Brazilian Health Survey (2013): relation between alcohol use and sociodemographic characteristics by sex in Brazil

Machado, Ísis Eloah; Monteiro, Maristela Goldnadel; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Lana, Francisco Carlos Félix

doi:10.1590/1980-5497201700030005

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 20 (03) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700030005 copy

Brazilian Health Survey (2013): relation between alcohol use and sociodemographic characteristics by sex in Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Objective:

To analyze sociodemographic factors associated with alcohol use according to gender in Brazil.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study using data from 2013 Brazilian Health Survey about 60,202 adults. We analyzed recent alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking in the 30 days prior to the research stratified by gender. The covariates were: age, educational level, skin color, marital status, and place of residence.

Results:

The prevalence of recent alcohol use was 26.5%. In women, the prevalence was 14.4%; in men, 38.1%. In women, recent alcohol use was associated with younger age, higher educational level, being single or separated/divorced, and living in urban areas. In men, there was association with white skin color in addition to these factors. Among adults who used alcohol, 51.5% reported heavy episodic drinking - in women, this proportion was 43.4%; in men, 55.0%. In women, heavy episodic drinking was associated with younger age, being single or separated/divorced and living in urban areas; white skin color and higher educational level had negative association with this pattern. In men, heavy episodic drinking was directly associated with younger age and being single or divorced and inversely to white skin color; there was no significant relation with education and place of residence.

Conclusion:

We observed that men consume more alcohol than women. There is a convergence of alcohol consumption, including heavy episodic drinking, between men and women who are younger, single and divorced, and residents of urban areas. Skin color, educational level, and place of residence showed variations in the models by sex.

Keywords:
Epidemiology; Alcohol drinking; Binge drinking; Socioeconomic factors

Variables (n)	Total population		Non-use		Recent use^a		Heavy episodic drinking^b
Variables (n)	%	95%CI	%	95%CI	%	95%CI	%	95%CI
Sex
Male (25,920)	47.1	46.4 - 47.9	60.8	59.6 - 61.9	39.2	38.1 - 40.4	21.6	20.7 - 22.5
Female (34,282)	52.9	52.2 - 53.6	84.8	84.0 - 85.6	15.2	14.4 - 16.0	6.6	6.1 - 7.1
Skin color
Non-white (35,563)	51.6	50.8 - 52.4	74.7	73.7 - 75.6	25.3	24.4 - 26.3	14.8	14.2 - 15.5
White (24,639)	48.4	47.6 - 49.2	72.2	71.1 - 73.2	27.8	26.8 - 28.9	12.4	11.7 - 13.2
Age (years)
65 or older (7,712)	12.3	11.8 - 12.8	87.6	86.2 - 88.8	12.4	11.2 - 13.8	2.9	2.3 - 3.5
55 to 64 (7,681)	13.5	13.0 - 14.0	77.7	76.0 - 79.3	22.3	20.7 - 24.0	7.7	6.8 - 8.8
45 to 54 (10,246)	17.5	17.0 - 18.1	73.2	71.5 - 74.7	26.9	25.3 - 28.5	13.1	12.0 - 14.2
35 to 44 (12,817)	19.2	18.6 - 19.8	71.5	70.1 - 72.9	28.5	27.1 - 29.9	15.7	14.6 - 16.7
25 to 34 (13,923)	21.6	21.0 - 22.2	67.5	66.0 - 69.0	32.5	31.0 - 34.0	19.6	18.3 - 20.9
18 to 24 (7,823)	15.9	15.4 - 16.5	69.9	67.9 - 71.8	30.1	28.2 - 32.2	17.3	15.7 - 18.9
Educational level
Until incomplete elementary school (24,083)	38.9	38.1 - 39.8	78.8	77.8 - 79.8	21.2	20.2 - 22.2	11.1	10.5 - 11.8
Complete elementary and incomplete high schools (9,215)	15.5	15.0 - 16.1	70.9	69.2 - 72.6	29.1	27.4 - 30.8	15.8	14.5 - 17.2
Complete high school and incomplete upper school (19,149)	32.8	32.1 - 33.5	71.4	70.1 - 72.6	28.6	27.4 - 29.9	15.4	14.4 - 16.3
Complete upper school (7,755)	12.7	12.0 - 13.5	65.7	63.8 - 67.6	34.3	32.4 - 36.3	14.3	12.9 - 15.9
Marital status
Married (23,741)	44.3	43.5 - 45.1	76.6	75.6 - 77.6	23.4	22.5 - 24.4	9.9	9.3 - 10.6
Single (27,026)	42.5	41.8 - 43.3	68.2	67.1 - 69.3	31.8	30.7 - 32.9	18.9	18.0 - 19.8
Separated/ Divorced (4,727)	6.5	6.2 - 6.9	70.3	67.6 - 72.8	29.7	27.2 - 32.4	15.3	13.4 - 17.4
Widowed (4,708)	6.7	6.4 - 7.0	89.2	87.5 - 90.7	10.8	9.3 - 12.5	3.6	2.9 - 4.5
Area of residence
Rural (49,245)	86.2	85.8 - 86.7	72.5	71.7 - 73.3	20.3	18.8 - 21.9	10.3	9.2 - 11.4
Urban (10,957)	13.8	13.3 - 14.3	79.7	78.1 - 81.2	27.5	26.7 - 28.4	14.2	13.6 - 14.8
Total (60,202)	100	-	73.5	72.7 - 74.2	26.5	25.8 - 27.3	13.7	13.1 - 14.2

