Biological, physical fitness and motor coordination profile and its associations with the performance of practitioners of rhythmic gymnastics at sports initiation: a systematic review

Sampaio, Daisy Fernandes; Borges, Marcelo Gules; Ribas, Michele Caroline de Souza

doi:10.1590/1980-0037.2023v25e92347

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Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano

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Review article • Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum. 25 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2023v25e92347 copy

Biological, physical fitness and motor coordination profile and its associations with the performance of practitioners of rhythmic gymnastics at sports initiation: a systematic review

Perfil biológico, de aptidão física e de coordenação motora e suas associações com o desempenho de praticantes de ginástica rítmica em iniciação esportiva: uma revisão sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Describing the biological, physical fitness and motor coordination profile and its possible associations of these variables with the performance on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) of practitioners of sports initiation. Systematic search of articles carried out from the 20^th to the 23^rd of July, 2022, on three databases: 1) PubMed; 2) SportDiscus and 3) Google Scholar. The search was conducted through an advanced research tool, from the constructing of descriptors and keywords related to the theme. The selection of descriptors and keywords was performed through consensus of published sources (original and of systematic review articles) and inserted in English language in each database. 10 articles were included in the descriptive summary of data. The greatest part of these studies is of female practitioners, having the data collection in its majority in the European region. The profile of beginner gymnasts was characterized by low values for BMI, BF%, high values for stature, high indexes of flexibility, explosive strength, motor coordination and balance. Flexibility, explosive strength, muscular endurance and high levels of motor coordination were the variables which most presented positive associations with the performance on RG. The values of body mass and skin folds presented a predictive negative power on the success of RG movements. The impact of different variables on the beginner gymnasts’ performance evidences the necessity of working physical and motor components in a way that it supports the objects of development of each practitioner considering the biological, physical and motor aspects.

Key words:
Gymnastics; Initiation; Performance

CROSS-SECTIONAL*
Reference	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Q9	Q10	Q11	Q12	Q13	Q14	Score*
Miletić et al. (2004)²¹21 Miletić D, Sekulić D, Wolf-Cvitak J. The leaping performance of 7-year-old novice rhythmic gymnasts is highly influenced by the condition of their motor abilities. Kinesiology 2004;36(1):35-43.	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Y	NA	Y	N	Y	NA	Y	NR	8
Miletić & Kostić (2006)²²22 Miletić D, Kostić R. Motor and morphological conditionality for performing Arabesque and Passe pivots. FU Phys Ed Sport 2006;4(1):17-25.	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Y	NA	Y	N	Y	NA	Y	NR	8
Šebić-Zuhrić et al. (2008)²³23 Šebić-Zuhrić L, Tabaković M, Hmjelovjec I, Atiković A. Predictive values of morphological characteristics in rhythmic gymnastics. Kinesiology 2008;5(1-2):45-50.	Y	N	NR	Y	N	Y	NA	NA	Y	N	Y	NA	Y	NR	6
Budiarti et al. (2020)¹³13 Budiarti R, Nugroho W, Nurfadhila R. Contributions of physical condition to gymnastics basic skills of college students. Adv Health Sci Res 2020;29:114-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107....	Y	N	NR	NR	N	Y	NA	NA	Y	N	Y	NA	Y	NR	5
Campos-Pérez et al. (2022)⁹9 Campos-Pérez J, Páscoa RNMJ, Lopes JA, Cámara-Martos F. Relationship between gymnastic rhythmic practice and body composition, physical performance, and trace element status in young girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022;200(1):84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02651-z. PMid:33650063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-026...	Y	N	NR	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	N	Y	NA	Y	NR	5
INTERVENTION WITHOUT GROUP CONTROL**
Miletić et al. (2006)²⁴24 Miletić D, Katić R, Males B. Some anthropologic factors of performance in rhythmic gymnastics novices. Coll Antropol 2004;28(2):727-37. PMid:15666605.	Y	Y	Y	NR	Y	Y	Y	NA	Y	Y	N	Y	-	-	9
Schemberger & Lourenço (2016)²⁵25 Schemberger PG, Lourenço MRA. Avaliação da flexibilidade em atletas iniciantes de ginástica rítmica. Horizon 2017;4(8):9-16.	Y	N	NR	NR	NR	Y	Y	NA	Y	Y	N	Y	-	-	6
Tincea (2020)²⁶26 Tincea RM. Analysys of static balances in rhythmic gymnastics in children aged between 6 to 8 years. Bull Transilv Univ Bras 2020;13(62):93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020.13.62.2.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020....	Y	Y	Y	NR	N	Y	Y	NA	Y	Y	N	Y	-	-	8
Kezić et al. (2018)²⁷27 Kezić A, Miletić D, Lujan I. Motor learning in rhythmic gymnastics: influence of fundamental movement skills. Acta Kinesiol 2018;12(2):20-8.	Y	Y	Y	Y	NR	Y	Y	NA	Y	Y	Y	Y	-	-	10
INTERVENTION WITH GROUP CONTROL***
Genc & Cigerci (2020)⁸8 Genc H, Cigerci AE. The effect of gymnastics training on anthropometric, somatotype and some performance characteristics in preschool girls. Progr Nutr 2020;22(2):547-54.	Y	N	NR	Y	NR	Y	N	NR	NR	Y	NA	NR	-	-	4

