DEGREE OF INFESTATION AND PREFERENCES OF HEMIPARASITES IN URBAN ARBORIZATION

Albuês, Theonizi Angélica Silva; Maria, Daiane de Moura Borges; Madi, João Paulo Sardo; Caldeira, Sidney Fernando; Silva, Kamila Daiany Terres da

doi:10.1590/1806-908820230000007

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Scientific Article • Rev. Árvore 47 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820230000007 copy

DEGREE OF INFESTATION AND PREFERENCES OF HEMIPARASITES IN URBAN ARBORIZATION

GRAU DE INFESTAÇÃO E PREFERÊNCIAS DE HEMIPARASITOS NA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Mistletoe is an important nutritional resource for the frugivorous ornithological fauna in several ecosystems. However, in great intensity, they can reduce the vigor of their host trees, requiring adequate management in urban afforestation, without depleting this source of food for birds. The hypothesis that there are hemiparasites with host specificity was the reason for this study. Thus, a floristic census of the trees was carried out at UFMT, campus Cuiabá; the infestation by genus of hemiparasite present was recorded, in quantity and degree of infestation, in addition to the quantification of seeds of the hemiparasite germinated without the development of the vegetative part, whose cotyledons necrotized and died. A total of 4265 tree individuals were evaluated, distributed in 46 families, in which 16,52% were identified of the genera Phoradendron, Psittacanthus, and Struthanthus, of which about 90,0% were Psittacanthus. The highest infestation occurred in 24 families, highlighting Fabaceae (28,3%) and Combretaceae (25,6%), and the species Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina, and Vatairea macrocarpa. The presence of germinated seeds of the hemiparasite with dead cotyledons varies between tree species and between individuals of the same species. The highlight was in Rutaceae, Arecaceae, and Rubiaceae, and in the species Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum, and Genipa americana L. that present individuals with natural control potential, even with the presence of frugivorous ornithological fauna and the dispersion of the hemiparasite. In general, the intensity and degree of infestation are low, and there is no infestation in the Caryocaceae, Rutaceae, and Rubiaceae families, highlighting the species Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata and Alibertia edulis.

Keywords:
Mistletoe; Loranthaceae; Urban Vegetation.

RESUMO

As ervas-de-passarinho compõem um importante recurso nutricional para a fauna ornitológica frugívora em vários ecossistemas. Porém, em grande intensidade, podem diminuir o vigor de suas árvores hospedeiras sendo necessário manejo adequado na arborização urbana, sem exaurir essa fonte de alimento aos pássaros. A hipótese de que existam hemiparasitos com especificidade de hospedeiro foi a motivação para este trabalho. Assim, foi realizado censo florístico arbóreo na UFMT, campus Cuiabá; registrada a infestação por gênero de hemiparasito presente, em quantidade e grau de infestação, além da quantificação de sementes do hemiparasito germinadas sem o desenvolvimento da parte vegetativa, cujos cotilédones necrosaram e morreram. Avaliaram-se 4265 indivíduos arbóreos, distribuídos em 46 famílias nas quais 16.52% foram identificados os gêneros Phoradendron, Psittacanthus e Struthanthus, dos quais cerca de 90.0% eram Psittacanthus: A maior infestação ocorreu em 24 famílias, destacando-se Fabaceae (28.3%) e Combretaceae (25.6%) e as espécies Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina e Vatairea macrocarpa: A presença de sementes germinadas do hemiparasito com cotilédones mortos é variável entre as espécies arbóreas e entre os indivíduos da mesma espécie. O destaque foi em Rutaceae, Areacaceae e Rubiaceae, e nas espécies Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum e Genipa americana L: que apresentam indivíduos com potencial natural de controle, mesmo com a presença da fauna ornitológica frugívora e a dispersão do hemiparasito. De forma geral, a intensidade e o grau de infestação são baixos e não há infestação nas famílias Caryocaceae, Rutaceae e Rubiaceae, com destaque para as espécies Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata e Alibertia edulis.

Palavras-Chave:
Erva-de-passarinho; Loranthaceae; Vegetação urbana.

1. INTRODUCTION

Urban afforestation provides ecological, aesthetic, physical and health benefits to the population. However, there are numerous abiotic and biotic factors that interfere with the development of trees, and among the biotic are hemiparasites, also known as mistletoe.

Its infestation can affect development, as it alters the architecture of the trees and can compromise the afforestation program (Rotta, 2001Rotta, E. Erva-de-passarinho (Loranthaceae) na arborização urbana: passeio público de Curitiba, um estudo de caso [tese]. Curitiba: Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná; 2001.). The application of techniques for its control, such as pruning, if performed incorrectly, causes injuries to the plant and its exposure to external agents and disfigures its structure (Martins et al., 2010Martins LFV, Andrade HHBDE, Angelis BLDDE. Relação entre podas e aspectos fitossanitários em árvores urbanas na cidade de Luiziana, Paraná. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. 2010; 5(4): 141-155. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/revsbau.v5i4.66324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/revsbau.v5i4.6... ).

The development of the hemiparasite occurs with the adherence of the seeds to the bark of the tree with the aid of the mucilaginous substance called viscin and, in places irregular, the haustoria of the hemiparasite form an intumescence in the host (Rotta et al., 2006Rotta E, Araujo AJDE, Oliveira YMMDE. A Infestação da Vegetação Arbórea do Passeio Público de Curitiba, Paraná, por Erva-de-Passarinho: Um Estudo de Caso. Embrapa Florestas [Internet]. 2006; 26. Available: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/284775.
http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/in... ). This structure enters the cortex and with the anastomosis there is a connection between the phloem and xylem cells of the hemiparasite and the tree, occupying part or almost all of the canopy (Tainter, 2002Tainter, FH. What does mistletoes have to do with Christmas? Feature Story. St. Paul: The American Phytopathological Society [Internet]. 2002. Available: https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Mistletoe.aspx.
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/apsnetfe... ). Its structure differs from it and is used by the fauna as a shelter, perch, nesting, hibernation or refuge from predators (Griebel et al., 2017Griebel A, Watson D, Pendall E. Mistletoe, friend and foe: synthesizing ecosystem implications of mistletoe infection. Environ. Res. Lett. 12.2017. 115012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fff.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fff... ).

