Complications in orofacial harmonization procedures: a systematic review

MANGANARO, NATHALIA LOPES; PEREIRA, JULIA GABRIELA DIETRICHKEIT; SILVA, RICARDO HENRIQUE ALVES DA

doi:10.5935/2177-1235.2022RBCP0034-en

NATHALIA LOPES MANGANARO

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1923-0864

JULIA GABRIELA DIETRICHKEIT PEREIRA

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1129-0755

RICARDO HENRIQUE ALVES DA SILVA ^**Corresponding author: Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva Avenida do Café, s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Zip Code: 14040-904, E-mail: ricardohenrique@usp.br

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1532-1670

*Corresponding author: Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva Avenida do Café, s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Zip Code: 14040-904, E-mail: ricardohenrique@usp.br

Conflicts of interest: none.

Description	Abbreviation	Components
Population	P	Humans
Intervention	I	Orofacial harmonization
Comparation	C	Aesthetic procedures
Outcomes	O	Complications

ARTICLES	TITLE	AUTHORS	YEAR	MAGAZINE
1	Complications with the Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Facial Rejuvenation: Report of 8 Cases¹⁹19 Ferreira MC, Salles AG, Gimenez R, Soares MF. Complications with the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial rejuvenation: report of 8 cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2004;28(6):441-4.	Ferreira MC, Salles AG, Gimenez R, Soares MFD	2004	Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
2	Retinal branch artery occlusion following injection of hyaluronic acid (Restylane)²⁰20 Peter S, Mennel S. Retinal branch artery occlusion following injection of hyaluronic acid (Restylane). Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;34(4):363-4.	Pedro S, Mennel S	2006	Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
3	Surgery for foreign body reactions due to injectable fillers²¹21 Wolfram D, Tzankov A, Piza-Katzer H. Surgery for foreign body reactions due to injectable fillers. Dermatology. 2006;213(4):300-4.	Wolfram D, Tzankov A, Piza-Katzer H	2006	Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)
4	Effect of botulinum toxin type a on tear production after treatment of lateral canthal rhytids²²22 Arat YO, Yen MT. Effect of botulinum toxin type a on tear production after treatment of lateral canthal rhytids. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):22-4.	Arat YO, Yen MT	2007	Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
5	Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: Clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature²³23 Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(2):150-61.	Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia GV	2008	Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
6	The risk of alar necrosis associated with dermal filler injection²⁴24 Grunebaum LD, Bogdan Allemann I, Dayan S, Mandy S, Baumann L. The risk of alar necrosis associated with dermal filler injection. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35 Suppl 2:1635-40.	Grunebaum LD et.al.	2009	Dermatologic surgery
7	Ocular damage secondary to intense pulse light therapy to the face²⁵25 Lee WW, Murdock J, Albini TA, O’brien TP, Levine ML. Ocular damage secondary to intense pulse light therapy to the face. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(4):263-5.	Lee WW et al.	2011	Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery
8	Exaggeration of wrinkles after botulinum toxin injection for forehead horizontal lines²⁶26 Kang SM, Feneran A, Kim JK, Park O, Kim JE, Won CH, et al. Exaggeration of wrinkles after botulinum toxin injection for forehead horizontal lines. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(2):217-21.	Kang SM et al.	2011	Annals of Dermatology
9	Uncommon Foreign Body Reaction Caused byBotulinum Toxin²⁷27 Pontes HA, Pontes FS, de Oliveira GF, de Almeida HA, Guimarães DM, Cavallero FC. Uncommon foreign body reaction caused by botulinum toxin. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(4):e303-5.	Pontes HAR et al.	2012	The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
