Nitrogen is the nutrient required in the largest quantity by plants and is generally the most limiting nutrient for crop yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cropping systems on N accumulation and availability in the soil. A long-term experiment (22 years) was conducted on a Paleudult soil at an experimental station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (30 º 50 ' 52 '' S and 51 º 38 ' 08 '' W), in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil, established in 1983. The experiment consisted of ten no-till cropping systems (bare soil, fallow/maize, oat/maize, Digitaria, oat + vetch/maize limed and mobilized to a depth of 70 cm in 1992, oat + vetch/maize, oat+vetch/maize+cowpea, pigeon pea+lablab, lablab+maize, pigeon pea+maize,) and two N rates applied to maize as urea (0 and 180 kg ha-1). Soil was sampled in 2005 from the 0-20 cm layer and N stocks were determined. The amounts of biologically fixed N by legumes and N lost from fertilizer (urea) in 22 years were estimated. The N uptake by oat grown in succession to maize in 2006 was also evaluated. The N stock amounted to 3,040 kg ha-1 in 1983 and ranged from 2,500 to 4,800 kg ha-1 in 2005. The legume-based cropping systems resulted in the highest N stocks. Biological N fixation ranged from 800 to 1,980 kg ha-1, and on average 48 % of 3,180 kg ha-1 of N applied to maize was lost from the soil-plant system. The greatest N stocks in soil under legume-based systems resulted in the greatest oat N uptake, which ranged from 17 to 100 kg N ha-1.
cropping systems; legumes; no-tillage; cover crops