The action of hemiparasites results in harmful effects on host plants and relevance as a resource for frugivorous animals, such as birds (Arruda et al., 2012Arruda R, Fadini RF, Carvalho LN, Del-Claro K, Mourão FA, Jacobi CM, et al. Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important e canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems. Acta Botanica Brasilica [Internet]. 2012; 26(2): 264-274. Available: https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN9tD3Lqkcz4xFy/?format=pdf⟨=en.
https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN... ) and mammal, Dromiciops gliroides, in Argentina (García et al., 2009García D, Rodríguez-Cabal MA, Amico GC (2009). Seed dispersal by a frugivorous marsupial shapes the spatial scale of a mistletoe population. Journal of Ecology 2009; 97(2): 217-229. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01470.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008... ). Birds are an initial filter for the frequency and distribution of seeds for the available hosts, while the host is the final filter for the establishment of the hemiparasite (Arruda et al., 2012Arruda R, Fadini RF, Carvalho LN, Del-Claro K, Mourão FA, Jacobi CM, et al. Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important e canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems. Acta Botanica Brasilica [Internet]. 2012; 26(2): 264-274. Available: https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN9tD3Lqkcz4xFy/?format=pdf⟨=en.
https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN... ). Thus, the successful development of the hemiparasite only occurs when biologically, chemically and physically compatible with the host; these associated variables determine whether a tree is infected or not (Fadini, 2011Fadini R. Non-overlap of hosts used by three congeneric and sympatric loranthaceo us mistletoe species in Amazonian savanna: host generalization to extreme specialization. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2011; 25(2): 337-345. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062011000200010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306201100... ). Consequently, the specificity of the hemiparasite to a host.

However, when the hosts have characteristics that confer resistance to the hemiparasite, due to a cellular response by the plant, such as a hypersensitivity reaction (Király et al., 2007Kiraly L, Barna B, Király, Z. Resistência de plantas à infecção por patógenos: formas e mecanismos de resistência inata e adquirida. Journal of Phytopathology. 2007; 155(7-8): 385-396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01264.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007... ) or biochemical resistance to toxic substances (Pascholati and Dalio, 2011bPascholati SF, Dalio RJD. Fisiologia do parasitismo: como as plantas se defendem dos patógenos. Manual de fitopatologia. 2011b; 1: 593-636.), prevent host infestation.

Thus, the objective was to analyze the infestation of hemiparasites in the trees of the UFMT campus Cuiabá, identify the host species, quantify the degree of hemiparasite infestation and the host species that react to the infestation process.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was carried out at the Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT, campus Cuiabá. The region has a predominance of the Cerrado biome. The climate is tropical with a dry season (Aw), according to the Köppen-Geier classification (Souza et al., 2013Souza APDE. et al. Classificação climática e balanço hídrico climatológico no Estado de Mato Grosso. Nativa. 2013; 1(1): 34-43. doi: 10.31413/nativa.v1i1.1334.
https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v1i1.133... ).

The floristic census used the methodologies of Silva Filho et al. (2002)Silva Filho DF, Pizetta PUC, Almeida JBSA, Pivetta KFL, Ferraudo AS. Banco de dados relacional para cadastro, avaliação e manejo da arborização em vias públicas. Revista Árvore. 2002; 26(5): 629-642. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622002000500014.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-6762200200... and Finger (2011)Finger Z. Fitossociologia Florestal. 1ª Ed. Cuiabá: Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2011. 242 p. with collections from 2014 to 2017. The number of occurrences of hemiparasites in each individual tree was counted. The infestation was the frequency of the hemiparasite in relation to the population and the degree of infestation was the proportional area occupied by the hemiparasites in relation to the total area of the host canopy, expressed as a percentage. The degree of infestation was considered low with up to 10% of crown occupation, medium above 10 to 30% and high, greater than 30%. The criterion was associated with the maximum recommended level for removing the volume of live branches from the canopy in the application of pruning or trimming of plants (Samek, 1974Samek V. Elementos de silvicultura de los bosques latifolios. La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1974. 291 p.).

The crown area was visually obtained by its diameter and length, associated with the shape of the crown, according to the criteria of Ramalho (1976)Ramalho, RS. Dendrologia. Terminologia. 1º Vol. Viçosa: UFV, 1976. 123p.. On the trunk and branches of each individual tree, using a monocle, the presence of hemiparasite cotyledons expanded to germinate was observed and counted, but which were dry, necrotic, dead, and lacking in vegetative growth. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, with the structuring of tables and figures. With the use of software R version 4.0.5 (R Development Core Team, 2021R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing [Internet], Vienna, Austria. Available: https://www.R-project.org/.
https://www.R-project.org/... ) the box diagrams “boxplot” for the average number of expanded and dead cotyledons per species.

3. RESULTS

In the afforestation of UFMT, campus Cuiabá, 45 families and 4265 trees were found, of which 705 had hemiparasites (16.52%). The highest incidence of hemiparasites was in Fabaceae (28.34%) and in Combretaceae, Cannabaceae, Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae and Bignoniaceae, above 20 %. The distribution between degrees of infestation was 60.36%, 21.24% and 18.39%, respectively for low, medium and high.