10	Facial blanching due to neurotoxins: proposed mechanisms²⁸28 Khan TT, Herne K, Dayan SH, Woodward JA. Facial blanching due to neurotoxins: proposed mechanisms. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(1 Pt 1):24-9.	Khan TT, Herne K, Dayan SH, Woodward JA	2013	Dermatologic surgery
11	The use of hyaluronidase in complications caused by hyaluronic acid for volumization of the face: a case report²⁹29 Neri SRNG, Addor FAS, Parada MB, Schalka S. The use of hyaluronidase in complications caused by hyaluronic acid for volumization of the face: a case report. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2013;5(4):364-6.	Neri SRNG, Addor FAZ, Parada MB, Schalka S	2013	Surgery cosmetic dermatology
12	Fundus artery occlusion caused by cosmetic facial injections³⁰30 Chen Y, Wang W, Li J, Yu Y, Li L, Lu N. Fundus artery occlusion caused by cosmetic facial injections. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(8):1434-7.	Chen Y et al.	2014	Chinese medical journal
13	Periorbital lipogranuloma related to fillermigration: A rare complication of facial filler³¹31 Eun YS, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Periorbital lipogranuloma related to filler migration: a rare complication of facial fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014;16(3):149-50.	Eun YS, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS	2014	Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy
14	Diagnosis and management of dermal filler complications in the perioral region³²32 Grippaudo FR, Di Girolamo M, Mattei M, Pucci E, Grippaudo C. Diagnosis and management of dermal filler complications in the perioral region. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014;16(5):246-52.	Grippaudo FR et al.	2014	Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy
15	Cosmetic facial fillers and severe vision loss³³33 Carle MV, Roe R, Novack R, Boyer DS. Cosmetic facial fillers and severe vision loss. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(5):637-9.	Carle MV, Roe R, Novack R, Boyer DS	2014	JAMA ophthalmology
16	Clinical Outcomes of Impending Nasal Skin Necrosis Related to Nose and Nasolabial Fold Augmentation with Hyaluronic Acid Fillerso³⁴34 Sun ZS, Zhu GZ, Wang HB, Xu X, Cai B, Zeng L, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Impending Nasal Skin Necrosis Related to Nose and Nasolabial Fold Augmentation with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(4):434e-41e.	Sun ZS et al.	2015	Plastic and reconstructive surgery
17	Late-onset adverse reactions related to hyaluronic Acid dermal filler for aesthetic soft tissue augmentation³⁵35 Curi MM, Cardoso CL, Curra C, Koga D, Benini MB. Lateonset adverse reactions related to hyaluronic Acid dermal filler for aesthetic soft tissue augmentation. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(3):782-4.	Curi MM et al.	2015	The Journal of craniofacial surgery
18	Cerebral angiographic findings of cosmetic facial fillerrelated ophthalmic and retinal artery occlusion³⁶36 Kim YK, Jung C, Woo SJ, Park KH. Cerebral Angiographic Findings of Cosmetic Facial Filler-related Ophthalmic and Retinal Artery Occlusion. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(12):1847-55.	Kim YK, Jung C, Woo SJ, Park KH	2015	Journal of Korean Medical Science
19	Treatment of glabella skin necrosis following injection of hyaluronic acid filler using platelet-rich plasma³⁷37 Kang BK, Kang IJ, Jeong KH, Shin MK. Treatment of glabella skin necrosis following injection of hyaluronic acid filler using platelet-rich plasma. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(2):111-2.	Kang BK, Kang IJ, Jeong KH, Shin MK.	2016	Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy
20	Retinal Branch Artery Embolization Following Hyaluronic Acid Injection: A Case Report³⁸38 Chen W, Wu L, Jian XL, Zhang B, Li JY, Qin XL, et al. Retinal Branch Artery Embolization Following Hyaluronic Acid Injection: A Case Report. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(7):NP219-24.	Chen W et al.	2016	Aesthetic surgery journal
21	Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in a rare case myasthenic crisis after Botox injection³⁹39 Chegini A. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in a rare case myasthenic crisis after Botox injection. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:283-5.	Chegini A	2017	Atherosclerosis Supplements
22	Filler migration to the forehead due to multiple filler injections in a patient addicted to cosmetic fillers⁴⁰40 Lin CH, Chiang CP, Wu BY, Gao HW. Filler migration to the forehead due to multiple filler injections in a patient addicted to cosmetic fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2017;19(2):124-6.	Lin CH, Chiang CP, Wu BY, Gao HW	2017	Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy
23	Xanthelasma-Like Reaction to Filler Injection⁴¹41 Or L, Eviatar JA, Massry GG, Bernardini FP, Hartstein ME. Xanthelasma-Like Reaction to Filler Injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(4):244-7.	Or L et al.	2017	Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery
24	Chronic Eyelid Edema Following Periocular Hyaluronic Acid Filler Treatment⁴²42 Yu JTS, Peng L, Ataullah S. Chronic Eyelid Edema Following Periocular Hyaluronic Acid Filler Treatment. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(6):e139-40.	Yu JTS, Peng L, Ataullah S	2017	Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery
25	[Clinical analysis of visual loss caused by facial cosmetic fillers injection]⁴³43 Hu XZ, Chen SQ, Zhang Q, Wu PS, Lu W. Clinical analysis of visual loss caused by facial cosmetic fillers injection. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2017;53(8):594-8.	Hu XZ et al.	2017	Zhonghua yan ke za zhi Chinese journal of ophthalmology
26	A Histopathologic Diagnosis of Vascular Occlusion after Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Filler: Findings of Intravascular Foreign Body and Skin Necrosis⁴⁴44 Maruyama S. A Histopathologic Diagnosis of Vascular Occlusion After Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Filler: Findings of Intravascular Foreign Body and Skin Necrosis. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):NP102-8.	Maruyama S	2017	Aesthetic Surgery Journal
27	Esotropia following botulinum toxin type A injection for facial wrinkles⁴⁵45 Lee SK, Jun HJ. Esotropia following botulinum toxin type A injection for facial wrinkles. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2018;20(1):50-1.	Lee SK, Jun HJ	2018	Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy
28	Vascular Complications After Chin Augmentation Using Hyaluronic Acid⁴⁶46 Wang Q, Zhao Y, Li H, Li P, Wang J. Vascular Complications After Chin Augmentation Using Hyaluronic Acid. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018;42(2):553-9.	Wang Q et al.	2018	Aesthetic plastic surgery
29	Complications from microfocused transcutaneous ultrasound: Case series and review of the literature⁴⁷47 Friedmann DP, Bourgeois GP, Chan HHL, Zedlitz AC, Butterwick KJ. Complications from microfocused transcutaneous ultrasound: Case series and review of the literature. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50(1):13-9.	Friedmann DP et. al.	2018	Lasers in surgery and medicine
30	Ischemic oculomotor nerve palsy due to hyaluronic acid filler injection⁴⁸48 Bae IH, Kim MS, Choi H, Na CH, Shin BS. Ischemic oculomotor nerve palsy due to hyaluronic acid filler injection. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(6):1016-8.	Bae IH et al.	2018	Journal of cosmetic dermatology
31	Horizontal animation deformity as unusual complication of neurotoxin modulation of the gummy smile⁴⁹49 Chen G, Oranges CM, Giordano S, Huang R, Wang W. Horizontal animation deformity as unusual complication of neurotoxin modulation of the gummy smile. Dermatol Online J. 2019;25(8):13030/qt49s9h9zh.	Chen G et al.	2019	Dermatology online journal