Variables	Men					Women
	Non-use		Recent alcohol use a^a		p- value^b	Non-use		Recent alcohol use a^a		p- value^b
	%	95%CI	%	95%CI	p- value^b	%	95%CI	%	95%CI	p- value^b
Skin color
Non-white	63.0	61.5 - 64.4	37.0	35.6 - 38.5	^{< 0,001}	85.4	84.3 - 86.4	14.6	13.6 - 15.8	^{< 0,001}
White	58.3	56.6 - 60.0	41.7	40.0 - 43.4	^{< 0,001}	84.2	83.1 - 85.3	15.8	14.7 - 16.9	^{< 0,001}
Age (years)
65 or older	78.0	75.3 - 80.6	22.0	19.4 - 24.7	^{< 0,001}	95.0	93.8 - 96.0	5.0	4.0 - 6.2	^{< 0,001}
55 to 64	64.1	61.2 - 66.9	35.9	33.1 - 38.9		89.2	87.4 - 90.9	10.8	9.1 - 12.6
45 to 54	59.3	56.7 - 61.9	40.7	38.1 - 43.3		85.5	83.9 - 87.0	14.5	13.0 - 16.1
35 to 44	57.3	55.0 - 59.6	42.7	40.4 - 45.0		83.8	82.3 - 85.1	16.2	14.9 - 17.7
25 to 34	54.2	51.9 - 56.4	45.8	43.6 - 48.1		80.1	78.3 - 81.8	19.9	18.2 - 21.7
18 to 24	60.5	57.7 - 63.3	39.5	36.7 - 42.3		79.0	76.3 - 81.4	21.0	18.6 - 23.7
Educational level
Until incomplete elementary school	65.8	64.1 - 67.4	34.2	32.6 - 35.9	^{< 0,001}	90.9	90.1 - 91.7	9.1	8.3 - 10.0	^{< 0,001}
Complete elementary and incomplete high schools	57.9	55.2 - 60.6	42.1	39.4 - 44.8		84.0	82.0 - 85.8	16.0	14.2 - 18.0
Complete high school and incomplete upper school	59.0	57.0 - 61.0	41.0	39.0 - 43.0		82.0	80.6 - 83.3	18.0	16.7 - 19.4
Complete upper school	52.2	49.1 - 55.2	47.8	44.8 - 50.9		75.6	73.3 - 77.8	24.4	22.2 - 26.8
Marital status
Married	64.7	63.1 - 66.2	35.3	33.8 - 36.9	^{< 0,001}	88.3	87.3 - 89.2	11.7	10.8 - 12.7	^{< 0,001}
Single	56.5	55.0 - 58.0	43.5	42.0 - 45.0		80.0	78.7 - 81.3	20.0	18.7 - 21.3
Separated/ divorced	55.7	51.0 - 60.2	44.3	39.8 - 49.0		79.9	76.8 - 82.6	20.2	17.4 - 23.2
Widowed	74.4	68.8 - 79.3	25.6	20.8 - 31.2		92.8	91.1 - 94.2	7.2	5.8 - 8.9
Area of residence
Rural	67.8	65.5 - 69.9	32.3	30.1 - 34.5	^{< 0,001}	92.3	90.9 - 93.4	7.7	6.6 - 9.1	^{< 0,001}
Urban	59.5	58.3 - 60.8	40.5	39.2 - 41.7	^{< 0,001}	83.7	82.8 - 84.6	16.3	15.4 - 17.2	^{< 0,001}
Total	60.8	59.6 - 61.9	39.2	38.1 - 40.4		84.8	84.0 - 85.6	15.2	14.4 - 16.0

