Nunes, Inácia Maria; Felix, Bruno; Prates, Lorene Alexandre

doi:10.1016/j.rausp.2017.05.010

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Human Resources & Organizations • Rev. Adm. (São Paulo) 52 (3) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2017.05.010 copiar

Inteligencia cultural, adaptación transcultural y desempeño de expatriados: un estudio conexpatriados residentes en Brasil

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Crear una fuerza de trabajo competitiva en el extranjero es un importante reto para muchas organizaciones que desarrollan actividades multinacionales. Por ello y en vista de los altos costos asociados con la expatriación, es necesario identificar los factores que facilitan el buen desempeño de los ejecutivos en asignaciones internacionales. El objetivo en este trabajo es evaluar la relación entre inteligencia cultural, adaptación transcultural y rendimiento de expatriados. A partir del análisis de una muestra de 217 expatriados procedentes de 26 países, que viven en Brasil, puede observarse una relación positiva entre inteligencia cultural y adaptación transcultural, y de ésta con el desempeño de los expatriados. Sin embargo, la relación directa entre inteligencia cultural y desempeño de los expatriados no es significativa. Los resultados también muestran una relación indirecta entre inteligencia cultural y rendimiento de expatriados mediada por la adaptación cultural. Así, se sugiere que la inteligencia cultural se convierte en una capacidad de mejor adaptación del expatriado a la nueva cultura, para entonces dar lugar al rendimiento. Con base en la teoría del contacto de Allport (Pettigrew, 1998Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Reviews Psychology, 49, 65-85.) – cuya hipótesis es de que el aumento de las interacciones entre los miembros de diferentes grupos étnicos puede conducir a una mayor comprensión mutua, a la reducción de hostilidades y prejuicios y a la formación de amistades entre grupos en diversos contextos sociales (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.; Kim, 2012Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the experience of intergroup contact and the value of recreation activities in facilitating positive intergroup interactions of immigrants. Leisure Sciences, 34(1), 72-87.) – se sugiere que este proceso de cambio se ve facilitado y reforzado por el aumento de las interacciones entre los expatriados y los habitantes locales. Se presentan sugerencias para futuros estudios y para la práctica.

Palabras clave:
Adaptación transcultural; Inteligencia cultural; Desempeño de expatriados

Continent	Country	No.	%
Europe	Belgium	1	0.5
	Denmark	2	0.9
	Finland	3	1.4
	Netherlands	3	1.4
	France	7	3.2
	Italy	7	3.2
	Portugal	17	7.8
	Spain	12	5.5
	England	10	4.6
	Ireland	8	1.8
	Sweden	8	1.8
	Germany	6	2.8
	Norway	6	2.8
North America	Canada	8	1.8
	Mexico	14	6.5
	United States	43	19.8
Latin America	Ecuador	1	0.5
	Uruguay	5	2.3
	Venezuela	7	3.2
	Argentina	19	8.8
	Colombia	8	3.7
	Peru	8	3.7
Asia	China	14	6.5
Asia	Japan	10	4.6
Oceania	Australia	1	0.5
Oceania	New Zealand	1	0.5

Profile of participants		No.	%
Gender	Male	193	89
Gender	Female	24	11
Age range	Up to 35 years	33	15
	Between 36 and 40 years	40	18
	Between 41 and 45 years	58	27
	Between 46 and 50 years	51	24
	From 51 onwards	35	16
Marital status	Married	143	66
Marital status	Living with their partner	74	34
Number of children	None	53	24
	1 child	82	38
	2 children	58	27
	3 children or more	24	11
Time in Brazil	Between 12 and 24 months	55	25
	Between 25 and 36 months	58	27
	Between 37 and 48 months	91	42
	From 49 months onwards	13	6
Hierarchical level	Management position	203	94
Hierarchical level	Non-managerial	14	6
Previous experience in expatriation	Yes	65	30
Previous experience in expatriation	No	152	70

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. General adaptation	0.78
2. Work adaptation	0.33	0.77
3. Cognitive CI	0.24	0.66	0.86
4. Behavioral CI	-0.04	0.05	0.05	0.93
5. Metacognitive CI	0.33	0.51	0.70	0.05	0.87
6. Motivational CI	0.09	0.12	0.14	0.46	0.09	0.88
7. Performance: management	0.63	0.39	0.29	0.00	0.31	0.2	0.80
8. Performance: reading the environment	0.70	0.50	0.34	0.01	0.31	0.09	0.63	0.75
9. Performance: production	0.72	0.51	0.33	-0.02	0.35	0.03	0.62	0.70	0.83

Mean	2.69	2.75	2.79	3.33	3.05	3.73	3.61	3.18	2.71
Median	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.00	4.00	3.00	3.00
Standard deviation	0.96	0.82	1.18	1.24	1.22	1.05	0.83	0.78	0.77

Average variance extracted	0.61	0.59	0.73	0.86	0.76	0.78	0.64	0.56	0.68
Compound reliability	0.88	0.81	0.94	0.97	0.91	0.95	0.78	0.79	0.81

Second order latent variables	1	2	3
1. Adaptation	0.81
2. Cultural intelligence	0.39	0.67
3. Performance	0.73	0.37	0.88

