Genesis and transformation of basic rock-derived soils with shiny ped faces under tropical conditions

Pereira, Marcos Gervasio; Silva, Rafael Cipriano da; Cooper, Miguel; Anjos, Lúcia Helena Cunha dos; Maranhão, Deyvid Diego Carvalho; Oliveira, Fábio Soares de

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20220028

Marcos Gervasio Pereira ^**Corresponding author: E-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Solos, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-3612

Rafael Cipriano da Silva

Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos – FUNCEME, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-0275

Miguel Cooper

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-4657

Lúcia Helena Cunha dos Anjos

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Solos, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-3521

Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranhão

Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente – IEAA/UFAM, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-3752

Fábio Soares de Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Geografia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-7609

*Corresponding author: E-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com

Editors: José Miguel Reichert and Pablo Vidal Torrado.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: Marcos Gervasio Pereira (lead).

Formal analysis: Marcos Gervasio Pereira (equal) and Miguel Cooper (equal).

Funding acquisition: Marcos Gervasio Pereira (lead).

Methodology: Marcos Gervasio Pereira (lead).

Project administration: Marcos Gervasio Pereira (lead).

Writing – original draft: Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranhão (equal), Fábio Soares de Oliveira (equal), Lúcia Helena Cunha dos Anjos (equal), Marcos Gervasio Pereira (equal), Miguel Cooper (equal) and Rafael Cipriano da Silva (equal).

Writing – review & editing: Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranhão (equal), Fábio Soares de Oliveira (equal), Lúcia Helena Cunha dos Anjos (equal), Marcos Gervasio Pereira (equal), Miguel Cooper (equal) and Rafael Cipriano da Silva (equal).

Horizon	Layer	Munsell Color⁽¹⁾	Structure⁽²⁾	Shiny ped faces⁽³⁾	Consistency⁽⁴⁾		Textural class⁽⁵⁾

					Dry	Wet
	m
Profile P1
A	0.00-0.18	7.5YR 3/4	st, me, ab + sbk	-	v.ha	v.fi	clay
Bt1	0.18-0.45	5YR 4/4	st, vf + f, ab + sbk	co; mo	ha	fi	h.clay
Bt2	0.45-0.75	5YR 4/6	mo, f, ab + sbk	co; mo	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bt3	0.75-1.19	5YR 4/6	mo, f, ab + sbk	ab; mo	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bw1	1.19-1.75	7.5YR 4/6	we, f, sbk	co; mo	so	v.fri	h.clay
Bw2	1.75- 2.00	7.5YR 4/6	we, f, sbk	co; mo	s.ha	fri	clay
Profile P2
A	0.00-0.08	7.5YR 3/4	st, f, sbk	-	ex.ha	fi	clay
AB	0.08-0.19	7.5YR 3/4	st, f + me, sbk	-	ex.ha	fi	clay
BA	0.19-0.36	7.5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	-	v.ha	fi	clay
Bw1	0.36-0.68	5YR 4/4	mo, vf + f, sbk	-	ha	fri	h.clay
Bw2	0.68-1.03	5YR 4/6	mo, vf + f, sbk	fe; we	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bw3	1.03-1.21	7.5YR 4/6	we, vf, sbk	fe; we	so	v.fri	h.clay
Bw4	1.21-1.44	7.5YR 4/6	we, vf, sbk	co; we	so	v.fri	h.clay
Bw5	1.44-1.86⁺	7.5YR 4/6	mo, f, sbk	-	so	v.fri	h.clay
Profile P3
A	0.00-0.12	7.5YR 3/4	st, f + me, sbk	-	ex.ha	fi	h.clay
Bt1	0.12-0.36	5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	co; we	v.ha	fi	h.clay
Bt2	0.36-0.54	5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	co; we	ha	fri	h.clay
Bt3	0.54-0.91	5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	-	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bw1	0.91-1.19	7.5YR 4/6	we, me, sbk	-	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bw2	1.19-1.45	7.5YR 4/6	we, me, sbk	-	s.ha	v.fri	h.clay
Bw3	1.45-1.57	7.5YR 4/6	we, me, sbk	-	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Bw4	1.57-1.78⁺	7.5YR 4/6	we, me, sbk	-	s.ha	fri	h.clay
Profile P4
A	0.00-0.16	7.5YR 3/4	st, vf + f, sbk	-	ex.ha	fi	clay
AB	0.16-0.27	7.5YR 3/4	st, vf + f, sbk	-	v.ha	fi	clay
BA	0.27-0.47	5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	co; we	v.ha	fri	clay
Bt1	0.47-0.69	5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	co; mo	ha	fri	h.clay
Bt2	0.69-1.03	5YR 4/6	mo, f, sbk	co; mo	ha	fri	h.clay
Bt3	1.03-1.37	7.5YR 4/4	mo, f, sbk	ab; mo	ha	fri	h.clay
Bt4	1.37-1.65	7.5YR 4/6	mo, f, sbk	ab; mo	ha	fri	h.clay
Bw	1.65-1.83⁺	7.5YR 4/6	we, f, sbk	ab; mo	ha	fri	h.clay

