Influence of muscle fatigue on the pedaling kinetic and kinematics in different cycling protocols: a scoping review

Lanferdini, Fábio J.; Vaz, Marco A.

doi:10.1590/rbce.43.e008621

Fábio J. Lanferdini

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Biomecânica. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-7188

Marco A. Vaz

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-3502

*Corresponding author: Fábio J. Lanferdini E-mail: fabiolanferdini@gmail.com

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication.

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Ulmer’s hypothetical model of a control system for optimization of performance during exercise (e.g., cycling). The left panel shows simple feedback control of the motor system by the central nervous system (CNS). The right panel shows an integrative control system for optimization of performance where there are a number of different levels of control in the CNS and peripheral physiological systems (Adapted from Lambert et al., 2005Lambert EV, St Clair Gibson A, Noakes TD. Complex systems model of fatigue: integrative homoeostatic control of peripheral physiological systems during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(1):52-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.011247. PMid:15618343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.0112... ; and Ulmer, 1996Ulmer H-V. Concept of an extracellular regulation of muscular metabolic rate during heavy exercise in humans by psychophysiological feedback. Experientia. 1996;52(5):416-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919309. PMid:8641377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919309... ).

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Figure 2
Flow diagram of study selection.

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Figure 3
(A) Illustration of a cyclist on the bicycle; (B) Illustration of real force vectors and magnitudes (red arrows), where it can be observed that a large part of the propulsive forces and/or output power is generated at the middle propulsion-phase (30-150°) of the crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ); (C) Effective force (EF) during 360° of crank cycle at the start (grey) and end (black), with a decline in negative EF at the recovery-phase of the crank cycle at the end of the time-to-exhaustion or time-trial tests (Sanderson and Black, 2003Sanderson DJ, Black A. The effect of prolonged cycling on pedal forces. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(3):191-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000071010. PMid:12703848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410310000... ; Carpes et al., 2005Carpes FP, Bini RR, Nabinger E, Diefenthaeler F, Mota CB, Guimarães ACS. Aplicação de força no pedal em prova de ciclismo 40 km contra-relógio simulada: estudo preliminar. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2005;19(2):105-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005000200002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005... ); (D) Schematic of lower limb kinematic and muscle activation in the middle propulsion-phase of a 90° crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ); (E) Schematic of lower limb kinematic and muscle activation in the middle recovery-phase of 270º crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ), showing changes in lower limb kinematics {especially increased ankle plantarflexion and/or range of motion [illustrated by the change from the original foot position (dashed red line) to the solid black line (representing increased plantar flexion of the ankle)]} at the end of incremental (Bini and Diefenthaeler, 2010Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F. Kinetics and kinematics analysis of incremental cycling to exhaustion. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):223-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.540672. PMid:21309297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.... ) and constant workload tests (Dingwell et al., 2008Dingwell JB, Joubert JE, Diefenthaeler F, Trinity JD. Changes in muscle activity and kinematics of highly trained cyclists during fatigue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008;55(11):2666-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001130. PMid:18990638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001... ).

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Table 1
Summary of sample, training experience, characteristics and results from studies investigating the effects of muscle fatigue on the maximal incremental cycling test.

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Table 2
Summary of sample, training experience, characteristics and results from studies investigating the effects of muscle fatigue on the constant test.

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Table 3
Summary of sample, training experience, characteristics and results from studies investigating the effects of muscle fatigue on the variable workload test.

Figure 3 (A) Illustration of a cyclist on the bicycle; (B) Illustration of real force vectors and magnitudes (red arrows), where it can be observed that a large part of the propulsive forces and/or output power is generated at the middle propulsion-phase (30-150°) of the crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ); (C) Effective force (EF) during 360° of crank cycle at the start (grey) and end (black), with a decline in negative EF at the recovery-phase of the crank cycle at the end of the time-to-exhaustion or time-trial tests (Sanderson and Black, 2003Sanderson DJ, Black A. The effect of prolonged cycling on pedal forces. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(3):191-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000071010. PMid:12703848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410310000... ; Carpes et al., 2005Carpes FP, Bini RR, Nabinger E, Diefenthaeler F, Mota CB, Guimarães ACS. Aplicação de força no pedal em prova de ciclismo 40 km contra-relógio simulada: estudo preliminar. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2005;19(2):105-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005000200002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005... ); (D) Schematic of lower limb kinematic and muscle activation in the middle propulsion-phase of a 90° crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ); (E) Schematic of lower limb kinematic and muscle activation in the middle recovery-phase of 270º crank cycle (Turpin and Watier, 2020Turpin NA, Watier B. Cycling biomechanics and its relationship to performance. Appl Sci. 2020;10(12):4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124112... ), showing changes in lower limb kinematics {especially increased ankle plantarflexion and/or range of motion [illustrated by the change from the original foot position (dashed red line) to the solid black line (representing increased plantar flexion of the ankle)]} at the end of incremental (Bini and Diefenthaeler, 2010Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F. Kinetics and kinematics analysis of incremental cycling to exhaustion. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):223-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.540672. PMid:21309297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.... ) and constant workload tests (Dingwell et al., 2008Dingwell JB, Joubert JE, Diefenthaeler F, Trinity JD. Changes in muscle activity and kinematics of highly trained cyclists during fatigue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008;55(11):2666-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001130. PMid:18990638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001... ).

