Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil with pastures recovered by integration crop-livestock system in Eastern Amazon

Rego, Carlos Augusto Rocha de Moraes; Oliveira, Paulo Sérgio Rabello de; Muniz, Luciano Cavalcante; Rosset, Jean Sérgio; Mattei, Eloisa; Costa, Bruna Penha; Pereira, Marcos Gervasio

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20220094

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Division – Soil Use and Management, Commission – Soil and Water Management and Conservation • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 47 (spe) • Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20220094 copy

Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil with pastures recovered by integration crop-livestock system in Eastern Amazon

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil quality can be understood as its capacity to provide several essential services within the ecosystem and has been used to understand the impact of different managements, providing information that proves the benefits and your maintenance of the agroecosystem. To understand the impact of different managements, this study aimed to compare the chemical, physical, and biological soil properties in pasture areas managed with different recovery times in an integrated crop-livestock system about perennial pastures and secondary forest. The following management systems were evaluated: Secondary Forest (SF), Perennial Pasture (PP), pasture recovered to five years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL5), and pasture recovered to eight years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL8). Different soil properties were evaluated, namely: Chemical: pH, H+Al, Al ³⁺ , P, K ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , TOC, SB, CEC, V, and m; Physical: soil bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Tp), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), soil resistance to penetration (Pr), and gravimetric soil water content (GWc); and biological: soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), basal soil respiration (BSR), metabolic quotient (qCO ₂ ), and microbial quotient (qMic). Perennial pasture and ICL8 areas were the ones that most contributed to the increase in nutrients (Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , and K ⁺ ), TOC and sorption complex. The ICL8 area showed the best results in soil physical variables Ma, Tp, Pr, and GWc were the best results for the ICL8 area. Secondary forest and ICL8 areas presented the best results from SMB-C and qMic. Between periods of pasture recovery through the integration of crops and livestock, the longer the recovery time, the greater its beneficial effects on the different chemical, physical and biological soil properties, overcoming secondary forest and perennial pasture.

edaphic properties; Plintosol; management systems; integrated systems

Area	Layer	Sand	Silt	Clay	Textural class
	m	g kg ^-1
SF	0.00-0.20	746.65	135.25	118.10	Sandy loam
SF	0.20-0.40	707.20	124.25	168.60
PP	0.00-0.20	579.30	343.00	77.80
PP	0.20-0.40	616.05	260.40	123.65
ICL5	0.00-0.20	745.50	103.50	150.50
ICL5	0.20-0.40	704.50	169.50	125.50
ICL8	0.00-0.20	741.90	120.75	137.30
ICL8	0.20-0.40	723.05	97.30	179.70

Areas	Area History
Secondary Forest (SF)	Transitional Amazon Forest to the babassu forest, with a strong expression of secondary vegetation, classified as Open Ombrophilous Forest, with babassu palms predominating ( Attalea speciosa Mart.) (Mata dos Cocais) ( Araújo, 2013Araújo EP. Atlas do Maranhão. São Luís: SEPLAN / UEMA; 2013. ; Reis et al., 2018Reis VRR, Deon DS, Muniz LC, Garcia US, Cantanhêde ISL, Rego CARM, Costa JB, Marques EO. Soil chemical attributes under crop-livestock-forest integration system and in different land uses in mata dos cocais region. J Agr Sci. 2018;10:370-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p370 https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p370... ). Also consisting of açaí palm ( Euterpe Oleracea Mart.), bacaba ( Oenocarpus spp .), andiroba ( Carapa spp .), jatobá ( Hymenaea spp .), and embaúba ( Cecropia spp .) ( Rios, 2001Rios L. Estudos de geografia do Maranhão. São Luís: Gráphis Editora; 2001. ). This area was used to reference natural soil conditions due to its preservation history, as it has an average age of over 50 years.
Perennial pasture (PP)	Pasture area with Jaraguá grass ( Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf) was planted approximately in 1970 and remained until 1999. The pasture was renewed (without soil correction and fertilization) with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu by mowing, burning plant remains, and broadcast seeding. The pasture was used for continuous grazing of beef cattle in an extensive regime with a stocking rate of approximately 0.7 AU/ha/year, with mechanized mowing being conducted periodically to contain the natural regeneration.
Pasture recovered in integrated crop-livestock to five years (ICL5)	Initial management similar to that of PP, with recovery in 2014 with an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), by removing vegetation with a loader machine, harrowing the total area, and correcting the soil (as needed). Subsequently, mechanized sowing of corn hybrid (DKB 175) + Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, the forage seeds, were mixed with fertilizer at the sowing time, with 200 kg ha ^-1 of the formula 08-20-20 + Zn in the foundation and 100 kg ha ^-1 of urea in the topdressing. The formed pasture was used for rotational beef cattle grazing with a stocking rate of 1.0 AU/ha/year.
Pasture recovered in integrated crop-livestock to eight years (ICL8)	Initial management similar to that of PP, with recovery in 2012 with an ICLS, by removing the vegetation with a wheel loader machine, harrowing the entire area, and correcting the soil (as needed), followed by mechanized seeding. A corn hybrid (DKB 175) + Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, the forage seeds, were mixed with fertilizer at the sowing time, with 200 kg ha ^-1 of the formula 08-20-20 + Zn with sowing and 100 kg ha ^-1 of urea in the topdressing. The formed pasture was used for rotational grazing of beef cattle with a stocking rate of 1.0 AU/ha/year.