Horizon	Sand		Silt	Clay		FC⁽²⁾	Silt/Clay	ρb⁽³⁾	Pd⁽⁴⁾

	Coarse	Fine		Total	Nat⁽¹⁾
	------ g kg^-1 ------					%		------ Mg m^-3 ------
Profile P1
A	180	128	174	518	359	31	0.34	0.99	2.65
Bt1	133	112	125	630	6	99	0.20	1.25	2.86
Bt2	93	83	78	746	0	100	0.10	1.20	2.87
Bt3	100	78	75	747	1	100	0.10	1.25	2.86
Bw1	98	82	79	741	28	96	0.11	1.16	2.90
Bw2	88	82	258	572	21	96	0.45	1.33	2.96
Profile P2
A	150	111	154	585	381	35	0.26	1.17	2.81
AB	149	100	139	612	379	38	0.23	1.11	2.86
BA	161	107	155	577	241	58	0.27	1.25	2.65
Bw1	108	99	121	672	47	93	0.18	1.14	2.88
Bw2	94	97	86	723	6	99	0.12	0.89	2.90
Bw3	84	84	14	818	10	99	0.02	1.15	2.75
Bw4	77	78	45	800	4	99	0.06	1.08	2.81
Bw5	88	82	78	752	6	99	0.10	1.22	2.94
Profile P3
A	149	123	132	596	343	42	0.22	1.26	2.91
Bt1	129	83	92	696	141	80	0.13	1.23	2.90
Bt2	94	74	115	717	19	97	0.16	1.23	2.86
Bt3	87	79	58	776	7	99	0.07	1.06	2.81
Bw1	96	81	199	624	23	96	0.32	0.93	2.93
Bw2	99	89	38	774	28	96	0.05	1.01	2.89
Bw3	101	84	41	774	5	99	0.05	0.95	2.74
Bw4	115	74	77	734	10	99	0.10	0.95	2.78
Profile P4
A	164	182	201	453	294	35	0.44	1.22	2.68
AB	146	176	224	454	292	36	0.49	1.32	2.75
BA	131	165	210	494	85	83	0.43	1.35	2.79
Bt1	105	119	112	664	20	97	0.17	1.32	2.74
Bt2	85	100	124	691	14	98	0.18	1.31	2.70
Bt3	80	93	100	727	7	99	0.14	1.26	2.64
Bt4	84	100	111	705	15	98	0.16	1.36	2.86
Bw	88	81	48	783	11	99	0.06	1.11	3.00

Horizon	pH (1:2.5)		ΔpH⁽¹⁾	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Al³⁺	H⁺	CEC⁽²⁾	V⁽³⁾	m⁽⁴⁾	TOC⁽⁵⁾

