Challenges for sustainable urban transformation in São Paulo: visions, interests and demands under debate

Adalberto Gregório Back

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Gabriela Marques Di Giulio

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Authorship contribution

Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros: writing - review and editing. Gabriela Marques Di Giulio: supervision; writing - review and editing. Adalberto Gregório Back: conception; formal analysis; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; project administration; visualization; writing - first draft.

Adalberto Gregório Back

Postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). He holds a PhD (2016) and a master’s degree (2012) in Political Science from the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), and a degree in Social Sciences from the Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp-2009). Email: backgregor@gmail.com

Gabriela Marques Di Giulio

Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). PhD in Environment and Society from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp-2010), Master’s degree in Scientific and Technological Policy from the Instituto de Geociências da Unicamp (2006), specialization in Scientific Journalism from Unicamp (2004) and a degree in Social Communication - Journalism from the Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp-2001). Email: ggiulio@usp.br

Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros

Associate Professor at the São Carlos School of Engineering at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). PhD in Public Health from the Universidade de São Paulo (2002), Master’s degree (1996) in Resource Engineering from the Universitat Karlsruhe (Germany), degree in Civil Engineering from the Escola Politécnica (1991) and Environmental Engineering from the Faculty of Health at USP (1993). Email: tmalheiros@usp.br

Central objective	Visions	Derived interests	Demands/pressures
To increase the profit margin	Production of built space	To reduce production costs	Discounts on the Onerous Grant of the Right to Build
			Expansion of areas available for densification in city zoning (dispersed densification)
			Extinction of height limits for new buildings
	Valorization of capital through transformation of land use and occupation	To increase construction capacity	An increase in the Constructive Utilization Coefficient in urbanized areas with infrastructure and attractiveness
		To speed up the approval system for new licenses	Simplification of urban and building legislation
		To indicate the areas for public investment	Urban operational consortiums
			Urban intervention projects
			Transport axes

Central objective	Visions	Derived interests	Demands/pressures
To protect the local characteristics	To avoid mischaracterization of residential neighborhoods and ‘vilas’	To limit construction and population densification	Exclusively residential areas
	To limit the flow of cars and people	To limit construction and population densification	CAbase1 for the entire city
	To avoid noise pollution	To limit verticalization in the core of the neighborhoods	Maximum CA limit 2
	To avoid the devalorization of real estate in middle and upper-class neighborhoods		To limit the height of buildings in the core of the neighborhoods
	To avoid shading by new buildings on pre-existing residences		Onerous grant of the right to build above the base CA
	To ensure that the peace, safety and quality of life are maintained	To defend historical and cultural heritage	Protection order on buildings, squares, parks or the entire neighborhood
	To defend neighborhood rights	To increase public investments in environmental and urban qualification	Demand for public parks, sidewalks, bike lanes

Central objective	Visions	Derived interests	Demands/pressures
To ensure decent, affordable housing for the low-income population	To promote the social function of property	To provide access to housing in areas with urban infrastructure	Special areas of social interest
		To urbanize favelas
		To enable land regularization
	To foster the social function of the city	To resettle populations in risk areas
		To ensure regular sources of funding for social housing (HIS)	Onerous Granting of the Right to Build
			Solidarity quota
		To address the housing deficit of low-income groups	Expansion of the public and private offering of HIS1
		To contain real estate speculation	Progressive PEUC and IPTU
		To provide urban infrastructure and essential services	Allocation of resources in urban equipment in suburban neighborhoods

First Draft with the Proposed Changes to the 2018 zoning law
Second Draft with the Proposed Changes to the 2019 zoning law
	Developers	Neighborhood Associations	Housing movements	2014 SMP Guidelines
Extinction of height limits for new buildings	+	x	-	x
Increase in height limits, with criteria	+	x	+	+
Parking spaces on mass transport axes - new criteria	+	-	-	x
Parking spaces on the axles: greater flexibility	+	-	-	-
OODC payment discounts	+	x	x	x
Withdrawal from granting a discount at the OODC	x	+	+	+
Evenly splitting (50% and 50%) of the supply proportion of HIS1 and HIS2	+	-	x	x
HIS1 at 60% and HIS2 at 40% + Additional 20% incentive for HIS1, without payment of financial compensation	+	-	+	+
Voluntary quota = or < 20,000 m² with a counterpart of increased construction potential	+	-	+	+
Maintaining the Voluntary Quota, and maintaining the mandatory Solidarity Quota for projects > 20,000 m²	+	-	+	+
Extinction of social and environmental qualifications in existing Urban Operations	+	x	x	x
Decisions on urban operations must be subject to a specific law	+	-	-	-
Doubling of the limit allowed for large projects of 20,000 to 40,000 m²	+		-	x
Maintaing the limits for large enterprises of 20.000 m²	x	-	-	+
Environmental Quota > 1.000 m²	+	-	-	x
Environmental Quota > 500 m² with greater flexibility	+	-	-	+

Brasil