Determination of the standard leaf for nutritional diagnosis of assai palm plants

Viégas, Ismael de Jesus Matos; Muller, Antônio Agostinho; Costa, Milton Garcia; Ferreira, Eric Victor de Oliveira; Pinheiro, Daniel Pereira; Campos, Pedro Silvestre da Silva

doi:10.1590/0100-29452022078

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Soils and Plant Nutrition • Rev. Bras. Frutic. 44 (3) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452022078 copy

Determination of the standard leaf for nutritional diagnosis of assai palm plants

Determinação da folha padrão para diagnóstico nutricional do Açaizeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Assai palm is the main palm tree grown in the Brazilian Amazon. Nutritional diagnosis has become an essential tool in management of the crop. The aim of this study was to determine the standard leaf for nutritional diagnosis of the assai palm tree through evaluation of leaf nutrient content and use of two methods of statistical analyses: traditional (univariate) and multivariate. The study was conducted in the municipality of Belém, with eight treatments: the phyllotaxic positions of the leaves (number 2 to 9), in a completely randomized design. The leaf concentration of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) was determined for performing descriptive analyses, analyses of variance, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). Young leaves had greater concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, and Zn, whereas in the older leaves, there were greater concentrations of Ca, B, Fe, and Mn. The leaves that exhibited less variation in nutrient concentrations were from 2 to 5. PCA analysis indicated interaction of positive loads of N-P and Cu-Mg and interaction of negative loads of Ca-Mn. The index of nutrient distribution indicated leaf number 5 as having the lowest factor loading value. Thus, leaf number 5 is most recommended for nutritional diagnosis of assai palm plants through sampling of 25 plants.

Index terms
diagnostic leaf; Euterpe oleracea Mart.; leaf sampling; nutritional state; plant nutrition

Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n , 14884-900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3209-7188/3209-7609 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

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[1] Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas E-mail:ismael.viegas@ufra.edu.br

Depth (m)	pH (H₂O)	SOM	P	K	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	Cu²⁺	Fe²⁺	Mn²⁺	Zn²⁺
Depth (m)	pH (H₂O)	g kg^-1	mg dm^-3		------cmol_c dm^-3------			---------mg dm^-3--------------
0 - 0.2	4.3	20.2	26	30	0.4	0.4	1.0	1.2	377	3.4	1.9
0.2 - 0.4	4.5	16.9	42	23	0.5	0.6	1.0	1.4	353	2.8	1.6

Phyllotaxic position	------------N-----------			------------P------------			------------K------------
Phyllotaxic position	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)
2	26.78 a	1.76	6.57	1.77 a	0.12	6.78	7.86 a	0.42	5.34
3	26.44 a	1.72	6.51	1.74 a	0.10	5.75	6.55 c	0.56	8.55
4	26.21 a	1.91	7.28	1.69 b	0.13	7.69	6.88 b	0.49	7.12
5	25.63 b	1.48	5.77	1.62 c	0.10	6.17	6.76 b	0.48	7.1
6	24.44 c	1.52	6.21	1.55 d	0.12	7.74	6.73 b	0.48	7.13
7	23.41 d	1.56	6.66	1.51 d	0.09	5.96	6.69 b	0.42	6.28
8	21.79 e	1.47	6.74	1.48 e	0.11	7.43	6.50 c	0.63	9.69
9	20.47 f	1.70	8.30	1.43 e	0.13	9.09	5.90 d	0.65	11.02
Phyllotaxic position	-----------Ca------------			----------Mg-----------			----------S-------------
Phyllotaxic position	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)
2	3.75 f	0.53	14.13	0.81 a	0.11	13.58	2.87 a	0.46	16.1
3	4.23 e	0.45	10.64	0.68 b	0.11	16.18	2.88 a	0.48	17.07
4	4.55 d	0.62	13.63	0.58 c	0.12	20.69	2.65 b	0.45	16.47
5	4.79 d	0.93	19.42	0.46 d	0.09	19.57	2.72 a	0.44	16.39
6	5.22 c	1.17	22.41	0.38 e	0.10	26.32	2.47 b	0.44	17.3
7	5.59 b	0.75	13.42	0.33 f	0.10	30.3	2.54 b	0.47	18.32
8	5.97 b	0.86	14.41	0.32 f	0.12	37.5	2.60 b	0.48	19.37
9	7.54 a	1.67	22.15	0.23 g	0.12	52.17	2.53 b	0.49	21.04

Phyllotaxic position	-----------B------------			----------Cu------------				------------Fe-----------
Phyllotaxic position	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)		SD	CV (%)
2	22.20 b	1.61	7.25	11.37 a	1.91	16.8	81.05 e		7.710	9.51
3	21.53 b	4.54	21.09	9.74 b	1.46	14.99	90.80 d		16.70	18.39
4	22.07 b	3.50	15.86	7.98 c	0.99	12.41	109.39 c		24.08	22.01
5	22.17 b	3.42	15.43	7.95 c	2.69	33.84	118.01 b		14.72	12.47
6	22.02 b	3.11	14.12	6.50 d	1.2	18.46	122.26 b		17.66	14.44
7	25.34 a	5.91	23.32	6.31 d	0.91	14.42	121.96 b		16.22	13.3
8	26.28 a	4.95	18.84	6.15 d	0.95	15.45	130.49 a		17.16	13.15
9	23.63 b	2.47	10.45	5.64 d	1.16	20.57	122.46 b		20.51	16.75
Phyllotaxic position	--------------Mn-------------			-----------Zn------------
Phyllotaxic position	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)	Mean (g kg^-1)	SD	CV (%)
2	201.51 d	49.63	24.63	25.52 a	2.55	9.99
3	233.94 d	43.02	18.39	25.96 a	3.05	11.75
4	277.61 c	50.49	18.19	25.29 a	2.59	10.24
5	280.89 c	60.92	21.69	24.87 a	2.88	11.58
6	284.08 c	73.86	26.00	23.97 b	2.06	8.59
7	379.13 b	59.86	15.79	23.94 b	1.76	7.35
8	411.53 b	82.86	20.13	24.07 b	2.09	8.68
9	453.59 a	172.11	37.94	24.15 b	2.22	9.19

