PHENOLOGICAL SYNCHRONICITY OF <i>Byrsonima pachyphylla</i> A. Juss. AND <i>B. verbascifolia</i> (L.) DC. (MALPIGHIACEAE) AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE SEASONALITY

Meireles, Andressa Cavalcante; Freire, Ageu da Silva Monteiro; Ferreira, Wagner de Melo; Viana, Rodney Haulien Oliveira

doi:10.1590/1806-908820230000018

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Scientific Article • Rev. Árvore 47 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820230000018 copy

PHENOLOGICAL SYNCHRONICITY OF Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. AND B. verbascifolia (L.) DC. (MALPIGHIACEAE) AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE SEASONALITY

SINCRONICIDADE FENOLÓGICA DE Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. E B. verbascifolia (L.) DC. (MALPIGHIACEAE) E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A SAZONALIDADE CLIMÁTICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Phenology is defined as the study of the timing of biological events and the biotic and abiotic factors that trigger them. This study reports a description of the phenology of Byrsonima pachyphylla and B. verbascifolia in an ecotonal area between the Cerrado and Amazonia biomes in the Brazilian state of Tocantins, to contribute to a better understanding of their autoecology in this region. Two populations of 15 adult individuals of each species, randomly selected in a Cerrado area in Porto Nacional, Tocantins, were surveyed for 12 months. Percentages were estimated of leaf flush, young, mature, and senescent leaves (vegetative phenology), flower buds, open flowers, green and ripe fruits (reproductive phenology) present in the canopy, as well as the synchrony of the reproductive phenophases. The vegetative and reproductive phenological events were seasonal and occurred mainly at the end of the dry season and during the transition from the dry to the rainy season. Considering the vegetative and reproductive phenology, B. pachyphylla was classified as “evergreen with continuous growth” and as a late-flowering species, whereas B. verbascifolia was classified as “evergreen with seasonal growth” and as an early-flowering species. The reproductive phenological activity of the species exhibited high synchrony. The results suggest that the vegetative and reproductive events are peculiar to each species and represent effective strategies for their survival in the Cerrado, which is markedly seasonal.

Keywords:
Murici; Phenology; Ecotone

Table 1 Vegetative and reproductive phenology of Byrsonima pachyphylla and Byrsonima verbascifolia from May 2014 to April 2015 in an area of Cerrado stricto sensu, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil. Average angle (A), average date, number of observed occurrences of the event (N), mean vector concentration (r) Rayleigh test (Z). * P <0.0001.

Phenophases	Byrsonima pachyphylla					Byrsonima verbascifolia
	Ã	Date	N	r	Z	ã	Date	N	r	Z
Budding	271.756°	04/10/2014	116	0.53^*	32.599^*	329.539°	30/11/2014	157	0.622^*	60.674^*
Yolung leaves	282.018°	15/10/2014	133	0.399^*	21.217^*	337.897°	07/12/2014	233	0.567^*	74.999^*
Adult leaves	30°	30/01/2015	1187	0.001^*	0.02^*	128.312°	11/05/2014	1110	0.069^*	5.341^*
Senescent leaves	217.52°	10/08/2014	178	0.481^*	41.356^*	254.25°	17/09/2014	193	0.347^*	23.195^*
Floral buds	184.347°	08/07/2014	160	0.8^*	102.387^*	287.703°	20/10/2014	86	0.757^*	49.315^*
Open flowers	197.552°	20/07/2014	120	0.838^*	84.349^*	290.379°	23/10/2014	60	0.792^*	37.598^*
Green fruits	259.575°	24/09/2014	158	0.826^*	107.861^*	1.981°	01/01/2015	126	0.7^*	63.292^*
Ripe fruits	314.282°	17/11/2014	14	0.773^*	8.363^*	37.089°	07/02/2015	12	0.837^*	8.398^*

Table 2 Spearman Correlation (rs) of Fournier intensity ratios of the different phenological phases of Byrsonima pachyphylla and Byrsonima verbascifolia with climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and evaporation of piche) from May / 2014 to April / 2015 in an area Cerrado stricto sensu, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil.

Phenophases	Byrsonima pachyphylla								Byrsonima verbascifolia
	Precipitation		Temperature		Relative Humidity		Evaporation		Precipitation		Temperature		Relative Humidity		Evaporation
	rs	p	rs	P	rs	p	rs	p	rs	p	rs	p	rs	p	rs	p
Budding	-0.33	0.29	0.50	0.09	-0.66	0.01	0.64	0.02	0.46	0.12	0.03	0.91	0.21	0.50	-0.22	0.47
Yolung leaves	-0.19	0.54	0.41	0.17	-0.56	0.05	0.54	0.06	0.58	0.04	-0.03	0.90	0.35	0.25	-0.38	0.21
Adult leaves	0.39	0.20	0.03	0.91	0.28	0.37	-0.28	0.37	-0.40	0.18	-0.08	0.79	-0.13	0.66	0.19	0.55
Senescent leaves	-0.84	0.05	0.46	0.12	-0.82	0.01	0.81	0.01	-0.62	0.02	-0.08	0.09	-0.89	0.01	0.86	0.03
Floral buds	-0.92	0.01	0.24	0.44	-0.81	0.01	0.79	0.02	-0.44	0.15	0.47	0.11	-0.64	0.02	0.61	0.03
Open flowers	-0.91	0.01	0.39	0.20	-0.90	0.01	0.88	0.01	-0.27	0.39	0.58	0.04	-0.57	0.05	0.48	0.10
Green fruits	-0.24	0.44	0.50	0.09	-0.67	0.01	0.64	0.02	0.78	0.02	-0.32	0.22	0.62	0.02	-0.65	0.02
Ripe fruits	0.42	0.16	-0.03	0.99	0.30	0.33	-0.39	0.21	0.70	0.01	-0.58	0.0470	0.77	0.03	-0.72	0.01

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