Note. Y - Yes; N - No; NR - Not reported; NA - Not applicable. *For cross-section and longitudinal studies: Q1 - Was the research question or objective of this article was clearly outlined?; Q2 - Was the population of this study clearly specified and defined?; Q3 - Was the population rate of the eligible persons at least 50%?; Q4 - Were the selected or recruited individuals of the same population or similar (including the same time-length)? Were the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study pre-specified and applied evenly among the participants?; Q5 - Was there a justification for the sample size, power description or variance and effect estimative?; Q6 - For the analysis of the article, were the interest exposures measured before the measurement of the results?; Q7 - Was the deadline enough to reasonably expect an association between exposure and closure?; Q8 - For exposures that can vary in quantity or level, did the study examine different levels of exposure in relation to the disclosure (for instance, categories of exposure or measured exposure as a continuing variable)?; Q9 - Are the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable and implemented consistently to all the participants in the study?; Q10 - Was the exposure assessed more than once throughout time?; Q11 - Were the measures of the result (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable and implemented consistently to all the participants in the study?; Q12 - Were the assessors of the closure blinded to the participants’ exposure status??; Q13 - Was the loss of follow-up after baseline of 20% or less?; Q14 - Were the main potential variables of confusing statistically measured and fit for their impact on the relation between exposure(s) and closure(s)?; The calculation used for cross-section and longitudinal was: total of valid questions (14 questions) subtracted the number of with answers “no”, “not reported” or “not applied”. **For intervention studies without group control: Q1 - Was the question or objective of the study clearly defined?; Q2 - Were the eligibility/selection criteria for the population of the study pre-specified and clearly described?; Q3 - Were the participants of this study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinic population of interest?; Q4 - Were all the participants who fulfilled the pre-specified entrance criteria registered?; Q5 - Was the sample size large enough to provide confidence in the results?; Q6 - Was the test/service/intervention clearly described consistently applied on the population of the study?; Q7 - Were the closure measures pre-specified, clearly defined, valid, reliable and consistently assessed on all participants of the study?; Q8 - Did the responsible persons for assessing the results blind the participants’ exposures/interventions?; Q9 - Was the loss of follow-up after the beginning of the study of 20% or less? Were these follow-up losses accounted in the analysis?; Q10 - Did the statistical methods examine the changes in the measures of the result before and after the intervention? Were statistical tests which provided p values for pre-post changes conducted?; Q11 - Were the interest result measures taken several times before the intervention and several times after the intervention (that is, did they use an interrupted time series design)?; Q12 - If the intervention conducted at a group level (for instance, an entire hospital, community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of data at an individual level to determine the effects on a group level? The calculation used for the intervention studies was: total of valid questions (12 questions) subtracted the number of answers “no” or “not informed”. ***For intervention studies with group control: Q1 - Was the question or objective of the study clearly defined?; Q2 - Were the eligibility/selection criteria for the population of the study pre-specified and clearly described?; Q3 - Did the authors include a justification for the sample size?; Q4 - Were the controls selected or recruited from the same way or similar population who originated the cases (including the same time-length)?; Q5 - Were the definitions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, algorithms or processes used to identify the cases valid, reliable and implemented consistently on all participants of the study?; Q6 - Were the cases clearly defined and distinguished from controls?; Q7 - If less than 100% of the cases and/or eligible controls were selected for the study, were the cases and/or controls selected randomly among the eligible ones?; Q8 - Was there the use of simultaneous controls?; Q9 - Were the investigators able to confirm whether an exposure/risk occurred before the development of the condition or event that defined one participant as one case?; Q10 - Were the exposure/risk measures clearly defined, valid, reliable and implemented consistently (including the same time-length) on all participants of the study?; Q11 - Were the assessors of the exposure/risk blinded for the status of the case or control of the participants?; Q12 - Were the main potential confusing variables measured and statistically fit in the analysis? If pairing was used, did the investigators consider the pairing during the study analysis? The calculation used for the intention studies was: total of valid questions (12 questions) subtracted the questions with answers “no” or “not informed”.