In the individuals analyzed, there was the presence of one to three species of hemiparasites, for the genera Psittacanthus, Struthanthus and Phoradendron, with a frequency of 14.8%, 2.0% and 1.4%, respectively. The average value of the low, medium and high degree of infestation was respectively 65.33%, 20% and 14.66%, in addition to 603 individuals of 76 species and grouped into 24 families that presented seeds with expanded and dead cotyledons (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1
VENN DIAGRAM FOR HOSTS WITH INCIDENCE OF PSITTACANTHUS, STRUTHANTHUS AND PHORADENDRON, RESPECTIVE DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION AND EMERGENCE OF SEEDS WITH EXPANDED AND DEAD COTYLEDONS IN PSITTACHANTHUS (SEDC): HOW GUMMY OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALI (1) AND NECROSIS IN VOCHYSIA SP. (2) IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.
FIGURA 1
DIAGRAMA DE VENN PARA AS HOSPEDEIRAS COM INCIDêNCIA DE PSITTACANTHUS, STRUTHANTHUS E PHORADENDRON, RESPECTIVA DISTRIBUIçãO POR GRAU DE INFESTAçãO E SURGIMENTO DE SEMENTES COM COTILéDONES EXPANDIDOS E MORTOS EM PSITTACHANTHUS (SCCEM): COM GOMOSE EM ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE (1) E NECROSE EM VOCHYSIA SP. (2) NA ARBORIZAçãO DA UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

The species with the presence of Psittacanthus spp. and Phoradendron spp. they were: Albizia niopoides, Cecropia pachystachya, Eucalyptus sp. 1, Eucalyptus sp., Handroanthus aureus, Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Handroanthus serratifolius, Inga laurina, Simarouba versicolor, Eugenia jambolana and Tectona grandis. While those who presented Phoradendron spp. and Struthanthus spp. they were: Malpighia emarginata and Tamarindus indica. The species parasitized by Struthanthus spp. and Psittacanthus spp. they were: Amburana acreana, Astronium fraxinifolium, Cariniana rubra, Casearia sylvestris, Cordia glabrata, Guazuma ulmifolia, Tabebuia roseoalba, Hevea brasiliensis, Hymenaea courbaril, Leucaena lanceolata, Licania tomentosa and Machaerium acutifolium.

Finally, the species with the three hemiparasites (generalist) were: Albizia lebbeck, Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata, Anadenanthera peregrina, Senna siamea, Guazuma ulmifolia, Handroanthus avellanedae, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, Magonia pubescens, Mangifera indica, Samanea tubulosa, Swietenia macrophylla and Terminalia catappa.

The highest frequency of infestation, 14.8%, was Psittacanthus sp., both for species native to Brazil, native to the Cerrado and exotic, with a distribution of 9.46%, 71.62% and 18.92%, respectively (Table 1).

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TABLE 1
INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF PSITTACANTHUS SP. IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.
TABELA 1
INCIDêNCIA E AUSêNCIA DE PSITTACANTHUS SP. EM NúMERO (N), PERCENTUAL DE INFESTAçãO (H) E RESPECTIVOS PERCENTUAIS DE DISTRIBUIçãO POR GRAU DE INFESTAçãO POR ESPéCIE HOSPEDEIRA NA ARBORIZAçãO DA UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

For the gender Struthanthus sp. an infestation of 2.0% was recorded, whose distribution among natives of Brazil, natives of the Cerrado and exotics was respectively 20.0%, 60.0% and 20.0% (Table 2).

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TABLE 2
INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF STRUTHANTHUS SP. IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.
TABELA 2
INCIDêNCIA E AUSêNCIA DE STRUTHANTHUS SP. EM NúMERO (N), PERCENTUAL DE INFESTAçãO (H) E RESPECTIVOS PERCENTUAIS DE DISTRIBUIçãO POR GRAU DE INFESTAçãO POR ESPéCIE HOSPEDEIRA NA ARBORIZAçãO DA UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

The lowest frequency of infestation, 1.4%, was Phoradrendon, and for native, Cerrado native and exotic species, the distribution was respectively 7.41%, 62.96% and 19.63%. Hosts with greater abundance had less infestation by Phoradrendon, however, for the species Senna siamea, Simarouba versicolor and Terminalia catappa infestation was greater than 10% (Table 3).

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TABLE 3
INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF PHORADRENDON SP IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.
TABELA 3
INCIDêNCIA E AUSêNCIA DE PHORADRENDON SP. EM NúMERO (N), PERCENTUAL DE INFESTAçãO (H) E RESPECTIVOS PERCENTUAIS DE DISTRIBUIçãO POR GRAU DE INFESTAçãO POR ESPéCIE HOSPEDEIRA NA ARBORIZAçãO DA UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

Of the analyzed trees, 582 individuals had very low incidence and degree of infestation or the absence of hemiparasites. With highlight on the families Lechytidaceae, Rubiaceae, Arecaceae, Dilleniaceae, Caryocaceae and Ruthaceae. The most frequent species were Cariniana rubra, 29.5%, Genipa americana, 29.3%, and Acrocomia aculeata, 15.0%, which stood out due to hemiparasite infestation of around 1%.

The non-hosts were Caryocar villosum, Caryocar brasiliense, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, Alibertia edulis, Rubiaceae, Spondias dulcis Parkinson, Tapirira guianensis Aubl., Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam., Morinda citrifolia L., Citrus sp. L., Copernicia alba Moron., Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk., Spondias mombin L., Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart., Moringa oleífera Lam., Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk., Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., Bertholletia excelsa, Attalea phalerata March. Ex Spreng. and Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore.

The highlight is that in 14.2% of individuals the seeds of the hemiparasite Psittacanthus germinated, as the cotyledons expanded, but they were necrotic and dead. Although the mean number of expanded and dead cotyledons is 22.93%, there is only one individual of Bertholletia excelsa with 100%, while Caryocar villosum and Caryocar brasiliense were the only ones present in the fourth quartile. Of the ten species with expanded and dead cotyledons, seven were below the median (Table 4).

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TABLE 4
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER SPECIES WITH GERMINATED HEMIPARASITE SEEDS AND DEAD COTYLEDONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BOXPLOT OF THE NUMBER OF DEAD COTYLEDONS, IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.
TABELA 4
NúMERO DE ESPéCIMES POR ESPéCIE COM SEMENTES DO HEMIPARASITO GERMINADAS E COM OS COTILéDONES MORTOS ASSOCIADO AO BOX-PLOT DA QUANTIDADE DE COTILéDONES MORTOS, NA ARBORIZAçãO DA UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

The species Genipa americana, Cariniana rubra and Acrocomia, without the incidence of hemiparasites, they presented a greater abundance of specimens. However, the average number of dead cotyledons per host was 5.3%. In specimens of the Rutaceae family, there was no record of the hemiparasite or its dead cotyledons, likewise the species Attalea phalerata, Copernicia alba, Copernicia prunifera, Moringa citrifolia and Moringa oleífera.