32	Visual loss following cosmetic facial filler injection⁵⁰50 Shoughy SS. Visual loss following cosmetic facial filler injection. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2019;82(6):511-3.	Shoughy SS	2019	Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
33	Vascular Compromise After Soft TissueFacial Fillers: Case Report and Reviewof Current Treatment Protocols⁵¹51 Halepas S, Peters SM, Goldsmith JL, Ferneini EM. Vascular Compromise After Soft Tissue Facial Fillers: Case Report and Review of Current Treatment Protocols. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;78(3):440-5.	SM, Goldsmith JL, Ferneini EM	2020	Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Article	n	F	M	Age	Procedure performed	Material intensity / quantity	Time elapsed from the procedure	Complications	Affected region
1	8	7	1	36-58	Injection of botulinum toxin type A in the upper and lower facial third	46 U; 10 U.	It ranged from 48 hours to 43 days.	Headache, dry eye, progressive unilateral ptosis of the forehead and eyelid associated with diplopia, loss of control of the orbicularis oris muscle, difficulty in drinking and speaking, edema, spasms of the eye and corrugator muscles and diplopia to a greater degree.	Facial muscles, eyes, eyelids, forehead and head
2	1	0	1	48	Filling hyaluronic acid in the glabellar area and eyelids for wrinkles	-	1 minute	Partial visual loss in the lower half of the visual field of the right eye and occlusion of the retinal branch artery.	Eyes
3	4	4	0	38-58	Facial fillers with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres, hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid plus acrylic hydrogel particles and polylactic acid	-	It ranged from 2 and 3 months to 2 years later.	Vesicular rashes on the face, granulomas, erythema, foreign body with subcutaneous and intramuscular stiffness, acute inflammation of the enlarged facial areas and also a fistula on the forehead.	Eyelids, corner of mouth, zygomatic arch, nasolabial folds, chin, neck, cheeks and upper lip.
4	13	13	0	31-58	Botulinum toxin type A in “crow’s feet” region	10 U for each side	1 week	Dry eye and effects on the production of tears.	Eyes
5	25	-	-	-	Facial filling with hyaluronic acid (n=16) and hyaluronic acid plus hydrogels (n=9)	-	1-12 months	Sensitive nodules, skin tightening, systemic manifestations and other clinical signs.	Orofacial and systemic
6	3	2	1	25-42	Nose filling (rhinoplasty) with hyaluronic acid	1 ml (n=1)	Ranged from Immediate; 12 hours after and 1 day after.	Nasal necrosis, irritation of the skin of the nose with swelling and numbness.	Nose
7	2	2	0	27-36	Facial treatment with intense pulsed light (IPL)	560 nm with an unknown IPL unit was	1 hour after	Eye pain, marked pupillary constriction and anterior	Eyes
8	4	4	0	33-49	Botulinum toxin in the forehead region	Less than 20 U	1-2 weeks after	Glabellar protrusion and deep wrinkles	Forehead
9	1	1	0	32	Botulinum toxin injection to correct gingival smile	(3 BTX injections in 2 locations)	6 months later	Nasopalatine duct cyst or lateral periodontal cyst and foreign body immersed in connective tissue of the lesion compatible with botulinum toxin.	Maxilla and central incisors
10	1	1	0	32	Injections of botulinum toxin type A in the glabella region	-	2 weeks	Pale skin overlying the frontal and glabellar areas	Forehead
11	1	1	0	35	Hyaluronic acid in the region of the zygomatic arch	18G cannula, 70mm and volume not informed	15 days after	Pain on palpation and nodules	Zygomatic arch and infra-orbital region
12	13	13	0	38-44	Facial filling with autologous fat (n=7), hyaluronic acid (n=5) and bone collagen (n=1). Frontal (n=5), periocular (n=2), temporal (n=2) and nose (n=4)	HA (0.6; 0.9 and 2.1 ml of material. Needle 27-30 G) and autologous fat: (20.0;2.0;5.0;12.0 and 0.9ml with a needle of 0,3; 1; 1,2 and 2mm in diameter and 23 G and 12G)	-	Ophthalmic artery occlusion (OAO), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION).	Eyes