	H₂O	KCl
				------ cmol_c kg^-1 ------								%	g kg^-1
Profile P1
A	5.2	4.2	-1.0	1.9	2.9	0.09	0.03	0.3	5.9	11.1	45	6	18.9
Bt1	4.9	4.1	-0.8	1.1	1.2	0.03	0.02	0.5	3.7	6.5	35	18	8.3
Bt2	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.5	1.0	0.02	0.02	0.8	4.3	6.7	23	33	5.3
Bt3	4.8	4.1	-0.7	0.5	0.6	0.01	0.02	0.4	4.4	6.0	19	27	4.1
Bw1	4.9	4.1	-0.8	0.4	0.8	0.01	0.02	0.6	4.2	6.0	21	32	3.5
Bw2	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.0	1.2	0.02	0.02	1.0	4.1	6.3	20	43	2.3
Profile P2
A	4.7	4.1	-0.6	1.3	1.6	0.10	0.03	0.5	6.7	10.2	30	14	18.5
AB	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.8	1.1	0.06	0.03	0.8	6.0	8.9	23	29	12.7
BA	4.7	3.9	-0.8	0.8	0.6	0.03	0.16	0.8	5.0	7.3	20	35	12.3
Bw1	4.9	4.1	-0.8	0.6	0.5	0.03	0.04	0.3	5.0	6.6	19	21	7.6
Bw2	4.9	4.0	-0.9	0.4	0.7	0.01	0.02	0.9	4.7	6.8	17	45	5.7
Bw3	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.6	0.3	0.01	0.02	0.9	4.9	6.7	14	47	4.9
Bw4	5.0	4.1	-0.9	0.1	0.9	0.01	0.02	0.5	4.9	6.4	15	33	4.8
Bw5	4.9	4.1	-0.8	0.5	0.5	0.01	0.01	1.1	4.6	6.7	15	52	3.7
Profile P3
A	5.2	4.3	-0.9	1.7	2.3	0.13	0.03	0.2	6.6	10.9	38	5	21.7
Bt1	5.3	4.4	-0.9	1.3	1.5	0.02	0.02	0.2	4.0	7.0	40	7	9.7
Bt2	5.5	4.8	-0.7	1.9	1.4	0.01	0.02	0.1	3.6	7.0	48	3	6.8
Bt3	5.2	4.5	-0.7	1.5	0.8	0.01	0.01	0.2	3.8	6.3	37	8	4.9
Bw1	4.9	4.0	-0.9	0.2	0.8	0.01	0.01	1.2	4.0	6.1	16	55	3.8
Bw2	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.2	0.4	0.01	0.01	1.2	4.8	6.7	10	63	3.8
Bw3	4.8	4.0	-0.8	0.0	0.7	0.01	0.02	1.2	4.7	6.6	11	60	3.8
Bw4	4.9	4.4	-0.5	0.0	0.6	0.01	0.01	1.1	5.0	6.7	10	61	3.7
Profile P4
A	6.6	5.6	-1.0	5.9	3.1	0.16	0.03	0.1	2.7	11.9	77	1	22.1
AB	6.5	5.6	-0.9	5.7	2.2	0.06	0.03	0.1	3.2	11.3	71	1	10.3
BA	6.1	5.4	-0.7	3.0	1.5	0.03	0.03	0.1	3.5	8.1	56	2	5.0
Bt1	6.0	5.5	-0.5	3.5	1.5	0.02	0.02	0.1	2.6	7.6	65	2	4.8
Bt2	5.8	5.3	-0.5	2.8	2.1	0.02	0.02	0.1	2.7	7.7	64	2	2.8
Bt3	5.9	5.4	-0.5	3.1	1.6	0.02	0.02	0.1	2.3	7.0	66	2	3.0
Bt4	5.5	4.9	-0.6	2.2	1.6	0.02	0.02	0.1	2.7	6.5	58	3	2.6
Bw	4.9	4.0	-0.9	0.5	0.5	0.01	0.01	1.0	2.3	4.3	24	50	4.1