Authors and year of publication	Country	Type of study	Age range	Gender	Sample size	Objective
Miletić et al. (2004)²¹21 Miletić D, Sekulić D, Wolf-Cvitak J. The leaping performance of 7-year-old novice rhythmic gymnasts is highly influenced by the condition of their motor abilities. Kinesiology 2004;36(1):35-43.	Croatia	Cross-section	7 years	F	55	To establish jump performance quality and determine the influence of basic motor skills on jump by RG beginner practitioners.
Miletić et al. (2004)²⁴24 Miletić D, Katić R, Males B. Some anthropologic factors of performance in rhythmic gymnastics novices. Coll Antropol 2004;28(2):727-37. PMid:15666605.	Croatia	Cross-section	7 years	F	50	To determine the impact of motor skills and morphological characteristics on the performance of RG motor skills of RG beginner practitioners.
Miletić & Kostić (2006)²²22 Miletić D, Kostić R. Motor and morphological conditionality for performing Arabesque and Passe pivots. FU Phys Ed Sport 2006;4(1):17-25.	Croatia	Cross-section	7 years	F	53	To establish the performance quality of pivot arabesque and passé, and determine any probable influence of motor skills and morphologic characteristics on the performance of pivot arabesque and passé in a sample of 7-year-old girls.
Šebić-Zuhrić et al. (2008)²³23 Šebić-Zuhrić L, Tabaković M, Hmjelovjec I, Atiković A. Predictive values of morphological characteristics in rhythmic gymnastics. Kinesiology 2008;5(1-2):45-50.	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Cross-section	16 to 18 years	F	127	To determine the predictive values of morphologic characteristics on the performance of elements of rhythmic gymnastics without apparatus.
Schemberger & Lourenço (2016)²⁵25 Schemberger PG, Lourenço MRA. Avaliação da flexibilidade em atletas iniciantes de ginástica rítmica. Horizon 2017;4(8):9-16.	Brazil	Intervention (pre- and post-assessment without control group)	8 to 12 years	F	54	To quantitatively verify the effect of 16 weeks of RG flexibility among beginner school gymnasts.
Kezić et al. (2018)²⁷27 Kezić A, Miletić D, Lujan I. Motor learning in rhythmic gymnastics: influence of fundamental movement skills. Acta Kinesiol 2018;12(2):20-8.	Croatia	Intervention (pre- and post-assessment without control group)	6 years	F and M	70	To determine the influence of fundamental motor skills on the performance of RG specific skills in different motor learning stages on 6-year-old children.
Tincea (2020)²⁶26 Tincea RM. Analysys of static balances in rhythmic gymnastics in children aged between 6 to 8 years. Bull Transilv Univ Bras 2020;13(62):93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020.13.62.2.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020....	Romenia	Intervention (pre- and post-assessment without control group)	6 to 8 years	F	10	To develop new training programs and stand out the existing relation between new assessment methods and sports results.
Genc & Cigerci (2020)⁸8 Genc H, Cigerci AE. The effect of gymnastics training on anthropometric, somatotype and some performance characteristics in preschool girls. Progr Nutr 2020;22(2):547-54.	Turkey	Intervention (pre- and post-assessment with control group)	6 to 7 years	F	16	To examine the effects of gymnastic training on certain physical and performance characteristics on 6-to-7-year-old pre-school girls.
Budiarti et al. (2020)¹³13 Budiarti R, Nugroho W, Nurfadhila R. Contributions of physical condition to gymnastics basic skills of college students. Adv Health Sci Res 2020;29:114-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107....	Indonesia	Cross-section	18 to 19 years	F	82	To determine the contribution of physical condition to gymnastic basic skill.
Campos-Pérez et al. (2022)⁹9 Campos-Pérez J, Páscoa RNMJ, Lopes JA, Cámara-Martos F. Relationship between gymnastic rhythmic practice and body composition, physical performance, and trace element status in young girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022;200(1):84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02651-z. PMid:33650063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-026...	Spain	Cross-section	10 to 17 years	F	34 (24 practitioners)	To determine the influence of RG performed in different intensities by girls of prepubescent age and adolescents on (a) the physical development (through anthropometric measures) and (b) the development of physical capacity (strength and flexibility).