13	1	1	0	74	Dermal filling with unidentified material in the forehead region	-	-	Edema and yellow discoloration of the left upper eyelid	Eyelids
14	26	26	0	28-74	Lip filling	-	-	lip volume, asymmetry, lip edema, infections, fibrosis, lumps, labial hardening, granulomatous inflammation and product migration.	Lips
15	3	2	1	30-60	Hyaluronic acid, autologous fat and microspheres of bovine collagen and polymethyl methyl acrylate on the forehead	-	Ranged from immediately to 3 weeks after	Visual Loss	Eyes
16	20	19	1	22-52	Hyaluronic acid in the Nose	-	1 day after	Cutaneous necrosis (pain, erythema and edema)	Nose
17	2	2	0	58-65	Hyaluronic acid	-	4 e 12 years later (late reaction)	Painful inflamed nodular lesions on the lip mucosa and sudden symmetrical bilateral swelling in the masseter region	Lips and masseter
18	7	7	0	24-40	Hyaluronic acid (n=4) and autologous fat (n=3) in nose and glabella	AH 0.2; 0.4 and 0.7 ml for autologous fat was not identified	4 hours	Ophthalmic artery occlusion (OAO) and skin necrosis	Eyes
19	1	1	0	46	Hyaluronic acid in the forehead and nose	-	2 days after	Redness, swelling, numerous pustules and dark regional necrosis.	Glabella, forehead and back of nose
20	1	1	0	22	Hyaluronic acid injection in the nasal dorsus	-	10 minutes after	Nasal back and erythematous glabella accompanied by diplopia, violet discoloration, orbital pain and extrabismus in the eyes.	Glabella, nose and eyes
21	1	1	0	30	A botulim toxin injections	3 injections without volume indication	-	Ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, muscle weakness, progressive breathing difficulty and dyspnea	Eyes and pharynx
22	1	1	0	50	Poly-lactic acid injection (PLLA) in the cheeks	-	1 month after	Fill migration in the cheeks forming a growing nodule on the forehead	Forehead
23	7	7	0	46-57	Hyaluronic acid (n=2), synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite (n=4) and polycaprolactone microspheres (n=1)	-	12 months after	Reaction similar to xanthelasma on the lower eyelids that included swelling and yellow deposits on the lower eyelids	Lower eyelids
24	1	1	0	54	Hyaluronic acid in the eyebrow region	-	6 years after	Bilateral periorbital edema with slight blue discoloration of the skin.	Eyelids
25	18	18	0	24-45	Hyaluronic acid or autologous fat: test n=6; nose n=8; both n=4	-	-	Visual loss (absence of light perception, ischemia at the injection site, different degrees of ptosis and examination of the fundus)	Eyes
26	1	1	0	57	Hyaluronic acid in the glabella, forehead and nasolabial folds	0,1mL	2 days after	Skin necrosis, erythema, discoloration, purple, and severe pain that extends from the left glabella to the top of the forehead	Forehead, in the parietal region
27	1	1	0	36	Botulinum toxin type A on the glabella, forehead and crow’s feet	-	7 days after	Esotropia partial paralysis of the eye (presented double vision)	Eyes
28	2	2	0	24-42	Hyaluronic acid (HA)	1ml	During the procedure	Local necrosis of the chin skin, lingual paresthesia, headache and neck discomfort.	Chin and Tongue
29	5	3	2	47-53	Microfocused ultrasound (MFUS) to improve facial skin texture	4MHz / 4.5mm, 3.0mm and 1.5mm (809 lines); 7 MHz / 4.5mm and 3.0mm (318 lines) and 4MHz / 4.5mm, 7MHz / 4.5mm and 3.0mm deep (630 lines)	Minutes after procedure	Blisters, erosion / ulceration, skin and subcutaneous tissue and skin necrosis.	Facial skin
30	1	1	0	29	Hyaluronic acid (HA) in the nasal tip	-	During the procedure and after 3 days.	Severe pain, dizziness and blurred vision, limited extraocular movement, skin.	Periocular area and glabella
31	1	1	0	28	Botulinum toxin type A on the upper lip	one site per muscle, 2.5 units per site	1 week after	Appearance of depressing horizontal line when smiling	Lower facial third
32	1	1	0	36	Periocular hyaluronic acid and glabella	-	-	Loss of vision in the right eye and weakness in the left arm	Eyes and arms
33	1	1	0	52	Hyaluronic acid (HA) in the puppet lines and nasolabial folds	-	12 hours after	Bilateral painful erythematous facial edema and palpable sensitive area with hematoma and edema	Lower third of the face and lip

