'	0,160 l	0,77e	0,83e
'Rubi' x 'Indio'	1,212 f	1,28c	1,33c
'Rubi' x 'Riverside'	0,970 g	1,29c	1,36c
'Rubi' x BRS Pompeu	0,109 l	1,15d	1,12d
'Rubi' x (LVK x LCR - 038)	0,001 l	0,09f	0,11f
'Rubi' x '*** Bravo'	1,185 f	1,33c	1,35c
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	0,859 h	1,01d	1,09d
'Pera'/***** x 'Sunki Tropical'	1,345 e	1,35c	1,41c
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Indio'	3,470 a	1,83 a	1,98 a
'Pera'/***** x 'Riverside'	3,145 b	1,92 a	1,85 a
'Pera'/CNPMF x BRS Pompeu	1,125 f	1,37c	1,40c
'Pera'/CNPMF x (LVK x *** - 038)	0,795 h	1,22c	1,39c
'Pera'/CNPMF x '*** Bravo'	3,430 a	1,69b	1,77b
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	0,785 h	1,11d	1,23d
'Valência Tuxpan' x '***** Tropical'	1,516 e	1,45c	1,57c
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Indio'	1,886 d	1,35c	1,47c
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Riverside'	1,446 e	1,26c	1,36c
'Valência Tuxpan' x BRS Pompeu	0,549 i	1,10d	1,20d
'Valência Tuxpan' x (LVK x LCR - 038)	0,271 j	0,79e	0,88e
'Valência Tuxpan' x'*** Bravo'	1,386 e	1,31c	1,38c
'Pineapple' x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	0,582 i	1,05d	1,10d
'Pineapple' x 'Sunki Tropical'	1,070 g	1,31c	1,35c
'Pineapple' x 'Indio'	2,482 c	1,57b	1,61b
'Pineapple' x 'Riverside'	1,986 d	1,51c	1,55c
'Pineapple' x BRS Pompeu	0,338 j	1,06d	1,11d
'Pineapple' x (*** x LCR - 038)	0,568 i	1,08d	1,15d
'Pineapple' x'BRS Bravo' ]	1,984 d	1,58b	1,64b
F Test	210.4070 **	12.0596 **	14.2532 **
Coefficient of variation (%)	14,23	22.20	19.43

¹
TSKC: ‘Sunk Comum’ Tangerine [ C. sunk (Hayata) hort. Ex Tanaka]; CTSW: ‘Citrumelo Swingle’ (C. Paradise Macfad. x Poncirus Trifoliata); LVK: ‘Volkameriano’ Lemon Tree (C. volkameriana V. Ten. &Pasq.); LCR: ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. Limonia Osbeck); TR: P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.
²
Averages followed by the same letter in the column do not differ according to the Scott Knott test (p <0.05).

Table 2 Cumulative yield (CY), scion volume (CV), and tree height (PH) of the combinations of seven rootstocks with four scions tested in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Combinations	CY (kg.plant^-1)	** (m³)	PH (m)
'Rubi' x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	0,29 j	1,90 a	3,07 a
'Rubi' x 'Sunki Tropical'	0,24 l	2,01 a	3,23 a
'Rubi' x 'Indio'	1,82 f	2,10 a	3,42 a
'Rubi' x 'Riverside'	1,45 g	1,91 a	3,07 a
'Rubi' x (BRS Pompeu)	0,16 l	1,47 b	2,37 b
'Rubi' x (LVK x *** - 038)	0,00 l	1,29 b	1,99 b
'Rubi' x'BRS Bravo'	1,78 f	2,06 a	3,37 a
'Pera'/***** x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	1,29 h	1,77 a	2,78 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Sunki Tropical'	2,02 e	2,01 a	2,78 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Indio'	5,21 a	1,92 a	3,09 a
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Riverside'	4,72 b	1,89 a	3,09 a
'Pera'/CNPMF x (BRS Pompeu)	1,69 f	1,94 a	3,10 a
'Pera'/CNPMF x (LVK x LCR - 038)	1,19 h	1,39 b	2,06 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x'BRS Bravo'	5,14 a	2,03 a	3,30 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	1,18 h	2,02 a	3,24 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Sunki Tropical'	2,27 e	1,86 a	2,92 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Indio'	2,83 d	2,12 a	3,50 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Riverside'	2,17 e	2,15 a	3,52 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x (BRS Pompeu)	0,82 i	1,90 a	3,06 a
'Valência Tuxpan' x (*** x LCR - 038)	0,41 j	1,65 b	2,61 b
'Valência Tuxpan' x'BRS Bravo'	2,08 e	2,07 a	3,46 a
'Pineapple' x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	0,87 i	2,13 a	3,51 a
'Pineapple' x 'Sunki Tropical'	1,61 g	2,01 a	3,28 a
'Pineapple' x 'Indio'	3,72 c	2,05 a	3,33 a
'Pineapple' x 'Riverside'	2,98 d	2,03 a	3,39 a
'Pineapple' x BRS Pompeu	0,51 j	1,84 a	3,00 a
'Pineapple' x (LVK x LCR - 038)	0,85 i	1,98 a	3,26 a
'Pineapple' x'BRS Bravo'	2,98 d	1,97 a	3,21 a
F Test	210.4070 **	2.9208 **	2,5525 **
Coefficient of variation (%)	14,23	17,64	21,83