Horizons	Fe_t	Fe_d	Fe_o	Fe_d/Fe_t	Fe_o/Fe_d	Fe_t/clay
	------ g kg^-1 ------
Profile P1
A	137	47	3.2	0.34	0.02	0.26
Bt1	140	56	1.6	0.40	0.01	0.22
Bt2	137	65	1.4	0.47	0.01	0.18
Bt3	136	56	1.2	0.41	0.01	0.18
Bw1	141	53	1.2	0.38	0.01	0.19
Bw2	144	162	1.8	1.12	0.01	0.25
Profile P2
A	148	59	1.0	0.40	0.01	0.25
AB	151	61	2.0	0.40	0.01	0.25
BA	148	167	3.3	1.13	0.02	0.26
Bw1	152	63	1.9	0.41	0.01	0.23
Bw2	149	90	2.2	0.60	0.01	0.21
Bw3	145	66	1.7	0.46	0.01	0.18
Bw4	143	166	1.2	1.16	0.01	0.18
Bw5	145	147	1.1	1.01	0.01	0.19
Profile P3
A	137	125	3.2	0.92	0.02	0.23
Bt1	136	120	2.1	0.88	0.02	0.20
Bt2	134	149	1.8	1.11	0.01	0.19
Bt3	131	169	1.5	1.29	0.01	0.17
Bw1	132	114	1.1	0.87	0.01	0.21
Bw2	130	122	1.0	0.94	0.01	0.17
Bw3	132	116	1.0	0.88	0.01	0.17
Bw4	139	139	1.1	1.00	0.01	0.19
Profile P4
A	143	85	3.2	0.60	0.02	0.32
AB	156	104	4.0	0.67	0.03	0.34
BA	145	134	4.7	0.92	0.03	0.29
Bt1	139	108	3.3	0.78	0.02	0.21
Bt2	132	141	2.1	1.07	0.02	0.19
Bt3	131	134	2.0	1.02	0.02	0.18
Bt4	136	143	1.9	1.05	0.01	0.19
Bw	145	159	1.2	1.10	0.01	0.19

Horizon	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	TiO₂	CaO	MgO	K₂O	MnO	P₂O₅	Weathering indexes⁽²⁾

										RA%	Δ4Si%
	------ % ------
Profile P1
A	43	17	19	6.2	0.09	0.17	0.13	0.27	0.30	97.9	89.5
Bt1	41	20	20	5.2	0.05	0.16	0.11	0.11	0.26	98.8	92.5
Bt2	39	24	20	4.7	0.03	0.15	0.11	0.07	0.27	99.1	93.3
Bt3	38	25	19	5.2	0.02	0.13	0.12	0.07	0.29	99.1	93.6
Bw1	38	25	20	7.2	0.01	0.16	0.12	0.07	0.32	99.1	93.3
Bw2	36	25	21	7.0	0.01	0.20	0.15	0.08	0.35	98.9	91.5
Profile P2
A	37	21	21	7.0	0.06	0.17	0.08	0.13	0.38	98.8	91.6
AB	37	21	22	7.2	0.04	0.15	0.06	0.14	0.36	99.0	92.8
BA	38	20	21	7.8	0.04	0.14	0.06	0.17	0.32	98.9	92.7
Bw1	36	23	22	6.8	0.04	0.15	0.07	0.13	0.37	99.0	92.5
Bw2	37	24	21	6.2	0.03	0.15	0.07	0.09	0.37	99.2	93.5
Bw3	36	25	21	6.0	0.03	0.14	0.07	0.07	0.34	99.2	93.8
Bw4	36	25	20	6.0	0.03	0.14	0.07	0.07	0.34	99.2	93.8
Bw5	36	25	21	6.0	0.02	0.14	0.07	0.07	0.37	99.3	94.1
Profile P3
A	39	21	20	6.9	0.08	0.15	0.08	0.15	0.37	98.7	91.6
Bt1	39	23	19	5.9	0.08	0.15	0.07	0.09	0.37	98.9	92.6
Bt2	39	24	19	5.3	0.09	0.15	0.07	0.08	0.37	98.9	92.4
Bt3	39	25	19	5.2	0.17	0.23	0.08	0.06	0.37	98.5	89.2
Bw1	39	25	19	5.5	0.03	0.13	0.08	0.06	0.37	99.2	94.4
Bw2	38	25	19	5.5	0.02	0.12	0.08	0.06	0.37	99.3	94.7
Bw3	38	25	19	5.5	0.12	0.16	0.08	0.06	0.37	98.8	91.4
Bw4	38	24	20	5.8	0.14	0.15	0.09	0.06	0.39	98.7	90.8
Profile P4
A	40	18	20	7.3	0.39	0.23	0.18	0.37	0.38	96.2	79.2
AB	39	17	22	8.5	0.27	0.22	0.18	0.44	0.36	96.6	80.7
BA	42	18	21	8.4	0.14	0.19	0.20	0.48	0.28	97.1	84.4
Bt1	40	21	20	6.6	0.14	0.21	0.18	0.23	0.26	97.8	86.6
Bt2	38	25	19	5.4	0.11	0.20	0.17	0.14	0.31	98.4	88.2
Bt3	39	25	19	5.3	0.11	0.20	0.16	0.13	0.32	98.4	88.8
Bt4	39	24	19	5.9	0.08	0.20	0.15	0.15	0.35	98.5	89.4
Bw	37	25	21	6.1	0.03	0.15	0.07	0.07	0.37	99.2	93.8
Basalt
Rock	51	14	14	3.6	7.9	3.5	1.94	0.17	0.62	Not applicable