Areas	pH	TOC	P	K ⁺	Ca ²⁺	Mg ²⁺	Al ³⁺	H+AL	SB	CEC	V	m
	CaCl ²	g kg ^-1	mg dm ^-3	cmol _c dm ^-3							%
0.00-0.10 m
SF	4.62 a	9.65 a	1.90 a	0.18 bc	1.90 a	1.68 bc	0.09 a	2.67 b	3.75 b	6.43 b	57.64 a	2.48 a
PP	4.61 a	7.27 b	1.72 a	0.31 a	2.14 a	2.15 b	0.10 a	2.44 b	4.60 ab	7.04 b	65.03 a	2.36 a
ICL5	4.39 b	7.66 b	1.60 a	0.17 c	0.68 b	1.24 c	0.17 a	2.87 b	2.09 c	4.96 c	41.38 b	8.15 b
ICL8	4.70 a	9.86 a	1.27 a	0.23 b	1.84 a	3.19 a	0.11 a	3.60 a	5.26 a	8.86 a	59.37 a	2.21 a
0.10-0.20 m
SF	4.36 a	4.31 c	1.67 a	0.13 bc	1.32 b	1.78 bc	0.42 a	2.67 b	3.23 b	5.90 bc	53.20 b	12.74 ab
PP	4.56 a	5.38 a	1.39 ab	0.26 a	2.59 a	2.40 ab	0.22 a	2.57 b	5.25 a	7.82 ab	66.31 a	4.30 c
ICL5	4.27 a	4.68 b	1.11 bc	0.10 c	0.48 c	1.23 c	0.40 a	2.81 b	1.81 b	4.62 c	38.20 c	18.66 a
ICL8	4.42 a	5.63 a	0.94 c	0.17 b	1.49 b	3.14 a	0.34 a	3.60 a	4.80 a	8.40 a	58.00 ab	6.36 bc
0.20-0.30 m
SF	4.23 a	3.75 d	1.81 a	0.13 c	1.10 b	2.04 b	0.78 a	3.20 b	3.27 b	6.47 b	48.72 b	20.94 a
PP	4.32 a	4.84 a	1.51 ab	0.28 a	2.57 a	3.19 a	0.86 a	3.83 b	6.05 a	9.88 a	61.33 a	12.02 b
ICL5	4.18 a	4.05 c	0.97 b	0.10 c	0.44 b	1.32 b	0.56 a	3.07 b	1.85 b	4.92 b	36.76 c	23.50 a
ICL8	4.42 a	4.49 b	0.96 b	0.20 b	1.28 b	3.70 a	0.57 a	4.85 a	5.18 a	10.04 a	53.16 ab	9.70 b
0.30-0.40 m
SF	4.13 a	3.79 b	1.67 a	0.15 b	0.83 bc	2.37 bc	1.04 a	4.09 b	3.36 b	7.45 b	44.40 a	25.16 a
PP	4.18 a	5.15 a	1.23 ab	0.30 a	2.26 a	3.71 ab	1.89 a	6.11 b	6.27 a	12.37 a	49.77 a	23.88 a
ICL5	4.13 a	4.06 b	0.87 b	0.10 b	0.32 c	1.34 c	0.68 a	3.10 b	1.76 b	4.87 b	36.13 a	27.22 a
ICL8	4.33 a	4.81 a	0.94 b	0.26 a	1.23 b	4.74 a	1.50 a	7.06 a	6.22 a	13.29 a	49.09 a	18.50 a