¹
TSKC: ‘Sunk Comum’ Tangerine [ C. sunk (Hayata) hort. Ex Tanaka]; CTSW: ‘Citrumelo Swingle’ (C. Paradise Macfad. x Poncirus Trifoliata); LVK:‘Volkameriano’ Lemon Tree ( V. Ten. &Pasq.); LCR: ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. Limonia Osbeck); TC. volkamerianaR: P.trifoliata (L.) Raf.

Table 3 Total soluble solid (TSS) content, total titratable acidity (TTA), technological index (TI), juice content (JC), and ratio scion/rootstock combinations tested in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Combinations	TSS (%)	*** (%)	ratio	JC(%)	TI
'Rubi' x '***** Cruz Rangpur' lime	9,16 a	1,05 c	9,81 e	25,54 d	2,46 d
'Rubi' x 'Sunki Tropical'	5,95 c	0,30 f	13,16 c	25,54 d	2,37 d
'Rubi' x 'Indio'	9,00 a	1,02 c	12,27 d	36,17 c	3,22 c
'Rubi' x 'Riverside'	8,60 a	0,65 d	14,50 c	47,43 b	4,15 b
'Rubi' x (BRS Pompeu)	2,96 e	0,16 f	6,02 f	16,48 e	1,46 e
'Rubi' x (LVK x *** - 038)	2,77 e	0,12 f	6,45 f	15,38 e	1,49 e
'Rubi' x'*** Bravo'	9,18 a	0,46 e	20,84a	45,22 b	4,15 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime	7,45 b	0,73 d	9,39 e	40,49 b	3,57 c
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Sunki Tropical'	9,22 a	1,06 c	9,21 e	44,53 b	4,10 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Indio'	5,69 c	0,56 e	6,76 f	47,79 b	4,03 b
'Pera'/CNPMF x 'Riverside'	8,17 b	0,76 d	10,90d	44,40 b	3,65 c
'Pera'/CNPMF x (BRS Pompeu)	5,64 c	0,58 e	6,55 f	33,39 c	2,80 d
'Pera'/CNPMF x (LVK x LCR - 038)	5,94 c	0,67 d	5,91 f	33,23 c	2,95 d
'Pera'/CNPMF x'*** Bravo'	8,54 a	0,79 d	11,31d	40,90 b	3,49 c
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Santa **** Rangpur' lime	7,70 b	1,04 c	8,71 e	36,14 c	2,79 d
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Sunki Tropical'	6,91 b	1,12 c	7,50 f	63,59 a	4,34 b
'Valência Tuxpan' x 'Indio'	7,99 b	2,06 a	5,31 g	46,15 b	3,67 c
'Valê**** Tuxpan' x 'Riverside'	5,77 c	0,56 e	9,33 e	23,95 d	2,06 e
'Valência Tuxpan' x (BRS Pompeu)	4,80 d	0,56 e	5,85 f	31,58 c	2,28 d
'Valência Tuxpan' x (*** x LCR - 038)	4,65 d	0,75 d	3,98 g	20,35 e	1,66 e
'Valência Tuxpan' x'BRS Bravo'	8,35 a	1,32 b	7,97 e	44,50 b	3,71 c
'Pineapple' x '***** Cruz Rangpur' lime	8,03 b	0,82 d	10,30 e	31,55 c	2,54 d
'Pineapple' x 'Sunki Tropical'	8,06 b	0,98 c	10,96 d	36,78 c	2,94 d
'Pineapple' x 'Indio'	7,73 b	0,58 e	15,45 b	34,70 c	2,71 d
'Pineapple' x 'Riverside'	8,55 a	0,70 d	13,47 c	29,80 c	2,54 d
'Pineapple' x BRS Pompeu	8,76 a	0,68 d	15,63 b	59,19 a	5,24 a
'Pineapple' x (LVK x LCR - 038)	8,57 a	0,63 e	13,96 c	28,69 c	2,47 d
'Pineapple' x'BRS Bravo'	9,14 a	0,95 c	11,69 d	35,24 c	3,18 c
F Test	36,90**	25,49**	44,27**	17,14**	15,37**
Coefficient of variation (%)	11,16	25,42	15,22	20,21	20,27