Studies	Participants			Methods	Main Results
	Sample	Training	Characteristics	Maximal Incremental Test
Black et al. (1994)Black AH, Sanderson DJ, Hennig EM. Kinematic and kinetic changes during an incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. J Biomech. 1994;27(6):956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90947-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)9...	5♂ Competitive Road Cyclists	---	---	25 W/min to exhaustion; Cadence of ~80 rpm	↑ Ankle dorsiflexion; and ~100% of ↑ RF, EF with exhaustion
Carpes et al. (2006)Carpes FP, Dagnese F, Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F, Rossato M, Mota CB, et al. Características cinemáticas da pedalada em ciclistas competitivos de diferentes modalidades. Rev Port Cienc Desporto. 2006;2006(1):7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.06.01.07. http://dx.doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.06.01.07...	5♂ (Age: 22 years; Body mass: 78 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists and MTB	6 years’ experience 200 km/week	VO_2MAX: 58 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 350 W	50 W/5 min to exhaustion; Cadence between 75 and 100 rpm	↑ 60% of the lateral displacement of the knee (NDLL) with exhaustion
Zameziati et al. (2006)Zameziati K, Mornieux G, Rouffet D, Belli A. Relationship between the increase of effectiveness indexes and the increase of muscular efficiency with cycling power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(3):274-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0077-5. PMid:16283368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-007...	10♂ (Age: 26 years; Body mass: 69 kg) Healthy Subjects	---	VO_2MAX: 58 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 273 W	30 W/min to exhaustion; Cadence 80 rpm	↑ TF and IE
Bini et al. (2007)Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F, Carpes FP, Mota CB. External work bilateral symmetry during incremental cycling exercise. In: 25th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports [Internet]; 2007; Ouro Preto, Brazil. Proceedings. Konstanz: ISBS; 2007. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4938.5846. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4938.584...	11♂ (Age: 31 years; Body mass: 74 kg) Road Cyclists	---	VO_2MAX: 61 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 407 W	Initial workload at 60% of predicted maximum for 4 min; After every 2 min increase to 75, 90 and 100%; Cadence between 80 and 100 rpm	↑ PO and torque applied to the pedals
Bini and Diefenthaeler (2010)Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F. Kinetics and kinematics analysis of incremental cycling to exhaustion. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):223-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010.540672. PMid:21309297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2010....	11♂ (Age: 31 years; Body mass: 74 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	---	VO_2MAX: 61 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 407 W	Initial workload at 60% of predicted maximum for 4 min; After every 2 min increase to 75, 90 and 100%, respectively; Cadence between 70 and 110rpm.	↑ 42% at the time of plantar flexors; ↑ 38% for knee flexors; and ↑ 39% for hip flexors; Without changes in the moment in the dorsi flexors, knee and hip extensor. ↑ ankle and hip joint range, without changes in the knee joint.
Bini et al. (2012)Bini RR, Senger D, Lanferdini F, Lopes AL. Joint kinematics assessment during cycling incremental test to exhaustion. Iso Exerc Sci. 2012;20(2):99-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IES-2012-0447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IES-2012-0447...	15♂ (Age: 29 years; Body mass: 76 kg) Competitive Cyclists and Triathletes; and 14♂ (Age: 25 years; Body mass: 71 kg) non-athletes	5 years’ experience 316 km/week	Athletes: VO_2MAX: 61 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 375 W Non-Athletes VO_2MAX: 49 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 283 W	25 W/min to exhaustion; Cadence of ~90 rpm	↑ ankle joint range: athletes (17%) and non-athletes (25%), without changes in hip and knee joints
Pouliquen et al. (2021)Pouliquen C, Nicolas G, Bideau B, Bideau N. Impact of power output on muscle activation and 3D kinematics during an incremental test to exhaustion in professional cyclists. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;10(2):e516911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.516911. PMid:33778484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.516...	12♂ (Age: 26 years; Body mass: 73 kg) Continental Road Cyclists	---	VO_2MAX: 75 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 350 W	50 W/2 min to exhaustion; Self-select cadence	↓ hip flexion/extension and internal/external rotation as well knee abduction/adduction ranges of motion, without changes ankle joint