DESCRIPTION OF THE GYMNASTS’ PROFILE
Author and year of publication	Assessment of the variable that describes the gymnast’s profile and/or the variables associated with performance in RG	RG performance assessment	Results of the description of the gymnast’s profile and/or the variables associated with performance in RG	Co-variables
Schemberger & Lourenço (2016)²⁵25 Schemberger PG, Lourenço MRA. Avaliação da flexibilidade em atletas iniciantes de ginástica rítmica. Horizon 2017;4(8):9-16.	Flexibility - Sit-and-reach test	-	RG practitioners of age range from 8 to 12 years presented greater flexibility (p< 0.05).	NA
Genc & Cigerci (2020)⁸8 Genc H, Cigerci AE. The effect of gymnastics training on anthropometric, somatotype and some performance characteristics in preschool girls. Progr Nutr 2020;22(2):547-54.	Morphologic characteristics - Assessment of stature (cm), sitting stature (cm), wingspan (cm), body mass (Kg), BMI, %BF, biceps cutaneous folds, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and calf (mm), elbow and knee diameter (cm), circumference of biceps and calf (cm). Explosive strength - Vertical jump and long jump test. Flexibility - Sit-stretch test	-	EG: Stature, stature sitting and wingspan increased significantly (p< 005). %BF presented statistically significant decrease (p< 0.05). Positive influence of RG training on standing jump, long jump and flexibility (p< 0.05).	Somatotype assessment
			EG and CG: Statistically significant increased body mass (p< 0.05).
			CG: Statistically significant increased BMI (p< 0.05).
ASSOCIATION OF VARIABLES WITH PERFORMANCE
Miletić et al. (2004)²¹21 Miletić D, Sekulić D, Wolf-Cvitak J. The leaping performance of 7-year-old novice rhythmic gymnasts is highly influenced by the condition of their motor abilities. Kinesiology 2004;36(1):35-43.	Coordination - Test poligon, agility; Coordination on rhythm - Test hand-drumming; Movement frequency - Test Hand-tapping and foot-tapping; Strength - Test sit-ups and squats; Power - Test standing jump test (Sargent) and med-ball-throw; Flexibility - Test sit-and-reach, left split and right split	RG specific jumps with and without apparatus	Influence of coordination (coordination on rhythm, mainly) and strength (leg strength, in first place) on the performance of RG jump (p ≤ 0.05).	NA
		- Assessment of the performance on jump through the Likert scale (1-5) after watching the material recorded on video.		NA
Miletić et al. (2004)²⁴24 Miletić D, Katić R, Males B. Some anthropologic factors of performance in rhythmic gymnastics novices. Coll Antropol 2004;28(2):727-37. PMid:15666605.	Movement frequency - Test hand-tapping, foot-tapping, tapping against wall; Power - Test standing jump (Sargent), med-ball-throw; Strength - Test bench standing, sit-ups, squats; Flexibility - Test sit-and-reach and left split/right split; Coordination - Test hand-drumming, hand-foot-drumming; Morphologic characteristics: Assessment of body mass (Kg), stature (cm), biacromial diameter (cm), fist length (cm), foot diameter (cm), abdominal circumference (cm), circumference of the upper leg (cm), triceps, subscapular and abdominal fold (mm).	RG elements with 5 apparatus (rope, ball, bow, clubs and ribbon)	Flexibility (p< 0.05), explosive strength (p< 0.05) and adipose volume explain (p< 0.001) 41% of the success in the performance of RG elements (jump, spin, balance and flexibility). Frequency of movement (p< 0.001) and not adipose volume (p< 0.05) explain 26% of handling apparatus of RG (clubs, ribbon and fist ball handles).	NA
		- Assessment of the performance on motor skills with the 5 RG apparatus t through the Likert scale (1-5) after watching the material recorded on video.		NA
Miletić & Kostić (2006)²²22 Miletić D, Kostić R. Motor and morphological conditionality for performing Arabesque and Passe pivots. FU Phys Ed Sport 2006;4(1):17-25.	Morphologic characteristics - Assessment of body mass (kg); height (cm); foot length (cm), bicristal diameter (cm); foot diameter (cm); leg circumference (cm); tricipital skinfold (mm); calf skinfold (mm). Motor coordination - Test Polygon backward - s. Agility - Side steps - s. Movement frequency - Test hand-tapping /15s. Power - Test standing jump/cm. Strength - Tests folded arm and sit-ups/per minute. Flexibility - Test shoulder flexibility/cm and sit-and-reach/cm. Coordination on rhythm - Test hand-drumming, hand-foot-drumming /for 20 s.	RG Pivot Elements	Statistically significant multiple correlations between the morphologic and motor variables and the two tests applied to assess the performance of pivot (p< 0.05).	NA
		- Assessment of the performance on RG pivot arabesque and passé through the Likert scale (1-5) after watching the material recorded on video.	Agility (side steps), flexibility (shoulder flexion) and adipose tissue (calf skinfold) present significant predictive value (p< 0.05) on the performance of pivot arabesque.	NA