Areas	Sd	Ma	Mi	Tp	Pr	GWc
	Mg m ^-3	cm ³ cm ^-3			KPa	%
	0.00-0.10 m
SF	1.33 a	0.08 a	0.33 a	0.41 a	522.96 b	25.04 a
PP	1.42 a	0.07 a	0.35 a	0.42 a	736.76 a	25.37 a
ICL5	1.35 a	0.06 a	0.35 a	0.41 a	686.70 a	23.33 a
ICL8	1.37 a	0.08 a	0.35 a	0.43 a	603.60 ab	27.50 a
	0.10-0.20 m
SF	1.41 a	0.07 ab	0.30 a	0.36 bc	973.62 b	20.55 a
PP	1.43 a	0.07 ab	0.31 a	0.38 ab	1845.24 a	20.21 ab
ICL5	1.48 a	0.05 b	0.29 a	0.34 c	1694.63 a	18.33 b
ICL8	1.43 a	0.08 a	0.31 a	0.39 a	1211.10 b	22.05 a
	0.20-0.30 m
SF	1.43 a	0.06 a	0.30 a	0.36 ab	969.75 a	21.61 a
PP	1.43 a	0.09 a	0.30 a	0.39 a	1322.44 a	20.68 ab
ICL5	1.43 a	0.06 a	0.29 a	0.35 b	1236.47 a	18.85 b
ICL8	1.43 a	0.09 a	0.30 a	0.39 a	1092.63 a	23.02 a
	0.30-0.40 m
SF	1.48 a	0.06 a	0.31 a	0.36 b	940.56 a	21.69 ab
PP	1.45 a	0.08 a	0.31 a	0.39 ab	1088.56 a	21.66 ab
ICL5	1.43 a	0.06 a	0.29 a	0.36 b	1066.51 a	19.64 b
ICL8	1.44 a	0.07 a	0.33 a	0.40 a	1013.75 a	24.91 a

Areas	BSR	SMB-C	qCO ₂	qMic
Areas	mg C-CO ₂ kg ^-1 soil h ^-1	mg C microbial kg ^-1 soil	mg C-CO ₂ kg ^-1 soil h ^-1	%
SF	1.06 a	562.73 a	1.93 a	5.05 ab
PP	0.98 a	406.11 b	2.52 a	4.74 ab
ICL5	1.04 a	412.84 b	2.77 a	4.24 b
ICL8	1.04 a	522.76 a	2.04 a	5.54 a

Variance component	Principal component
Variance component	1	2
Eigenvalues	11.912	6.268
Proportion (%)	54.145	28.490
Cumulative proportion (%)	54.145	82.634
Variables
pH	0.996	-0.070
TOC	0.604	-0.778
P	-0.304	-0.118
K ⁺	0.497	0.853
Ca ²⁺	0.871	0.202
Mg ²⁺	0.876	0.141
Al ³⁺	-0.822	0.088
H+Al	0.382	-0.334
SB	0.973	0.222
CEC	0.945	0.085
V	0.859	0.340
m	-0.944	-0.046
Sd	0.257	0.966
Ma	0.793	-0.586
Mi	-0.265	0.851
Tp	0.649	0.268
Pr	-0.351	0.925
GWc	0.949	0.009
BSR	-0.791	-0.500
SMB-C	0.564	-0.819
qCO ₂	-0.777	0.606
qMic	0.800	0.588

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[1] * Corresponding author : E-mail: carlos.moraes@ufma.br