| Promoting Portuguese language learning without involving other languages |
| Altogether |
21 |
7 |
| Displaying images, drawings |
8 |
7 |
| Using body language, gestures |
3 |
5 |
| Playing games, role plays, other playful exercises |
3 |
2 |
| Demonstrating with objects |
2 |
5 |
| Manipulating or playing with objects |
1 |
2 |
| Using simplified material |
5 |
3 |
| Using multimodal projects to enhance reading and writing |
3 |
- |
| Playing videos (Portuguese language, no subtitles) |
1 |
2 |
| Repeating in Portuguese |
1 |
3 |
| Letting Portuguese speaker peers to help Portuguese learners |
2 |
4 |
| Performing real-life tasks in Portuguese |
1 |
- |
| Allowing only speaking Portuguese in the classroom |
1 |
- |
| Teacher repeating student talk in correct Portuguese |
- |
2 |
| Explaining in Portuguese again but in other words |
- |
3 |
| Explaining task in Portuguese again but individually |
- |
1 |
| Expressing insecurity to modify strategies |
18 |
- |
| Using a shared language (mostly English) as lingua franca |
|
|
| Altogether |
11 |
6 |
| Speaking English in general, to communicate |
9 |
5 |
| Teaching in English and Portuguese (in general) |
1 |
- |
| Speaking English to clarify instruction |
1 |
4 |
| Speaking English to translate learning content |
2 |
5 |
| Speaking English to teach Portuguese vocabulary |
- |
4 |
| Letting student explain in English then asking for repeating in Portuguese |
- |
1 |
| Using English to translate Portuguese to create worksheets and learning material for students |
4 |
- |
| Playing English video with Portuguese subtitles |
- |
1 |
| Communicating in Spanish in general |
1 |
- |
| Speaking Spanish to teach Portuguese vocabulary |
- |
1 |
| Communicating in French in general |
1 |
- |
| Using students’ languages |
| Altogether |
12 |
4 |
| Asking students speaking similar languages to translate to each other in order to understand Portuguese instruction |
4 |
2 |
| Letting students using phones and iPads to translate from Portuguese |
2 |
2 |
| Letting students reply in their languages then asking them to translate to Portuguese |
1 |
- |
| Teacher using Google to translate Portuguese worksheet or material into students’ languages |
2 |
- |
| Teacher learning a few words in students’ languages |
3 |
- |
| Students teaching a few words in their languages to whole class |
1 |
- |
| Students reading stories, poems, performing a play in their languages to whole class |
2 |
- |
| Students writing short sentences in their languages on artwork |
- |
1 |
| Asking students what languages they speak |
- |
1 |
| Teacher telling the whole class what languages a student speaks |
- |
1 |