¹
TSKC: ‘Sunk Comum’ Tangerine [ C. sunk (Hayata) hort. Ex Tanaka]; CTSW: ‘Citrumelo Swingle’ (C. Paradise Macfad. x Poncirus Trifoliata); LVK: ‘Volkameriano’ Lemon Tree (C. volkameriana V. Ten. &Pasq.); LCR: Rangpur’ Lime (C. Limonia Osbeck); TR: P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.
²
Averages followed by the same letter in the column do not differ according to the Scott Knott test (p =0.05).

Table 4 Contribution of the variables evaluated for each component (factor loadings) in the Pera / CNPMF and ‘Rubi’ orange experiments in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Variables	'Pera'/CNPMF			'Rubi'
Variables	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC1	PC2	PC3
Yield Efficiency	-0,3278	0,34982	-0,0294	-0,27907	0,48433	0,25395
Crop-Yield Index	-0,30325	0,3597	-0,23603	-0,14704	0,64989	0,2749
Cumulative yield	-0,33947	0,31964	0,20378	-0,35508	0,16238	0,0287
Canopy volume	-0,03398	-0,33501	0,75683	-0,33508	-0,23866	-0,03103
Tree height	-0,08479	0,44537	0,44894	-0,34104	-0,22214	0,00116
Total soluble solids	-0,39855	-0,22655	0,09881	-0,3467	-0,26129	0,15882
Total titratable acidity	-0,28418	-0,36378	0,01214	-0,23749	-0,36572	0,67491
Ratio	-0,41091	0,05311	0,15224	-0,32911	-1,10E-06	-0,54045
************* index	-0,33219	-0,33706	-0,15585	-0,36209	0,04378	-0,21875
Juice Content	-0,39775	-0,18813	-0,2649	-0,36028	0,08034	-0,19362

Table 5 Eigenvalues of principal component analysis for orange varieties evaluated without experience of seven rootstocks in combination with four copies in the Manaus metropolitan region, AM, from 2017 to 2019.

Canopy	nºPrincipal Component	Eigenvalue	********** of Variability (%)	Cumulative (%)
'Rubi'	1	6,85488	68,54878	68,54878
	2	1,75605	17,56053	86,10931
	3	0,79084	7,90845	94,01775
	4	0,38808	3,8808	97,89856
	5	0,16166	1,61659	99,51515
	6	0,04849	0,48485	100
'Pera/CNPMF'	1	5,00344	50,03442	50,03442
	2	3,72842	37,28421	87,31863
	3	1,00034	10,0034	97,32203
	4	0,2678	2,67797	100

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Initial production and fruit quality of scion-rootstock combinations in orange trees in Amazonas

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[TFN0101] ¹
TSKC: ‘Sunk Comum’ Tangerine [ C. sunk (Hayata) hort. Ex Tanaka]; CTSW: ‘Citrumelo Swingle’ (C. Paradise Macfad. x Poncirus Trifoliata); LVK: ‘Volkameriano’ Lemon Tree (C. volkameriana V. Ten. &Pasq.); LCR: ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. Limonia Osbeck); TR: P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.

[TFN0102] ²
Averages followed by the same letter in the column do not differ according to the Scott Knott test (p <0.05).