Of 61 individuals from Anacardium occidentale, six had dead cotyledons with the presence of gummosis at the site of penetration of the hemiparasite's haustorium (Figure 1) and in the remaining 55, dead cotyledons and hemiparasites were not observed.

4. DISCUSSION

Pazini et al. (2020)Pazini PPP, Martinez DT, Caldeira SF, Silva RA, Antonieto FA. Green Area in Urban Cuiabá: The Case of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Floresta e Ambiente. 2020; 27(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418... observed in the UFMT floristic composition 48 tree families, greater frequency of Fabaceae (24.2%), Malvaceae (7.9%), Myrtaceae (6.8%) and Bignoniaceae (5.8%), with 72.6% autochthonous species, 23.7% allochthonous species and 3.7% were not identified. These families are among the ten with the highest incidence of hemiparasites, but of the most abundant hosts, Anadenanthera peregrina, Handroanthus impetiginosus, and Mangifera indica infestation rates of 55.0%, 19.7% and 12.5%, respectively.

Thus, hemiparasites are plants that occupy a habitat with a distinct spatial structure (Overton, 1994Overton JM. Dispersal and infection in mistletoe metapopulations. Journal of Ecology [Internet]. 1994; 82: 711. British Ecological Society. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2261437.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2261437... ). The author mentions that this habitat is composed of hosts that are colonized trees; non-host trees that are not colonized; and an inhospitable matrix that is the area between the trees. Thus, the monitoring of hemiparasites is facilitated, which allows the measurement of colonization, recolonization and extinction. Therefore, the classic metapopulational dynamics is characterized between colonization and extinction rates of hemiparasites (Arruda et al., 2012Arruda R, Fadini RF, Carvalho LN, Del-Claro K, Mourão FA, Jacobi CM, et al. Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important e canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems. Acta Botanica Brasilica [Internet]. 2012; 26(2): 264-274. Available: https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN9tD3Lqkcz4xFy/?format=pdf⟨=en.
https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN... ), as observed in (Figure 1).

The infestation recorded in this research was lower than that found by Coelho et al. (2020)Coelho CC, Vitorino MD, Rode BJG, Boschetti AC, Silva PAGDA, Fenilli TAB, et al. Análise Estrutural E Espacial Do Componente Arbóreo Como Elemento De Paisagem Turística. MIX Sustentável. 2020; 7(1): 159-170. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX2020.v7.n1.159-170
http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX... in São Joaquim-SC (38.1%) and in Urubici-SC (21.2%), and higher than in Urupema-SC (1.0%), however, the authors did not identify the hemiparasites. Leal et al. (2006)Leal L, Bujokas WM, Biondi D. Análise da infestação de erva-de-passarinho na arborização de ruas de Curitiba, PR. Floresta [Internet]. 2006; 36(3). Available: https://revistas.ufpr.br/floresta/article/viewFile/7512/5373.
https://revistas.ufpr.br/floresta/articl... found 28.19% with Tripodanthus sp. and Struthanthus sp. in Curitiba-PR, while White et al. (2011)White BLA, Ribeiro ADES, White, LAS, Nascimento Júnior JEDO. Análise da ocorrência de erva-de-passarinho na arborização da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, campus São Cristóvão. Floresta. 2011; 41(1): 1-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v41i1.21174
http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v41i1.21174... 8.15% with Struthanthus sp. in São Cristóvão SE.

Differences in results may be associated with the greater or lesser presence of fruit trees, the intensity of flow of ornithological fauna and the application or not of eradicating pruning in the analyzed areas. However, in Macapá-AP, Soares et al. (2021)Soares ACS et al. Hemiparasitos e suas relações com a arborização urbana no Município de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Research, Society and Development. 2021; 10(13). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21... , detected an average of 12.42% with hemiparasitism, mostly in the Anacardiaceae family. Similar result to the present study, where hosts from the same family, among others, also suffered greater infestation.

The low infestation of hemiparasites, from an ecological point of view, contributes to the supply of food for the local fauna without harming the host plant. Meanwhile, the lowest percentage of trees with medium and high degrees of infestation would require greater urban monitoring for the control of hemiparasites. Pazini et al. (2020)Pazini PPP, Martinez DT, Caldeira SF, Silva RA, Antonieto FA. Green Area in Urban Cuiabá: The Case of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Floresta e Ambiente. 2020; 27(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418... state that afforestation of the campus of the UFMT in Cuiabá is rich, with great diversity of species with ideal proportions of native Brazilian species. Corroborating with Silva and Fadini (2017)Silva FP, Fadini RF. Observational and experimental evaluation of hemiparasite resistance in trees in urban afforestation of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Acta Amazonica. 2017; 47(4), 311-320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201700033.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922017000... , who claim that population diversity with native species can reduce the infestation of hemiparasites and costs with urban afforestation.

A 26.7% infestation of native and exotic trees was recorded in the campus from Aquidauana of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, by hemiparasite of the genus Psittacanthus (Gabriel et al. 2021Gabriel AL, Coene AC, dos Santos CC, Cozer MS, Aoki C. Existe especificidade de hospedeiros por Psittacanthus acinarius (Loranthaceae) em área verde urbana? Revista Geociências. 2021; 20(2). doi: 10.33947/1981-741X-v20n2-4830.
https://doi.org/10.33947/1981-741X-v20n2... ). Still, the authors recorded the greatest specificity with native species, with emphasis on Inga laurina, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, and Sapium haematospermum Mull. Arg. In the present study Psittacanthus had a greater number of hosts compared to the others (Tables 1, 2 and 3).

Pazini et al. (2020)Pazini PPP, Martinez DT, Caldeira SF, Silva RA, Antonieto FA. Green Area in Urban Cuiabá: The Case of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Floresta e Ambiente. 2020; 27(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.015418... highlighted the most frequent species: Licania tomentosa (8.9%) Mangifera indica (7.8%), Jacaranda cuspidifolia (6.3%), Handroanthus impetiginosus, (5.4%), and Anadenanthera peregrina (4.4%). In the most frequent species, belonging to six families, an infestation greater than 50% was recorded, with emphasis on Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae, from Anadenanthera peregrina, Fabaceae, and Pouteria gardneri, Sapotaceae.