Variables	Total (n = 14,595)			Men (n = 9,683)			Women (n = 4,912)
Variables	%	95%CI	p- value^b	%	95%CI	p- value^b	%	95%CI	p- value^b
Skin color
Non-white	58.5	56.5 - 60.5	^{< 0.001}	61.6	59.3 - 63.8	^{< 0.001}	51.4	47.9 - 54.9	^{< 0.001}
White	44.6	42.4 - 46.9	^{< 0.001}	48.6	45.9 - 51.2	^{< 0.001}	35.6	32.3 - 39.1	^{< 0.001}
Age (years)
65 or older	23.0	18.8 - 27.8	^{< 0.001}	26.0	20.7 - 32.0	^{< 0.001}	12.8	8.3 - 19.1	^{< 0.001}
55 to 64	34.5	30.6 - 38.7		37.4	32.7 - 42.4		26.4	20.0 - 34.0
45 to 54	48.7	45.4 - 51.9		53.3	49.3 - 57.4		36.9	31.8 - 42.3
35 to 44	54.9	52.1 - 57.7		59.2	55.7 - 62.5		45.1	40.7 - 49.7
25 to 34	60.2	57.5 - 62.7		63.4	60.1 - 66.6		53.1	48.5 - 57.6
18 to 24	57.2	53.3 - 61.1		62.2	57.4 - 66.8		48.1	42.2 - 54.2
Educational level
Until incomplete elementary school	52.5	50.0 - 55.0	^{< 0.001}	55.2	52.3 - 58.0	^0.01	43.4	38.9 - 48.0	^{< 0.001}
Complete elementary and incomplete high schools	54.4	50.6 - 58.0		55.3	50.9 - 59.7		51.8	45.1 - 58.5
Complete high school and incomplete upper school	53.6	51.2 - 56.1		57.5	54.4 - 60.4		46.2	42.2 - 50.2
Complete upper school	41.8	38.2 - 45.4		48.2	43.5 - 53.0		32.5	28.0 - 37.4
Marital status
Married	42.4	40.2 - 44.7	^{< 0.001}	45.9	43.3 - 48.5	^{< 0.001}	32.2	28.5 - 36.3	^{< 0.001}
Single	59.4	57.3 - 61.4		63.2	60.8 - 65.6		51.0	47.5 - 54.5
Separated/divorced	51.4	46.3 - 56.4		54.2	47.3 - 60.8		47.4	39.4 - 55.5
Widowed	33.2	26.8 - 40.2		41.4	31.2 - 52.5		26.1	18.9 - 34.9
Area of residence
Rural	50.5	46.7 - 54.3	^0.614	53.6	49.5 - 57.7	^0.49	36.9	29.7 - 44.7	^0.09
Urban	51.6	49.9 - 53.2	^0.614	55.2	53.3 - 57.1	^0.49	43.8	41.2 - 46.4	^0.09
Total	51.5	49.9 - 53.0		55.0	53.2 - 56.7		43.4	40.9 - 45.8

