La influencia de la inclinación cívica, la confiabilidad, la utilidad y la facilidad de uso en el uso de los sitios web gubernamentales

Mota, Flávio Perazzo Barbosa; Bellini, Carlo Gabriel Porto; Souza, Juliana Morais da Silva; Oliveira, Terezinha de Jesus Nogueira

doi:10.1016/j.rausp.2016.07.002

Flávio Perazzo Barbosa Mota ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:flaviopbm@gmail.com (F.P.B. Mota).

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

Carlo Gabriel Porto Bellini

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

Juliana Morais da Silva Souza

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

Terezinha de Jesus Nogueira Oliveira

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

* Corresponding author. E-mail:flaviopbm@gmail.com (F.P.B. Mota).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Dependent variables Values: from “totally disagree” (“0”) to “totally agree” (“10”)
Type of use	Items
Information (UINFO)	1. I frequently use government websites to obtain information (e.g., about public agencies, transportation, safety, leisure, polls, etc.).
Services (USERV)	1. I frequently use government websites for services (e.g., pay taxes or fees, obtain or renew licenses, etc.).
Interaction (UINT)	1. I frequently use government websites to interact with the government (e.g., participate in discussions about public policies, voting, meetings, interaction with government representatives, etc.).
General use (USO)	Arithmetic mean of the three items above.
Independent variables Values: from “totally disagree” (“0”) to “totally agree” (“10”)
Construct	Items
Perceived usefulness (PU)	1. Comparing to other websites, government websites are useful.
Perceived ease of use (PEOU)	1. Comparing to other websites, government websites are easy to use.
Trust in the Internet (CINT)	1. The Internet is secure enough for me to feel comfortable to use it in interactions with the government. 2. I am sure that the legal and technological resources are enough to protect me against problems in the Internet. 3. In general, the Internet is a solid and secure environment for me to transact with the government.
Trust in government (CGOV)	1. I feel that I can trust in government websites. 2. I trust in government websites to make secure electronic transactions. 3. In my opinion, government websites are reliable. 4. I trust in government websites to keep in mind my best interests.
Civic mindedness (IC)	1. Every citizen should be concerned about the public interests. 2. Every citizen should cast his/her vote in all polls. 3. Voting is valid, because it is a way to express opinions about the public interests. 4. Everybody has the same rights, regardless of the political beliefs. 5. Everybody should have the right to express freely, regardless of opinions. 6. Voting in a political representative helps to improve the community. 7. When the community's interests are threatened, everybody needs to oppose. 8. I read newspapers in order to learn about the government or get information about the public interests. 9. I have been already in touch with a representative from the government in order to solve an issue of the community where I live. 10. I feel like a member of the community where I live. 11. I propose ideas to improve the community where I live. 12. I take part of activities to improve the community where I live. 13. I work with other people in order to improve the community where I live. 14. I feel the need to help to improve my community.

Variable	Possible answers	n	%
Gender	Male	92	43.8
Gender	Female	118	56.2
Age	From 16 to 24 years of age	95	45.2
	From 25 to 34 years of age	53	25.2
	From 35 to 44 years of age	30	14.3
	More than 44 years of age	32	15.2
Education	Elementary or middle school	31	14.8
	High school	104	49.5
	University or college	75	35.7
Income^a a The reference was the minimum wage of R$724.00 per month as of 2014.	Up to R$700.00 (about one minimum wage)	38	18.1
	From R$700.01 to R$1400.00 (about 1–2 minimum wages)	58	27.6
	From R$1400.01 to R$2100.00 (about 2–3 minimum wages)	34	16.2
	From R$2100.01 to R$3500.00 (about 3–5 minimum wages)	30	14.3
	From R$3500.01 to R$7000.00 (about 5–10 minimum wages)	30	14.3
	More than R$7000.00 (about 10 minimum wages)	20	9.5