Pouteria gardneri presented only Psithacanthus, already Terminalia catappa and Anadenanthera peregrina were infested by the three hemiparasites. Plant parasites can be considered keystone species, and their impacts are dictated by the host range of the parasite and by its preference and selection of particular host species (Press and Phoenix, 2005Press MC, Phoenix GK. Impactos de plantas parasitas em comunidades naturais. Novo fitologista. 2005; 166 (3): 737-751. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.xCi.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005... ). The authors reinforce that they can change the physical environment around them and, therefore, can be considered as ecosystem engineers, which can modify the supply of resources and behavior of other organisms, within communities of parasitic plants.

Phytopathogenic microorganisms access the host, by direct penetration, natural openings or injuries, and if the reaction is not efficient, tissue colonization will occur, necessary for the pathogens to remove the nutrients stored in the form of carbohydrates in the host tissues, for their growth and reproduction. For this purpose, the pathogen uses substances such as enzymes, toxins and hormones (Pascholati et al., 1998Pascholati SF, Leite B, Krf S. Mecanismos de patogenicidade em fungos. Revisão Anual de Fitopatologia de Plantas.1998; 6:1-47.; Pascholati and Dalio, 2011aPascholati SF, Dalio RJD. Fisiologia do parasitismo: como os patógenos atacam as plantas. Manual de fitopatologia: princípios e conceitos. 2011a; 4:543-589.), in addition to genes, whose mechanisms are important to prevent the activation of the plant's defense system (Medeiros et al., 2003Medeiros RB, Ferreira MASV, Dianese JC. Mecanismos de agressão e defesa nas interações planta-patógeno. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2003. ISBN-10: ‎8523007628.).

Usually, hosts with greater hemiparasite intensity in an ecological niche are competitive dominants. In this case, parasitism will facilitate the maintenance of competitively subordinate species (Press and Phoenix, 2005Press MC, Phoenix GK. Impactos de plantas parasitas em comunidades naturais. Novo fitologista. 2005; 166 (3): 737-751. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.xCi.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005... ). In addition, the leaves of hemiparasites are rich in nutrients, and their deposition along the litter provides an increase in soil fertility (Mellado et al., 2016Mellado A, Morillas L, Gallardo A, Zamora R. Temporal dynamic of parasite-mediated linkages between the Forest canopy and soil processes and the microbial community. New Phytol. 2016; 211: 1382-92. doi: 10.1111/nph.13984.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13984.... ).

In urban afforestation, management for plant fertilization is more complex, therefore, the low-grade incidence of these hemiparasites adds the campus. Given that, hemiparasites can also alter the spatial and temporal distribution of nutrient cycling while increasing the amount of nutrients available to host plants (Arruda et al., 2012Arruda R, Fadini RF, Carvalho LN, Del-Claro K, Mourão FA, Jacobi CM, et al. Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important e canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems. Acta Botanica Brasilica [Internet]. 2012; 26(2): 264-274. Available: https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN9tD3Lqkcz4xFy/?format=pdf⟨=en.
https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/NvnG8q9XRN... ). These authors point out that in nutrient-poor ecosystems, such as tropical grasslands and savannas, their presence was considered of great importance. According to Ndagurwa et al. (2018)Ndagurwa HGT, Maponga TS, Dube B, Nzuma TM, Muvengwi. Termitariavc. mistletoe: effects on soil properties and plant structure in a semi-arid savanna. Acta Oecologica [Internet]. 2018: 35-42. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2018.06.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2018.06.... , the soils under hemiparasite hosts showed higher levels of silt, organic matter, sodium, potassium, magnesium and nitrate.

Pruning branches with hemiparasite infestation is recommended when the incidence in the crown is greater than 50%, or replacing the individual with autochthonous species with greater resistance (Coelho et al., 2020Coelho CC, Vitorino MD, Rode BJG, Boschetti AC, Silva PAGDA, Fenilli TAB, et al. Análise Estrutural E Espacial Do Componente Arbóreo Como Elemento De Paisagem Turística. MIX Sustentável. 2020; 7(1): 159-170. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX2020.v7.n1.159-170
http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX... ). However, individuals with an infestation greater than 30% may have a developmental deficit and reduced vigor. When there is no removal of hemiparasites, such as Psittacanthus spp. and Struthanthus spp., there may be crown covering, affecting the photosynthesis of the host tree (Caldeira, 2013Caldeira SF. Doenças abióticas e bióticas da Teca no Brasil. In: Patologia Florestal: Desafios e Perspectivas. São Carlos, Brasil: Suprema Gráfica e Editora, 2013.).

Although some hemiparasite species are harmful agents to plants, most do not affect economically valuable crops and forest products, but play key roles in forest ecosystems (Mathiasen et al., 2008Mathiasen RL, Nickrent DL, Shaw DC, Watson DM. Viscos: patologia, sistemática, ecologia e manejo. Plant disease [Internet]. 2008. 92(7): 988-1006. Available: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-0988
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-0988... ). The spatial distribution of hosts and the high incidence of light in isolated host trees can lead to high prevalence in urban areas (Maruyama et al., 2012Maruyama PK, Mendes-Rodrigues C, Silva EA, Cunha AF. Parasites in the neighbourhood: Interactions of the mistletoe Phoradendron affine (Viscaceae) with its dispersers and hosts in urban areas of Brazil. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 2012; 207(10): 768-773. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2012.08.004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.08.... ). The authors argue that the eradication of hemiparasites in urban areas should be replaced by ecological management, their importance for the conservation of bird species should be considered and studies should be carried out to determine which bird species are favored by hemiparasites in these regions.

The specificities of the hemiparasites regarding their host are highlighted in the results found. Some hemiparasites have a greater number of hosts in different tree families, while others manage to parasitize only one host species (Mathiasen et al., 2008Mathiasen RL, Nickrent DL, Shaw DC, Watson DM. Viscos: patologia, sistemática, ecologia e manejo. Plant disease [Internet]. 2008. 92(7): 988-1006. Available: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-0988
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-0988... ). In addition, the authors point out that some hemiparasites have host specificity, and some of them are prone to parasitize other hemiparasites.

