“Bad with it, worse without it”: the will for continuity of the UPPs (pacifying police units) beyond the Olympics

Ribeiro, Ludmila; Vilarouca, Márcio Grijó

doi:10.1590/0034-761220170288

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Article: Current issue • Rev. Adm. Pública 52 (6) • Nov-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220170288 copy

“Bad with it, worse without it”: the will for continuity of the UPPs (pacifying police units) beyond the Olympics

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article uses the literature on community policing projects and logistic regression models to identify which variables explain the wish for the UPPs (pacifying police units) continuity after the Olympics. Analysis of a household and probabilistic survey carried out with 2,000 residents was conducted. In the first round, the survey was applied to 10 favelas that received UPPs in the initial phase of the program’s implementation and, in the next round, in another 10 favelas when the “pacification” process already indicated signs of crisis. The results indicate that young black and pardo individuals present a high degree of rejection to this mode of policing and that the police’s ability to rebuild the legitimacy of their actions in the communities causes individuals to endorse the continuity of UPPs, and the Olympic city project.

Keywords:
UPPs; community policing; Rio de Janeiro; legitimacy; public safety policy

Interviewees’ opinion whether UPPs will end or continue after the Olympics	Interviewees’ opinion whether UPPs must end or continue after the Olympics
	They must end		They must continue		Don’t know/No response		Total
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Theywillend	203	23.4%	605	69.7%	60	6.9%	868	100%
Theywill continue	67	8.1%	736	88.8%	26	3.1%	829	100%
Don’t know/No response	22	7.3%	175	57.8%	106	35.0%	303	100%
Total	292	14.6%	1516	75.8%	192	9.6%	2000	100%

Variables		Minimum	Maximum	N. cases	Average	Standard-Deviation
Individual characteristics	Sex	0 — Female	1 — Male	2,000	0.46	0.50
	Youth	0 — Non youth (over 36)	1 — Youth (18 to 35)	2,000	0.35	0.48
	Race/ethnicity	0 —White	1 —Black (including pardos)	1,918	0.74	0.44
Legitimacy, based on a policy of keeping promises	Trust	0 — Does not trust UPP police officers	1 — Trusts UPP police officers	1,881	0.40	0.49
	Respect	0 — UPP Police officers do not respect residents	1 — UPP Police officers respect residents	1,860	0.71	0.46
	Police_violence	0 — Was not victim of verbal offense, aggression and extortion by UPP police officers	1 — Was victim of verbal offense, aggression and extortion by UPP police officers	2,000	0.10	0.31
	Shooting	0 — With the UPP, daily shootings did not stop in the community	1 — With UPP, daily shootings stopped in the community	1,854	0.75	0.43
Improving the quality of life	Security	0 — Feels unsafe after the establishment of the UPP	1 — Feels safe after the establishment of the UPP	1,887	0.51	0.50
	Life_after_UPP	0 — Worse or the same	1 — Better	1,913	0.50	0.50
	Odds_violence	0 — Low odds of suffering violence in the community (aggression, robbery, theft)	1 — High odds of suffering violence in the community (aggression, robbery, theft)	1,937	0.21	0.41
Dependent variable	UPP_must	0 — UPP must not continue after the Olympics	1 — UPP must continue after the Olympics	2,000	0.76	0.43
Local	Pacification	0 — Old pacification	1 — Recent pacification	2,000	0.50	0.50

Pacification	Trusts UPP police officers	UPP Police officers respect residents	Was a victim of verbal offense, aggression and extortion by UPP police officers	With UPP, daily shootings stopped in the community	Peace	Feels safe after the establishment of the UPP	Life after UPP is better	High odds of suffering violence in the community (aggression, robbery, theft)	UPP must continue after the Olympics
Old pacification	43%	73%	10%	90%	86%	61%	59%	20%	87%
Recent pacification	38%	68%	11%	59%	60%	40%	42%	23%	64%
Total	40%	71%	10%	75%	73%	51%	50%	21%	76%
Anova	5.78	6.24	1.74	286.36	176.68	79.99	53.87	3.56	158.17
Significance	0.016	0.013	0.188	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.059	0.000

Variable	Description	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
Variable	Description	Exp(B)	Sig.	Exp(B)	Sig.	Exp(B)	Sig.	Exp(B)	Sig.
Sex	Male	1.176	0.135					1.120	0.440
Sex	Reference: Female
Youth	Youth (18 to 35)	0.499	0.000					0.609	0.001
Youth	Reference: Non youth (over 36)
Race	Black (including pardo)	0.636	0.001					0.647	0.018
Race	Reference: White
Trust	Trust in UPP police officers			2.612	0.000			1.854	0.001
Trust	Reference: No trust in UPP police officers
Respect	UPP police officers respect residents			2.864	0.000			2.269	0.000
Respect	Reference: UPP police officers respect residents
Police violence	Victim of verbal offense, aggression and extortion by UPP police officers			0.533	0.001			0.557	0.008
Police violence	Reference: Was not victim of verbal offense, aggression and extortion by UPP police officers
Shooting	With UPP, daily shooting stopped in the community			3.307	0.000			1.619	0.004
Shooting	Reference: with UPP, shootings did not stop in the community
Safety	Feel safe after the establishment of the UPP					3.436	0.000	1.883	0.000
Safety	Reference: Feel unsafe after the establishment of the UPP
Life after UPP	Better					3.817	0.000	2.470	0.000
Life after UPP	Reference: Worse or the same
Chance of violence	High odds of suffering violence in the community (aggression, robbery, theft)					0.753	0.042	0.839	0.284
Chance of violence	Reference: Low odds of suffering violence in the community (aggression, robbery, theft)
Pacification	Recent pacification							0.379	0.000
Pacification	Reference: old pacification
Control		1.237	0.063	0.715	0.008	1.373	0.000	2.334	0.002

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[1] Ludmila Ribeiro - PhD in Sociology, Adjunct Professor at the Department of Sociology and researcher at the Center of Studies in Crime and Public Safety of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). E-mail: ludmila.ribeiro@crisp.ufmg.br.