Dimension	Items (#)	Extracted variance (%)	Minimum score	Alpha
Trust in the Internet	3	73.594	0.835	0.819
Trust in government	4	76.882	0.848	0.899
Civic engagement	5	69.462	0.755	0.889
Civic values	3	62.960	0.768	0.695
Democracy and citizenship	3	66.705	0.782	0.743

Dimension or construct	Mean	Median	Quartile		Standard deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
			1	3
Independent variables
Trust in the Internet	3.78	3.67	2.00	5.33	2.16	0.343	-0.250
Trust in government	4.29	4.25	2.75	5.75	2.32	0.171	-0.557
Civic engagement	5.17	5.20	3.35	7.25	2.59	-0.211	-0.917
Civic values	8.98	9.50	8.33	10.0	1.35	-1.648	2.421
Democracy and citizenship	7.08	7.67	5.67	9.00	2.51	-0.923	0.097
Perceived usefulness	4.72	5.00	2.75	7.00	2.74	-0.065	-1.022
Perceived ease of use	4.54	5.00	2.00	7.00	2.73	0.055	-1.018

Dependent variable (use of government websites)
Aggregate measure^a a Arithmetic mean of the three dimensions.	3.84	3.67	2.00	5.67	2.25	0.387	-0.444
Information	5.14	5.00	3.00	8.00	2.80	-0.139	-0.955
Services	3.53	3.00	1.00	6.00	2.98	0.458	-0.974
Interaction	2.88	2.00	0.00	5.00	2.77	0.804	-0.292

Independent variable	β	Confidence interval (lower\|upper bound)	t	p-value
Intercept	0.3074	-0.3957\|1.0106	0.8620	0.3896
Trust in government	0.2453	0.1267\|0.3639	4.078	6.49e-05
Civic engagement	0.1602	0.0619\|0.2584	3.215	0.00152
Perceived ease of use	0.1754	0.0543\|0.2965	2.856	0.00473
Perceived usefulness	0.1830	0.0634\|0.3025	3.017	0.00288
Regression diagnostic
F-test (4 and 205 df)	33.4 (p < 0.001)	Lilliefors test for normality (p-value)		0.0449 (0.3801)
R ²	0.3945	Breusch–Pagan (7 df) (p-value)		8.9741 (0.2545)
Adjusted R²	0.3827	Durbin–Watson (p-value)		2.0743 (0.606)

Independent variable	Dependent variable (quartiles)
	0.25	0.50	0.75
	β (p-value)	β (p-value)	β (p-value)
Intercept	-1.2356 (0.0602)^a a p < 0.1	0.4220 (0.4580)	1.1210 (0.0238)^b b p < 0.05
Trust in government	0.3183 (0.0021)^c c p < 0.01	0.2492 (0.0146)^b b p < 0.05	0.2363 (0.0132)^b b p < 0.05
Civic engagement	0.2476 (0.0038)^c c p < 0.01	0.0744 (0.3718)	0.1519 (0.0526)^a a p < 0.1
Perceived ease of use	0.0736 (0.4103)	0.2955 (0.0089)^c c p < 0.01	0.3067 (0.0124)^b b p < 0.05
Perceived usefulness	0.1673 (0.0613)^a a p < 0.1	0.1424 (0.1657)	0.1684 (0.1503)

Pseudo R²	0.1777	0.2264	0.2841

Hypothesis	Hypothesis testing according to modeling approach
	OLS	Quantile
H1: Perceived usefulness	Not rejected	Partially rejected
H2: Perceived ease of use	Not rejected	Partially rejected
H3a: Trust in government	Not rejected	Not rejected
H3b: Trust in the Internet	Rejected	–
H4a: Civic engagement	Not rejected	Partially rejected
H4b: Democracy and citizenship	Rejected	–
H4c: Civic values	Rejected	–

[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:flaviopbm@gmail.com (F.P.B. Mota).

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La influencia de la inclinación cívica, la confiabilidad, la utilidad y la facilidad de uso en el uso de los sitios web gubernamentales

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