Generally, non-host species have prominent spines, thorns or the presence of lenticels on stems, leaves and/or fruits. Especially in some species of the Caryocaceae, Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Lecythidaceae and Arecaceae (Table 4). It is believed that such structures make it difficult for birds to land and reduce the dispersion of the hemiparasite. In addition to the angle of the branches, roughness and thickness of the host bark, which are important characteristics to determine the frequency of distribution of hemiparasites in the host, do not interfere with its diversity (Fadini 2011Fadini R. Non-overlap of hosts used by three congeneric and sympatric loranthaceo us mistletoe species in Amazonian savanna: host generalization to extreme specialization. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2011; 25(2): 337-345. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062011000200010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306201100... ; Wagner et al., 2015Wagner K, Mendieta-Leiva G, Zotz G. Host specificity in vascular epiphytes: a review of methodology, empirical evidence and potential mechanisms. AoBPlants [Internet]. 2015. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270565939.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ). In addition, by choosing tree species with these characteristics, it can be a way to avoid hemiparasites in urban afforestation.

In species that did not show developed hemiparasites and dead cotyledons (Table 4), such as Genipa americana, Cariniana rubra and Acrocomia aculeata, it was initially interpreted as a reaction to the hemiparasite. According to Király et al. (2007)Kiraly L, Barna B, Király, Z. Resistência de plantas à infecção por patógenos: formas e mecanismos de resistência inata e adquirida. Journal of Phytopathology. 2007; 155(7-8): 385-396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01264.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007... , for pathogenic microorganisms, the hypersensitivity reaction is shown to be an extreme cellular response on the part of the plant, which can cause the high degree of resistance to the pathogen, however, no information was found that can associate this fact with the absence of hemiparasites.

Thus, the presence of dead cotyledons is an indication of the frequency of avifauna in these hosts, and the non-infestation of hemiparasites. The bird lands and the deposition of the hemiparasite seed occurs, the seed swells with water absorption, the cotyledons expand, but the seed necroses and dies. In a study with germination of hemiparasite seeds, it was not possible to observe the effect of tree species, whether host or non-host (Maruyama et al., 2012Maruyama PK, Mendes-Rodrigues C, Silva EA, Cunha AF. Parasites in the neighbourhood: Interactions of the mistletoe Phoradendron affine (Viscaceae) with its dispersers and hosts in urban areas of Brazil. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 2012; 207(10): 768-773. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2012.08.004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.08.... ). However, the authors observed that the radicle of the germinated seeds did not manage to penetrate the bark and the seedlings invariably died in the non-host species. According to Pascholati and Dalio (2011b)Pascholati SF, Dalio RJD. Fisiologia do parasitismo: como as plantas se defendem dos patógenos. Manual de fitopatologia. 2011b; 1: 593-636., some trees have the ability to delay or prevent the entry and development of a foreign body in their tissues.

Plants can defend themselves against phytopathogens either passively or actively, and their resistance mechanisms can be subdivided into two categories: pre-formed and post-formed. In the first case, the plant resists through existing mechanisms, such as the cuticle, which works as a structural barrier, and toxic substances. If, even so, the phytopathogenic agent overcomes the surface structures of the host, it continues to defend itself with new structural barriers, with the formation of halos and lignification around the penetration site (Pascholati and Dalio, 2011bPascholati SF, Dalio RJD. Fisiologia do parasitismo: como as plantas se defendem dos patógenos. Manual de fitopatologia. 2011b; 1: 593-636.).

These authors also report the biochemical resistance of the host, with phytoanticipins being examples of pre-formed substances, and can be converted into extremely toxic substances, while phytoalexins are post-formed substances in response to the presence of the pathogen. In addition to morphological mechanisms related to the non-infestation of the hemiparasite, the possibility of reaction mechanisms should be studied in relation to the origin of the process, with anatomical studies, as well as the chemical constituents of these substances, similarly to what is understood for the diseases caused by phytopathogens. Gummosis is often produced by plants as a protection mechanism when their cortex is attacked (Andrade et al., 2013Andrade K, de Carvalho CW, Takeiti CY. Goma de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale): avaliação das modificações químicas e físicas por extrusão termoplástica. Polímeros 2013; 23(5):667-671. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/polimeros.2013.004
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/polimeros.2013... ), observed in Anacardium occidentale (Figure 1).

The fact that individuals of the same species present different behaviors in relation to hemiparasite infestation may be related to the characteristics of the specimen and not the species. Similar to disease resistance, whose expression is not morphological but physiological, and behaves as a variable characteristic in the population and specific in some individuals.

The subject lacks studies and, once the individual characteristic is proven, the vegetative multiplication of individuals that are not infested by the hemiparasite is possible. These will be able to compose the vegetation with other individuals of seminal origin and that, as hosts of the hemiparasite, will exercise the function of offering this source of food to the ornithological fauna.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The presence of hemiparasites varies between tree species and between individuals of the same species. In some individuals there is the presence of fauna, the deposition of dispersion units of the hemiparasite without vegetative development. These individuals have potential for the natural control of the infestation and for researches that clarify the morphological or physiological process involved. In the afforestation of UFMT, campus Cuiabá, the intensity and general degree of infestation by hemiparasites are low and variable for the genders Struthanthus, Phoradendron and Psittacanthus and contributes to the availability of food for the frugivorous ornithological fauna in the urban area.