Article	1. Were patient’s demographic characteristics clearly described?	2. Was the patient’s history clearly described and presented as a timeline?	3. Was the current clinical condition of the patient on presentation clearly described?	4. Were diagnostic tests or assessment methods and the results clearly described?	5. Was the intervention(s) or treatment procedure(s) clearly described?	6. Was the postintervention clinical condition clearly described?	7. Were adverse events (harms) or unanticipated events identified and described?	8. Does the case report provide takeaway lessons?
1¹⁹19 Ferreira MC, Salles AG, Gimenez R, Soares MF. Complications with the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial rejuvenation: report of 8 cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2004;28(6):441-4.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
2²⁰20 Peter S, Mennel S. Retinal branch artery occlusion following injection of hyaluronic acid (Restylane). Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;34(4):363-4.	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
3²¹21 Wolfram D, Tzankov A, Piza-Katzer H. Surgery for foreign body reactions due to injectable fillers. Dermatology. 2006;213(4):300-4.	+	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
4²²22 Arat YO, Yen MT. Effect of botulinum toxin type a on tear production after treatment of lateral canthal rhytids. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):22-4.	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
5²³23 Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(2):150-61.	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
6²⁴24 Grunebaum LD, Bogdan Allemann I, Dayan S, Mandy S, Baumann L. The risk of alar necrosis associated with dermal filler injection. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35 Suppl 2:1635-40.	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
7²⁵25 Lee WW, Murdock J, Albini TA, O’brien TP, Levine ML. Ocular damage secondary to intense pulse light therapy to the face. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(4):263-5.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
8²⁶26 Kang SM, Feneran A, Kim JK, Park O, Kim JE, Won CH, et al. Exaggeration of wrinkles after botulinum toxin injection for forehead horizontal lines. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(2):217-21.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
9²⁷27 Pontes HA, Pontes FS, de Oliveira GF, de Almeida HA, Guimarães DM, Cavallero FC. Uncommon foreign body reaction caused by botulinum toxin. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(4):e303-5.	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
10²⁸28 Khan TT, Herne K, Dayan SH, Woodward JA. Facial blanching due to neurotoxins: proposed mechanisms. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(1 Pt 1):24-9.	+	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
11²⁹29 Neri SRNG, Addor FAS, Parada MB, Schalka S. The use of hyaluronidase in complications caused by hyaluronic acid for volumization of the face: a case report. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2013;5(4):364-6.	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
12³⁰30 Chen Y, Wang W, Li J, Yu Y, Li L, Lu N. Fundus artery occlusion caused by cosmetic facial injections. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(8):1434-7.	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
13³¹31 Eun YS, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Periorbital lipogranuloma related to filler migration: a rare complication of facial fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014;16(3):149-50.	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
14³²32 Grippaudo FR, Di Girolamo M, Mattei M, Pucci E, Grippaudo C. Diagnosis and management of dermal filler complications in the perioral region. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014;16(5):246-52.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
15³³33 Carle MV, Roe R, Novack R, Boyer DS. Cosmetic facial fillers and severe vision loss. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(5):637-9.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
16³⁴34 Sun ZS, Zhu GZ, Wang HB, Xu X, Cai B, Zeng L, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Impending Nasal Skin Necrosis Related to Nose and Nasolabial Fold Augmentation with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(4):434e-41e.	+	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
17³⁵35 Curi MM, Cardoso CL, Curra C, Koga D, Benini MB. Lateonset adverse reactions related to hyaluronic Acid dermal filler for aesthetic soft tissue augmentation. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(3):782-4.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
18³⁶36 Kim YK, Jung C, Woo SJ, Park KH. Cerebral Angiographic Findings of Cosmetic Facial Filler-related Ophthalmic and Retinal Artery Occlusion. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(12):1847-55.	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
19³⁷37 Kang BK, Kang IJ, Jeong KH, Shin MK. Treatment of glabella skin necrosis following injection of hyaluronic acid filler using platelet-rich plasma. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(2):111-2.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
20³⁸38 Chen W, Wu L, Jian XL, Zhang B, Li JY, Qin XL, et al. Retinal Branch Artery Embolization Following Hyaluronic Acid Injection: A Case Report. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(7):NP219-24.	+	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
21³⁹39 Chegini A. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in a rare case myasthenic crisis after Botox injection. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:283-5.	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
22⁴⁰40 Lin CH, Chiang CP, Wu BY, Gao HW. Filler migration to the forehead due to multiple filler injections in a patient addicted to cosmetic fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2017;19(2):124-6.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
23⁴¹41 Or L, Eviatar JA, Massry GG, Bernardini FP, Hartstein ME. Xanthelasma-Like Reaction to Filler Injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(4):244-7.	-	+	+	+	-	+	+	+
24⁴²42 Yu JTS, Peng L, Ataullah S. Chronic Eyelid Edema Following Periocular Hyaluronic Acid Filler Treatment. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(6):e139-40.	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	+
25⁴³43 Hu XZ, Chen SQ, Zhang Q, Wu PS, Lu W. Clinical analysis of visual loss caused by facial cosmetic fillers injection. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2017;53(8):594-8.	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	+
26⁴⁴44 Maruyama S. A Histopathologic Diagnosis of Vascular Occlusion After Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Filler: Findings of Intravascular Foreign Body and Skin Necrosis. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):NP102-8.	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
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[1] *Corresponding author: Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva Avenida do Café, s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Zip Code: 14040-904, E-mail: ricardohenrique@usp.br

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Complications in orofacial harmonization procedures: a systematic review

ABSTRACT