Variables	Men			Women
	Recent alcohol use^a			Recent alcohol use^a
	PR	95%CI	p- value	PR	95%CI	p- value
Skin color
Non-white	Ref			Ref
White	1.1	1.1 - 1.2	< 0.001	1.0	0.9 - 1.1	0.55
Age (years)
65 or older	Ref			Ref
55 to 64	1.6	1.4 - 1.8	< 0.001	1.9	1.4 - 2.5	< 0.001
45 to 54	1.7	1.5 - 2.0	< 0.001	2.4	1.8 - 3.1	< 0.001
35 to 44	1.8	1.6 - 2.1	< 0.001	2.4	1.9 - 3.2	< 0.001
25 to 34	1.9	1.6 - 2.1	< 0.001	2.8	2.1 - 3.6	< 0.001
18 to 24	1.5	1.3 - 1.8	< 0.001	2.8	2.1 - 3.6	< 0.001
Educational level (in years)
Until incomplete elementary school	Ref			Ref
Complete elementary and incomplete high schools	1.1	1.0 - 1.2	0.03	1.3	1.1 - 1.5	< 0.001
Complete high school and incomplete upper school	1.0	1.0 - 1.1	0.49	1.4	1.2 - 1.6	< 0.001
Complete upper school	1.2	1.1 - 1.3	< 0.001	2.0	1.8 - 2.3	< 0.001
Marital status
Married	Ref			Ref
Single	1.2	1.1 - 1.3	< 0.001	1.5	1.4 - 1.7	0.00
Separated/divorced	1.2	1.1 - 1.4	< 0.001	1.7	1.4 - 2.0	0.00
Widowed	1.0	0.8 - 1.2	0.74	1.1	0.8 - 1.4	0.55
Area of residence
Rural	Ref			Ref		0.55
Urban	1.2	1.1 - 1.3	< 0.001	1.8	1.5 - 2.1	0.00

Variables	Men			Women
	Heavy episodic drinking^a			Heavy episodic drinking^a
	PR	95%CI	p-value	PR	95%CI	p-value
Skin color
Non-white	Ref			Ref
White	0.8	0.8 - 0.9	< 0.001	0.8	0.7 - 0.9	< 0.001
Age (years)
65 or older	Ref			Ref
55 to 64	1.4	1.1 - 1.8	0.01	2.0	1.2 - 3.3	0.01
45 to 54	2.0	1.6 - 2.6	< 0.001	2.6	1.7 - 4.1	< 0.001
35 to 44	2.2	1.7 - 2.7	< 0.001	3.2	2.0 - 4.9	< 0.001
25 to 34	2.3	1.8 - 2.9	< 0.001	3.6	2.3 - 5.7	< 0.001
18 to 24	2.2	1.7 - 2.7	< 0.001	3.1	2.0 - 4.8	< 0.001
Educational level
Until incomplete elementary school	Ref			Ref
Complete elementary and incomplete high schools	0.9	0.8 - 1.0	0.14	1.0	0.9 - 1.2	0.52
Complete high school and incomplete upper school	1.0	0.9 - 1.0	0.22	1.0	0.8 - 1.1	0.58
Complete upper school	0.9	0.8 - 1.0	0.09	0.8	0.6 - 0.9	< 0.001
Marital status
Married	Ref			Ref
Single	1.2	1.1 - 1.2	< 0.001	1.3	1.2 - 1.5	< 0.001
Separated/divorced	1.2	1.0 - 1.4	0.01	1.4	1.2 - 1.7	< 0.001
Widowed	1.2	1.0 - 1.4	0.20	1.1	0.8 - 1.6	0.69
Area of residence
Rural	Ref			Ref
Urban	1.1	1.0 - 1.2	0.15	1.3	1.0 - 1.6	0.02

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[1] Corresponding author: Ísis Eloah Machado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rua Conde Ribeiro do Vale, 836/102, CEP: 31030-470, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail: isiseloah@gmail.com