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
08 May 2023
Date of issue
2023

History

Received
11 Apr 2022
Accepted
07 Feb 2023

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TABLE 1 INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF PSITTACANTHUS SP. IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

Psittacanthus sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNWS	H (%)	Degree of infestation (%)
Psittacanthus sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNWS	H (%)	Low	Average	High
Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud. ^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	1	1	0	100	0,00	100,00	0,00
Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	23	12	11	52,17	4,35	26,09	21,74
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Ex.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	200	100	100	50,00	25,00	14,50	10,50
Pouteria gardneri (Mar. & Mig.) Baehni^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	4	2	2	50,00	50,00	0,00	0,00
Syzygium cumin (L.) Skeels^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	2	1	1	50,00	0,00	50,00	0,00
Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	34	16	18	47,06	23,53	8,82	14,71
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	E	49	23	26	46,94	16,33	18,37	12,24
Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	7	3	4	42,86	28,57	14,29	0,00
Terminalia catappa L.	E	12	5	7	41,67	16,67	16,67	8,33
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	276	108	168	39,13	23,19	8,33	7,61
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	134	52	82	38,81	14,18	6,72	17,91
Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos	N	53	20	33	37,74	32,08	3,77	1,89
Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	48	18	30	37,5	33,33	4,17	0,00
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	11	4	7	36,36	36,36	0,00	0,00
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	6	2	4	33,33	16,67	0,00	16,67
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	3	1	2	33,33	0,00	33,33	0,00
Eucalyptus sp L’Hér 3^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	3	1	2	33,33	33,33	0,00	0,00
Inga sp. Mill	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	7	2	5	28,57	28,57	0,00	0,00
Eugenia jambolana Lam.	E	7	2	5	28,57	28,57	0,00	0,00
Terminalia argentea Mart.& Zucc.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	7	2	5	28,57	28,57	0,00	0,00
Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	24	6	18	25	4,17	16,67	4,17
Ceiba boliviana Britten & Baker f.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	20	5	15	25	20,00	5,00	0,00
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume ^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	4	1	3	25	0,00	0,00	25,00
Psidium guajava L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	62	14	48	22,58	17,74	3,23	1,61
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	33	7	26	21,21	9,09	6,06	6,06
Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	15	3	12	20	20,00	0,00	0,00
Eriotheca gracilipes (K. Schum.) A. Robyns^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	5	1	4	20	0,00	20,00	0,00
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. tinctoria ^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	5	1	4	20	0,00	20,00	0,00
Vitex polygama Cham.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	5	1	4	20	0,00	0,00	20,00
Cedrela fissilis Vell.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	11	2	9	18,18	9,09	9,09	0,00
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	238	42	196	17,65	10,92	3,78	2,94
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	46	8	38	17,39	15,22	0,00	2,17
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	42	7	35	16,67	9,52	2,38	4,76
Vochysia haenkeana Mart.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	12	2	10	16,67	8,33	8,33	0,00
Pseudobombax longiflorum (Mart.) A. Robyns^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	6	1	5	16,67	16,67	0,00	0,00
Aspidosperma riedelii Müll. Arg^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N	13	2	11	15,38	15,38	0,00	0,00
Cassia fistula L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	13	2	11	15,38	15,38	0,00	0,00
Eucalyptus sp. Mill 1^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	13	2	11	15,38	15,38	0,00	0,00
Ficus benjamina L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	13	2	11	15,38	15,38	0,00	0,00
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	13	2	11	15,38	7,69	7,69	0,00
Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	7	1	6	14,29	14,29	0,00	0,00
Casearia sylvestris Sw.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	22	3	19	13,64	9,09	4,55	0,00
Hymenaea courbaril L.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	15	2	13	13,33	13,33	0,00	0,00
Qualea grandiflora Mart.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	15	2	13	13,33	6,67	6,67	0,00
Simarouba versicolor A.St.-Hil.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	15	2	13	13,33	6,67	0,00	6,67
Dipteryx alata Vogel^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	123	16	107	13,01	4,88	3,25	4,88
Mangifera indica L.	E	328	39	289	11,89	6,10	2,74	3,05
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	9	1	8	11,11	11,11	0,00	0,00
Tectona grandis L. f.	E	9	1	8	11,11	11,11	0,00	0,00
Amburana acreana (Duck) A.C. sm.	N	19	2	17	10,53	5,26	0,00	5,26
Andira cujabensis Benth.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	10	1	9	10	0,00	10,00	0,00
Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N	10	1	9	10	10,00	0,00	0,00
Copaifera langsdorffi i Desf.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	11	1	10	9,09	0,00	9,09	0,00
Eucalyptus sp. Mill	E	11	1	10	9,09	9,09	0,00	0,00
Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	11	1	10	9,09	9,09	0,00	0,00
Spondias purpúrea L.	E	11	1	10	9,09	0,00	9,09	0,00
Samanea tubulosa (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	58	5	53	8,62	8,62	0,00	0,00
Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	96	8	88	8,33	4,17	1,04	3,13
Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	24	2	22	8,33	8,33	0,00	0,00
Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	N	375	29	346	7,73	7,20	0,53	0,00
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O. Grose	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	27	2	25	7,41	7,41	0,00	0,00
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	14	1	13	7,14	7,14	0,00	0,00
Leucaena lanceolata S. Watson	E	29	2	27	6,9	3,45	0,00	3,45
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	59	4	55	6,78	3,39	3,39	0,00
Luehea paniculata Mart.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	15	1	14	6,67	6,67	0,00	0,00
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	21	1	20	4,76	4,76	0,00	0,00
Albizia niopoides (Benth.) Burkart	N	22	1	21	4,55	0,00	0,00	4,55
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	53	2	51	3,77	1,89	0,00	1,89
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	30	1	29	3,33	3,33	0,00	0,00
Swietenia macrophylla King	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	100	3	97	3	3,00	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus aureus Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	42	1	41	2,38	2,38	0,00	0,00
Inga laurina (Sw.) Wild	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	47	1	46	2,13	2,13	0,00	0,00
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.	N	67	1	66	1,49	0,00	0,00	1,49
Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	163	2	161	1,23	1,23	0,00	0,00
Genipa americana L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	162	2	160	1,23	0,62	0,62	0,00
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Solder. ex Mart.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species;	83	1	82	1,2	0,00	1,20	0,00
Total		3593	631	2962		58,16	21,87	19,97

TABLE 2 INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF STRUTHANTHUS SP. IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