Šebić-Zuhrić et al. (2008)²³23 Šebić-Zuhrić L, Tabaković M, Hmjelovjec I, Atiković A. Predictive values of morphological characteristics in rhythmic gymnastics. Kinesiology 2008;5(1-2):45-50.	Morphologic characteristics - Assessment of body mass (Kg), stature (cm), arm, hand, leg and foot length (cm), biacromial wingspan(cm), diameters of elbow, fist, bicristal, knee and hand (cm), circumferences of thorax, arm, relaxed and contracted leg and waist (cm), triceps, calf and abdominal skinfold (mm).	RG basic elements	The variables of body mass and leg skinfold presented a statistically significant negative predictive power on the performance of RG (p< 0.05).	NA
		- Visual assessment of the execution of RG basic elements.		NA
Kezić et al. (2018)²⁷27 Kezić A, Miletić D, Lujan I. Motor learning in rhythmic gymnastics: influence of fundamental movement skills. Acta Kinesiol 2018;12(2):20-8.	Fundamental motor skills (Coordination)	RG skills	Statistically significant influence of coordination on the degree of acquiring RG specific skills for all apparatus and all measurement points (p< 0.05). Bilateral coordination, lower limbs coordination, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, running speed and agility were significant predictors on the performance by RG practitioners with the apparatus rope, bow, ball and ribbon (p< 0.05).	NA
	- ˝Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency˝, second edition (BOT-2) (Bruininks and Bruininks, 2005).	- Visual assessment of the execution of the skills by experienced judges of 20 rhythmic gymnastics skill tests (5 tests for each apparatus).
	- Fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, coordination of upper limbs, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed, agility and strength.
Budiarti et al. (2020)¹³13 Budiarti R, Nugroho W, Nurfadhila R. Contributions of physical condition to gymnastics basic skills of college students. Adv Health Sci Res 2020;29:114-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107.028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201107....	Physical ability: Flexibility - Test sit-and-reach. Coordination - Test Standing balance and agility (side step). Explosive strength of lower limbs - Test standing and long jump. Muscular endurance - Test flex-and-sit (abdominal).	Gymnastic basic skills	Physical skills have significant effect on gymnastic ability (p< 0.05).	NA
		- Visual assessment of the execution of gymnastic basic skills.		NA
DESCRIPTION OF THE GYMNASTS PROFILE AND ASSOCIATION OF VARIABLES WITH PERFORMANCE
Tincea (2020)²⁶26 Tincea RM. Analysys of static balances in rhythmic gymnastics in children aged between 6 to 8 years. Bull Transilv Univ Bras 2020;13(62):93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020.13.62.2.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020....	Flexibility - Test bridge, anteroposterior opening. Acrobatic - Test palm-rest side wheel, slow spin forward and slow spin backward. Balance Specific RG balance element - Test lateral balance with help of hand, boucle, facial plank, and panché	RG specific balance element	- Evolution on the execution of unipodal balances, muscular endurance of the back and lower limbs muscles (statistically significant increase superior to 95%).	NA
		- Test lateral balance with help of hand, boucle, facial plank, and panché	- The mobility level influences positively on the execution of balance elements.	NA
Campos-Pérez et al. (2022)⁹9 Campos-Pérez J, Páscoa RNMJ, Lopes JA, Cámara-Martos F. Relationship between gymnastic rhythmic practice and body composition, physical performance, and trace element status in young girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022;200(1):84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02651-z. PMid:33650063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-026...	Morphologic characteristics - Assessment of stature (cm), body mass (Kg), triceps fold (mm) and arm circumference (cm). Flexibility - Test sit-and-reach and shoulder rotation. Explosive strength - Test standing jump, long jump and 3kg ball throw	Flexibility	- RG practitioners presented %BF decrease, increase in explosive strength and flexibility (p< 0.01).	Trace elements
		- Test sit-and-reach and shoulder rotation.	- Height, weight, BMI, arm perimeter and arm muscle area presented statistically significant positive (p < 0.01) with explosive strength and lower limbs. Triceps skinfold presents negative correlation with long jump (p < 0.01) and standing jump (p < 0.05). Triceps-shoulder fold presents statistically significant correlation with flexibility (p< 0.05).
		Explosive strength
		- Test standing jump, long jump and 3kg ball throw.

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[1] Corresponding authorDaisy Fernandes Sampaio. Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Rua Professor Belarmino Corrêa, 276, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Brasil. E-mail: sampaio.daisy@gmail.com