Studies	Participants				Methods	Main Results
	Sample	Training		Characteristics	Constant Workload Test
Amoroso et al. (1993)Amoroso A, Sanderson DJ, Hennig EM. Kinematic and kinetic changes in cycling resulting from fatigue. In: XIV International Congress of Biomechanics [Internet]; 1993; Paris, France. Proceedings. Paris: ISB; 1993 p. 94-95 [cited 2021 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230824855 https://www.researchgate.net/publication...	11♂ Competitive Road Cyclists	---	---		Workload at 300 W; Cadence 80 rpm	↑ 1.5º at the hip joint extension angle; ↑ 4.1º at ankle joint dorsiflexion; Without changes in the RF, EF and IE.
Sanderson and Black, (2003)Sanderson DJ, Black A. The effect of prolonged cycling on pedal forces. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(3):191-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000071010. PMid:12703848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410310000...	12♂ (Age: 28 years; Body mass: 75 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	---	VO_2MAX: 67 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 413 W		Workload at 80% of maximal power output. Cadence 90 rpm	↑ 18% at hip joint extension angle; ↑ 12% at knee joint flexion; ↑ 17% at ankle joint plantar flexion; ↑ 11% of EF; Without changes of IE.
Dingwell et al. (2008)Dingwell JB, Joubert JE, Diefenthaeler F, Trinity JD. Changes in muscle activity and kinematics of highly trained cyclists during fatigue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008;55(11):2666-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001130. PMid:18990638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001...	10♂ (Age: 30 years; Body mass: 75 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	10 years’ experience 12-16 hours/week	VO_2MAX: 61 ml.kg^-1.min^-1		Workload at 100% of maximal power output; Cadence 90 rpm	↑ at ankle joint plantar flexion; Without changes of hip and knee joints.
Dorel et al. (2009)Dorel S, Drouet JM, Couturier A, Champoux Y, Hug F. Changes of pedaling technique and muscle coordination during an exhaustive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(6):1277-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819825f8. PMid:19461537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181...	10♂ (Age: 21 years; Body mass: 69 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	9 years’ experience 14000 km/year	VO_2MAX: 65 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 412 W		Workload at 80% of maximal power output; Cadence ~95 rpm	↑ 7% of EF; Without changes of IE.
Wiest et al. (2009)Wiest MJ, Carpes FP, Rossato M, Mota CB. Efeito de um exercício extenuante sobre o padrão angular de pedalada: estudo preliminar. Rev Bras Cineantr Desemp Hum. 2009;11(4):386-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2009v11n4p386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2009...	4♂ (Age: 21 years; Body mass: 78 kg) Competitive MTB	---	VO_2MAX: 71 ml.kg^-1.min^-1		1 hour with workload at 80% of VO_2MAX; Cadence between 90 and 100 rpm	↑ 75% at ankle joint range of motion throughout the test; Without changes in hip and knee joint.
Bini et al. (2010)Bini RR, Diefenthaeler F, Mota CB. Fatigue effects on the coordinative pattern during cycling: kinetics and kinematics evaluation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(1):102-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.10.003. PMid:19028111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008...	10♂ (Age: 31 years; Body mass: 74 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	---	VO_2MAX: 60 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 408 W		Workload at 100% maximal power output; Preferred cadence	↓ 13% at ankle joint torque; ↑ ~50% at hip and knee joints torque; ↓ ~7% at the hip range of motion, and ↑ ~35% at the ankle joint.
Diefenthaeler et al. (2012a)Diefenthaeler F, Bini RR, Vaz MA. Análise da técnica de pedalada durante o ciclismo até a exaustão. Motriz. 2012a;18(3):476-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742012000300008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742012...	8♂ (Age: 31 years; Body mass: 73 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	2 years’ experience 350-600 km/week	VO_2MAX: 60 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 408 W		Workload at 100% maximal power output; Preferred cadence	↑ 35% of EF; Without changes in the RF and IE; ↑ 47% at ankle joint range.
Diefenthaeler et al. (2012b)Diefenthaeler F, Coyle EF, Bini RR, Carpes FP, Vaz MA. Muscle activity and pedal force profile of triathletes during cycling to exhaustion. Sports Biomech. 2012b;11(1):10-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2011.637125. PMid:22518941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2011....	14♂ (Age: 21 years; Body mass: 77 kg) Competitive Triathletes	4 years’ experience	VO_2MAX: 62 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 355 W		Workload at 100% maximal power output; Preferred cadence	↑ 18% of RF