Struthanthus sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNW	H(%)	Degree of infestation (%)
Struthanthus sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNW	H(%)	Low	Average	High
Terminalia catappa L.	E	12	3	9	25,00	25,00	0,00	0,00
Machaerium aculeatum Raddi^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	8	2	6	25,00	0,00	0,00	25,00
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	6	1	5	16,67	16,67	0,00	0,00
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	33	5	28	15,15	6,06	6,06	3,03
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	42	6	36	14,29	14,29	0,00	0,00
Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	34	4	30	11,76	11,76	0,00	0,00
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Ex.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	200	23	177	11,50	8,00	2,50	1,00
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	9	1	8	11,11	0,00	0,00	11,11
Malpighia emarginata DC.	N	9	1	8	11,11	11,11	0,00	0,00
Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	11	1	10	9,09	9,09	0,00	0,00
Hymenaea courbaril L.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	15	1	14	6,67	6,67	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos	N	53	3	50	5,66	5,66	0,00	0,00
Amburana acreana (Duck) A.C. sm.	N	19	1	18	5,26	5,26	0,00	0,00
Samanea tubulosa (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	58	3	55	5,17	3,45	0,00	1,72
Tamarindus indica L.	E	21	1	20	4,76	4,76	0,00	0,00
Casearia sylvestris Sw.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	22	1	21	4,55	4,55	0,00	0,00
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N	23	1	22	4,35	0,00	4,35	0,00
Cordia myxa L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	E	24	1	23	4,17	0,00	0,00	4,17
Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	24	1	23	4,17	4,17	0,00	0,00
Leucaena lanceolata S. Watson	E	29	1	28	3,45	3,45	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	238	7	231	2,94	2,10	0,84	0,00
Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	96	2	94	2,08	1,04	1,04	0,00
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	E	49	1	48	2,04	2,04	0,00	0,00
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	276	5	271	1,81	1,45	0,00	0,36
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.	N	67	1	66	1,49	1,49	0,00	0,00
Swietenia macrophylla King	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	100	1	99	1,00	1,00	0,00	0,00
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	134	1	133	0,75	0,00	0,75	0,00
Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	163	1	162	0,61	0,00	0,61	0,00
Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	N	375	2	373	0,53	0,53	0,00	0,00
Mangifera indica L.	E	328	1	327	0,30	0,00	0,30	0,00
Total		2478	83	2395		72,29	16,87	10,84

TABLE 3 INCIDENCE AND ABSENCE OF PHORADRENDON SP IN NUMBER (N), PERCENTAGE OF INFESTATION (H) AND RESPECTIVE PERCENTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION BY DEGREE OF INFESTATION BY HOST SPECIES IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

Phoradrendron sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNW	H(%)	Degree of infestation (%)
Phoradrendron sp.	Or.	TN	TNH	TNW	H(%)	Low	Average	High
Bauhinia sp L. 1^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	1	1	0	100,00	100,00	0,00	0,00
Eugenia jambolana Lam	E	7	2	5	28,57	28,57	0,00	0,00
Bauhinia variegata L.^ Specialized tree species: the only ones found with the hemiparasite.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	5	1	4	20,00	20,00	0,00	0,00
Terminalia catappa L.	E	12	2	10	16,67	8,33	8,33	0,00
Simarouba versicolor A. St.-Hil.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	15	2	13	13,33	6,67	6,67	0,00
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	33	4	29	12,12	6,06	3,03	3,03
Malpighiae marginata	N	9	1	8	11,11	0,00	0,00	11,11
Tectona grandis L. f.	E	9	1	8	11,11	11,11	0,00	0,00
Eucalyptus sp. Mill	E	11	1	10	9,09	9,09	0,00	0,00
Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	24	2	22	8,33	0,00	8,33	0,00
Eucalyptus sp 1 Mill	E	13	1	12	7,69	7,69	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	15	1	14	6,67	6,67	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos	N	53	3	50	5,66	5,66	0,00	0,00
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Ex.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	200	11	189	5,5	3,50	1,00	1,00
Tamarindus indica L.	E	21	1	20	4,76	4,76	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O. Grose	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	27	1	26	3,70	3,70	0,00	0,00
Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	34	1	33	2,94	0,00	2,94	0,00
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	42	1	41	2,38	2,38	0,00	0,00
Handroanthus aureus Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	42	1	41	2,38	2,38	0,00	0,00
Inga laurina (Sw.) Wild	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	47	1	46	2,13	0,00	2,13	0,00
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	238	5	233	2,10	2,10	0,00	0,00
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	E	49	1	48	2,04	0,00	2,04	0,00
Swietenia macrophylla King	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	100	2	98	2,00	2,00	0,00	0,00
Mangifera indica L.	E	328	6	322	1,83	0,91	0,61	0,30
Samanea tubulosa (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	58	1	57	1,72	1,72	0,00	0,00
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	59	1	58	1,69	0,00	0,00	1,69
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.	N^* * Origin (Or.): Native to Brazil (N), Exotic (E). Natural occurrence in the Cerrado phytogeographic domain (*); TN = total number of tree individuals per species; TNW = total number without hemiparasite; TNH = total number with incidence of hemiparasite; H (%) = percentage of infestation by tree species.	276	1	275	0,36	0,00	0,00	0,36
Total		1728	56	1672		66,07	21,43	12,50

TABLE 4 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER SPECIES WITH GERMINATED HEMIPARASITE SEEDS AND DEAD COTYLEDONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BOXPLOT OF THE NUMBER OF DEAD COTYLEDONS, IN THE AFFORESTATION OF UFMT, CAMPUS CUIABá.

Species	TNs	NsDC	DC (%)	TNDC	MDCs
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl	1	1	100,0	3	3.0
Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.	3	1	33,3	2	2.0
Caryocar brasiliense A. St.-Hil	27	8	29,6	43	5.4
Genipa americana L.	162	24	14,8	113	4.7
Rubiaceae sp. Law.	8	1	12,5	1	1.0
Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. A.Rich. ex DC.	9	1	11,1	5	5.0
Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers	163	17	10,4	57	3.4
Anacardium occidentale L.	61	6	9,8	45	7.5
Curatella americana L.	61	4	6,6	24	6.0
Acrocomia aculeata (Jack.) Lottery. ex March.	83	1	1,2	15	15.0
Average	57.8	6.4	22,93	30,8	5.3

Sociedade de Investigações Florestais Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36570-900 - Viçosa - Minas Gerais - Brazil, Tel: (55 31) 3612-3959 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rarvore@sif.org.br

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