Mean	2.69	3.17	3.21
Median	3.00	3.00	3.00
Standard deviation	0.93	0.86	1.22

Average variance extracted	0.65	0.54	0.77
Composite reliability	0.78	0.75	0.88

	1	2	3	4	8	9	5	6	7
1. General adaptation
GA_1	0.73	0.27	0.18	0.04	0.52	0.51	0.26	0.09	0.48
GA_2	0.81	0.15	0.07	-0.09	0.57	0.56	0.1808	0.05	0.52
GA_3	0.85	0.19	0.12	-0.02	0.61	0.58	0.2255	0.03	0.48
GA_4	0.76	0.28	0.20	-0.06	0.53	0.55	0.2647	0.03	0.49
GA_5	0.72	0.39	0.35	-0.03	0.51	0.57	0.3502	0.12	0.52

2. Work adaptation
WA_1	0.27	0.82	0.56	0.02	0.39	0.41	0.47	0.11	0.29
WA_2	0.20	0.85	0.64	0.06	0.42	0.40	0.45	0.07	0.32
WA_3	0.32	0.61	0.27	0.03	0.36	0.38	0.20	0.09	0.28

3. Cognitive cultural intelligence
COG_1	0.28	0.53	0.82	0.04	0.32	0.31	0.62	0.14	0.27
COG_2	0.20	0.64	0.84	0.02	0.35	0.31	0.54	0.12	0.25
COG_3	0.21	0.55	0.90	0.03	0.29	0.30	0.61	0.08	0.27
COG_4	0.19	0.53	0.85	0.01	0.26	0.27	0.58	0.12	0.22
COG_5	0.16	0.59	0.85	0.09	0.28	0.25	0.60	0.12	0.21
COG_6	0.19	0.55	0.87	0.08	0.24	0.28	0.64	0.12	0.26

4. Behavioral cultural intelligence
BEHA_1	-0.02	0.09	0.07	0.94	0.02	0.01	0.06	0.50	0.02
BEHA_2	-0.03	0.06	0.06	0.92	0.02	-0.02	0.05	0.37	0.00
BEHA_3	-0.07	0.06	0.04	0.93	0.01	-0.01	0.03	0.42	-0.01
BEHA_4	-0.08	-0.01	0.01	0.93	-0.02	-0.10	-0.01	0.42	-0.03
BEHA_5	0.01	0.03	0.05	0.93	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.41	0.04

5. Metacognitive cultural intelligence
MCOG_1	0.31	0.48	0.62	0.04	0.31	0.34	0.90	0.07	0.29
MCOG_3	0.33	0.40	0.59	0.08	0.28	0.33	0.88	0.12	0.28
MCOG_4	0.24	0.44	0.63	-0.01	0.22	0.24	0.84	0.03	0.24

6. Motivational cultural intelligence
MOT_1	0.07	0.10	0.15	0.39	0.10	0.02	0.09	0.91	0.20
MOT_2	0.06	0.11	0.13	0.43	0.04	0.02	0.09	0.90	0.14
MOT_3	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.40	0.05	-0.02	0.04	0.85	0.14
MOT_4	0.12	0.10	0.10	0.42	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.87	0.20
MOT_5	0.06	0.14	0.15	0.37	0.12	0.05	0.09	0.88	0.17

7. Performance: management
PM_1	0.49	0.32	0.23	0.03	0.50	0.42	0.22	0.21	0.78
PM_3	0.52	0.30	0.24	-0.02	0.51	0.57	0.28	0.11	0.82

8. Performance: reading the environment
PRE_1	0.50	0.41	0.31	0.12	0.79	0.51	0.24	0.10	0.49
PRE_3	0.56	0.34	0.25	-0.05	0.74	0.53	0.22	0.06	0.49
PRE_4	0.52	0.39	0.21	-0.04	0.72	0.53	0.24	0.04	0.43

9. Performance: production
PP_1	0.59	0.47	0.28	0.01	0.55	0.82	0.26	0.02	0.45
PP_3	0.59	0.37	0.27	-0.05	0.61	0.84	0.32	0.03	0.57

	Structural coefficient	Standard error	t-value	p-value	VIF	R ²	R² adjusted
Model 1 (controls)
Previous_experience → performance	0.049	0.065	0.749	0.454	1.1
Female gender → performance	0.046	0.071	0.646	0.518	1.0	0.6%	0.0%
Time in Brazil → performance	-0.032	0.067	0.469	0.639	1.0

Model 2 (complete)
Previous_experience → performance	0.009	0.039	0.235	0.815	1.02
Female gender → performance	0.060	0.040	1507	0.132	1.01
Time in Brazil → performance	-0.054	0.039	1370	0.171	1.01	69.8%	69.1%
Inteligência cultural → performance	-0.003	0.044	0.058	0.954	1.27
Cross-cultural adaptation → performance	0.834	0.033	25,516	0.000	1.26
Cultural intelligence → cross-cultural adaptation	0.448	0.070	6435	0.000	1.00	20.1%	19.7%

Departamento de Administração da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Professor Luciano Gualberto, 908, sala F184, 05508-900 São Paulo / SP Brasil, Tel./Fax 55 11 3818-4002 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rausp@usp.br

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[1] * Corresponding author at: Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 1358, CEP 29075-505, Vitória, ES, Brazil. E-mail:inaciamn@gmail.com