Studies	Participants			Methods	Main Results
	Sample	Training	Characteristics	Variable Workload Test (Time-Trial)
Albertus et al. (2005) Albertus Y, Tucker R, Gibson ASC, Lambert E, Hampson DB, Noakes TD. Effect of distance feedback on pacing strategy and perceived exertion during cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):461-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000155700.72702.76. PMid:15741846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000155...	15♂ (Age: 25 years; Body mass: 69 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	---	PO_MAX: 397 W	Time-trial of 20 Km	↑ 30% of PO in the end of teste
Carpes et al. (2005)Carpes FP, Bini RR, Nabinger E, Diefenthaeler F, Mota CB, Guimarães ACS. Aplicação de força no pedal em prova de ciclismo 40 km contra-relógio simulada: estudo preliminar. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2005;19(2):105-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005000200002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092005...	1♂ (Age: 25 years) Competitive Triathlete	10 years’ experience	---	Time-trial of 40 Km	↑ ~40% of PO and ↑ EF of end test
Duc et al. (2005)Duc S, Betik AC, Grappe F. EMG activity does not change during a TT in competitive cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(2):145-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817922. PMid:15726491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817922...	9♂ (Age: 21 years; Body mass: 66 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	2-11 years’ experience	VO_2MAX: 74 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 388 W	Time-trial of 30 Min	No changes in torque applied at cranks
Carpes et al. (2007)Carpes FP, Rossato M, Faria IE, Bolli Mota C. Bilateral pedaling asymmetry during a simulated 40-km cycling time-trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007;47(1):51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02540. PMid:17369798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-20060...	6♂ (Age: 20 years; Body mass: 72 kg) Recreational Road Cyclists	5 years’ experience	VO_2MAX: 56 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 400 W	Time-trial of 40 Km	↑ 16% in torque applied at cranks in the end of test
Bini et al. (2008)Bini RR, Carpes FP, Diefenthaeler F, Mota CB, Guimaraes AC. Physiological and electromyographic responses during 40-km cycling TT: relationship to muscle coordination and performance. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11(4):363-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.03.006. PMid:17703997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.0...	8♂ (Age: 32 years; Body mass: 77 kg) Competitive Triathletes	6 years’ experience	VO_2MAX: 61 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 414 W	Time-trial of 40 Km	↑ 16% of PO in the end of test
Sayers et al. (2012)Sayers MG, Tweddle AL, Every J, Wiegand A. Changes in drive phase lower limb kinematics during a 60 min cycling TT. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.09.002. PMid:22018522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.0...	10♂ (Age: 36 years; Body mass: 80 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists	5 years’ experience	---	Time-trial of 60 Min	↑ 5% in the range of motion at hip joint, and ↓ 12% at ankle joint; Without changes at knee joint
Bini e Hume (2015)Bini RR, Hume PA. Relationship between pedal force asymmetry and performance in cycling time trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55(9):892-8. PMid:26470634.	10♂ (Age: 32 years; Body mass: 71 kg) Competitive Road Cyclists and Triathletes	---	VO_2MAX: 62 ml.kg^-1.min^-1 PO_MAX: 377 W	Time-trial of 4 Km	↑ ~10% in PO during test

[1] *Corresponding author: Fábio J. Lanferdini E-mail: fabiolanferdini@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Influence of muscle fatigue on the pedaling kinetic and kinematics in different cycling protocols: a scoping review

Influência da fadiga muscular sobre a cinética e cinemática de pedalada em diferentes protocolos de ciclismo: uma revisão de escopo

Influencia de la fatiga muscular en la cinética y cinemática de pedaleo en diferentes protocolos de ciclismo: una revisión del alcance

ABSTRACT