Hor⁽¹⁾	Contexture⁽²⁾	Relative distribution	Microstructure	Pedological features⁽³⁾
Profile P1
Bt1	Mosaic-speckled + granostriated + parallel striated with weak orientation; frequent.	Open porphyric	Angular and subangular blocky peds; strongly developed.	Occasional typical clay coating. Occasional typical nodules composed of iron and manganese. Rare pseudomorphs nodules of feldspar grains.
Bt2	Stipple-speckled + parallel striated with strong orientation; frequent.			Abundant typical clay coating. Occasional typical hypocoating of clay and iron. Abundant dense incomplete clay infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Bt3				Very abundant typic clay coating and iron oxides. Occasional typical hypocoating of iron oxides. Very abundant dense incomplete clay infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Profile P2
BA	Stipple-speckled + parallel striated with strong orientation; frequent.	Open porphyric and closed enaulic	Angular and subangular blocky peds; moderately developed and granular peds.	Occasional typic clay coating and iron oxides. Occasional dense incomplete clay, silt and iron infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Bw1				Rare typic clay coating. Rare dense incomplete clay infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Bw2	Mosaic-speckled, granostriated + parallel striated with strong orientation; frequent.			Abundant typic clay coating and iron oxides. Occasional typical hypocoating. Many dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron. Many papules.
Profile P3
Bw₁	Stipple-speckled + granostriated + parallel striated with strong orientation; frequent.	Open porphyric and closed enaulic	Angular and subangular blocky peds; moderately developed and granular peds, in some cases coalesced.	Abundant typical clay coating. Occasional typical hypocoating of iron in the interior of aggregates. Occasional dense incomplete clay infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Bw₂				Very abundant typical clay coating. Occasional typical hypocoating of iron in the interior of aggregates. Occasional dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron. Many papules.
Bw₄			Angular and subangular blocky peds; moderately developed and coalesced granules.	Abundant typical clay coating. Occasional typical hypocoating of iron in the interior of aggregates. Occasional dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Abundant typical nodules composed of iron. Many papules.
Profile P4
BA	Stipple-speckled + parallel striated with strong orientation; frequent.	Double spaced porphyric	Angular and subangular blocky peds; moderately developed.	Many typical clay coating. Occasional typical hypocoating of iron oxides. Occasional dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Abundant typical nodules and concentric, composed of iron. Many papules.
Bt1	Stipple-speckled + parallel striated with strong orientation; common.	Single spaced porphyric		Very abundant typical clay coating. Abundant dense complete and incomplete clay infilling. Rare typical nodules composed of iron. Many papules.
Bt3	Stipple-speckled with strong orientation; frequent.	Double spaced porphyric		Many typical clay coating. Abundant dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.
Bt4	Stipple-speckled with strong orientation; frequent.	Double spaced porphyric		Many typical clay coating. Abundant dense incomplete clay and iron oxides infilling. Many typical nodules composed of iron.

[1] *Corresponding author: E-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Genesis and transformation of basic rock-derived soils with shiny ped faces under tropical conditions

ABSTRACT