Phyllotaxic position	Nutrient						Mean
Phyllotaxic position	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Mean
2	2	3	9	49	36	11	18
3	3	3	10	44	42	12	19
4	4	3	6	37	58	11	20
5	2	3	6	37	90	11	25
6	8	4	6	29	127	12	31
7	4	2	5	29	138	14	32
8	7	3	7	28	217	15	46
9	6	3	9	23	204	18	44

Nutrient	Leaves	Linear equations	CV	Nutrient	Leaves	Linear equations	CV
N	2 - 9	y = 30.326 - 1.100x	10.45	Ca	2 - 9	y = 2.260 + 0.542x	28.31
	2 - 5	y = 28.572 - 0.554x	8.56		2 - 5	y = 2.731 + 0.412x	31.49
	5 - 7	y = 32.828 - 1.469x	10.72		5 - 7	y = 2.095 + 0.536x	27.57
	7 - 9	y = 30.634 - 1.160x	11.70		7 - 9	y =-0.079 + 0.838x	25.45
P	2 - 9	y = 1.908 - 0.054x	8.59	Mg	2 - 9	y = 0.935 - 0.072x	45.79
	2 - 5	y = 1.900 - 0.051x	8.42		2 - 5	y = 1.030 - 0.099x	35.42
	5 - 7	y = 1.930 - 0.057x	8.90		5 - 7	y = 0.863 - 0.065x	52.97
	7 - 9	y = 1.896 - 0.053x	8.35		7 - 9	y = 0.694 - 0.041x	66.73
K	2 - 9	y = 7.976 - 0.022x	13.39	S	2 - 9	y = 3.021 - 0.071x	17.55
	2 - 5	y = 8.422 - 0.360x	13.70		2 - 5	y = 3.042 - 0.078x	16.43
	5 - 7	y = 7.197 - 0.096x	11.71		5 - 7	y = 2.852 - 0.043x	17.30
	7 - 9	y = 8.547 - 0.284x	13.12		7 - 9	y = 3.383 - 0.115x	19.44

Pairs	Phyllotaxic position of the leaves
Pairs	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
N-P	0.64^**	0.71^**	0.44^**	0.60^**	0.31^NS	0.71^**	0.40^*	0.51^**
N-K	-0.05^NS	0.12^NS	-0.15^NS	-0.20^NS	0.20^NS	-0.09^NS	-0.07^NS	-0.04^NS
N-Ca	0.08^NS	0.18^NS	0.05^NS	0.10^NS	-0.23^NS	-0.12^NS	-0.23^NS	-0.10^NS
N-Mg	-0.31^NS	-0.13^NS	0.27^NS	0.25^NS	0.06^NS	0.14^NS	0.37^*	0.31^NS
N-S	0.15^NS	0.33^*	0.24^NS	0.31^NS	0.14^NS	0.51^**	0.55^**	0.50^**
P-K	0.30^NS	0.22^NS	0.11^NS	0.08^NS	0.02^NS	-0.06^NS	0.07^NS	-0.06^NS
P-Ca	0.10^NS	0.16^NS	0.27^NS	0.20^NS	0.24^NS	0.04^NS	0.02^NS	0.24^NS
P-Mg	-0.08^NS	-0.15^NS	-0.09^NS	-0.06^NS	0.08^NS	-0.11^NS	0.04^NS	0.03^NS
P-S	0.11^NS	0.09^NS	0.24^NS	0.37^*	0.34^*	0.33^NS	0.27^NS	0.39^*
K-Ca	-0.38^*	-0.49^**	-0.54^**	-0.57^**	-0.58^**	-0.60^**	-0.57^**	-0.57^**
K-Mg	-0.08^NS	-0.25^NS	-0.43^**	-0.30^NS	-0.32^*	-0.30^NS	-0.30^NS	-0.12^NS
K-S	0.002^NS	0.01^NS	0.08^NS	-0.07^NS	-0.05^NS	-0.06^NS	-0.004^NS	0.04^NS
Ca-Mg	0.19^NS	0.18^NS	0.23^NS	0.03^NS	0.14^NS	-0.01^NS	-0.13^NS	-0.29^NS
Ca-S	0.38^*	0.26^NS	0.22^NS	0.19^NS	0.13^NS	0.04^NS	-0.17^NS	-0.21^NS
Mg-S	0.04^NS	0.10^NS	0.10^NS	0.12^NS	0.19^NS	0.18^NS	0.33^*	0.28^NS