Endophytic diazotrophic bacteria are capable of promoting maize growth through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) or by the production of plant hormones. The aim of this study was to characterize diversity of endophytic bacteria in maize at sites with different climate and soil conditions in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A PCR-RFLP approach and sequence analysis of nifH Cluster I clone libraries were used to assess diversity in maize plants. The Shannon-Weaver and Equitability indices were calculated to estimate the diazotroph diversity as well as the nucleotide diversity and the average sequence divergence to estimate genetic diversity. To evaluate the variability in populations we performed the F ST test. A greater variation in bacterial communities was detected between rather than within regions, particularly among communities of different soil types and varying water regimes and geographical regions. The Shannon-Weaver index indicated a high difference in terms of diversity of taxonomic units among the communities. The diversity of the communities in the northern region, with higher precipitation and clay content, tended to be higher than that in the south. The Equitability index indicated that there was a dominant taxonomic unit within each community. All clones grouped into nifH gene cluster I. The nifH sequence types from Alpha, Beta and Gammaproteobacteria were recovered. These results demonstrate that there is a large diversity of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria able to colonize maize tissue and that nifH diversity is correlated with the different environmental conditions.
nifH gene; PCR-RFLP; sequencing; endophytic community
