Who can the school count on? The coproduction of public education by students’ families

Soares, Guilherme Ferreira; Farias, Josivania Silva

doi:10.1590/0034-761220170301

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Articles • Rev. Adm. Pública 53 (2) • Mar-Apr 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220170301 copy

Who can the school count on? The coproduction of public education by students’ families

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article discusses the coproduction of public education by student’s families and how it is influenced by the family members’ profile. Interviews were conducted with ten school principals, with sampling and analysis based on theoretical saturation, and a survey with 269 family members from Distrito Federal, using logistic regression as the data analysis methodology. From this, all categories of coproduction identified in Europe by Pestoff (2006) were confirmed, and another raised from the interviews, the coproduction by basic family support. Additionally, the data analysis showed significant influence of the families’ level of education and their family habits on pedagogy, social, political and economic coproduction. The research highlighted the coproduction of public services by citizen in developing countries.

Keywords:
coproduction; public services coproduction; citizen engagement; public sector; government

LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF FAMILY MEMBERS	EXPECTATION FOR LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF FAMILY MEMBERS	Elementary school	High school	Higher education	Graduate school
Elementary school (n = 48)	8 (16.7 %)	5 (10.4 %)	20 (41.7 %)	15 (31.3 %)
High school (n = 137)	10 (7.3 %)	18 (13.1 %)	43 (31.4 %)	66 (48.2 %)
Higher education (n = 54)	4 (7.4 %)	0 (0 %)	8 (14.8 %)	42 (77.8 %)
Graduate school (n = 19)	2 (10.5 %)	0 (0 %)	0 (0 %)	17 (89.5 %)

COPRODUCTION TYPE (PESTOFF, 2006Pestoff, V. (2006). Citizens and co-production of welfare services: childcare in eight European countries. Public Management Review, 8(4), 503-519.)	COPRODUCTION FORMS	NUMBER OF EVENTS
ECONOMIC (N = 123, 45 %)	Performing school development activities (working on school renovations, events)	68 (25.3 %)
ECONOMIC (N = 123, 45 %)	Donating financial or other resources (materials, etc.)	81 (30.1 %)
SOCIAL (N = 201, 74.7 %)	Participating in parties and events promoted by the school	201 (74.4 %)
PEDAGOGICAL (N = 230, 76 %)	Assisting in the preparation of homework	205 (76.2 %)
PEDAGOGICAL (N = 230, 76 %)	Asking the school for advice about how to help the child	117 (43.5 %)
POLITICAL (N = 103, 38.3 %)	Attending School Council or Parent-teacher Association meetings	103 (38.3 %)

Quantity of coproduction forms	Total coproduction (N = 269)	Collective coproduction (N = 269)	Individual coproduction (N = 269)
0	3 (1.1 %)	30 (11.2 %)	30 (11.2 %)
1	32 (11.9 %)	133 (49.4 %)	111 (41.3 %)
2	81 (30.1 %)	79 (29.4 %)	92 (34.2 %)
3	76 (28.3 %)	27 (10 %)	36 (13.4 %)
4	45 (16.7 %)	-	-
5	19 (7.1 %)	-	-
6	13 (4.8 %)	-	-
Mean (standard deviation)	2.9 (1.3)	1.4 (0.8)	1.5 (0.9)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE	DEPENDENT VARIABLE
	SOCIAL COPRODUCTION Participating in school parties and events		POLITICAL COPRODUCTION Participating in the School Board or Parent-teacher Association
	OR	p	OR	p
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Gender (Ref.: male)
Female	0.83	0.629	1.69	0.139
Age	1.01	0.439	1.00	0.870
Level of education (Ref.: elementary school)
High school	1.10	0.793	0.70	0.277
Higher education/graduate school	1.50	0.340	0.41	0.020
Occupation (Ref.: active worker)
Homemaker	2.30	0.101	1.75	0.097
Unemployed	0.49	0.104	1.47	0.361
Student	0.29	0.010	0.61	0.362
Lives in the same neighborhood where the school is located (Ref.: no)
Yes	1.16	0.648	1.36	0.329
FAMILY HABITS
Leisure activities (Ref.: No)
Television (Yes)	1.10	0.779	0.91	0.757
Cinema (Yes)	7.07	< 0.001	0.65	0.110
Reading (Yes)	2.55	0.005	1.07	0.791
Sports (Yes)	1.93	0.056	0.67	0.157
Theater (Yes)	5.02	0.123	0.80	0.685
Family practices (Ref.: No)
Habit of communicating through writing (Yes)	2.86	< 0.001	0.79	0.386
Makes a supermarket shopping list (Yes)	1.22	0.527	1.13	0.667
Carries out meal planning (Yes)	1.30	0.454	3.72	< 0.001
Writes a list of tasks to do (Yes)	1.36	0.327	2.14	0.005
Carries out financial control and planning (Yes)	1.26	0.491	1.62	0.130
Weekly reading hours	1.02	0.532	0.98	0.595
Weekly interaction hours	1.02	0.046	0.99	0.216
Nagelkerke R²	32.0 %		20.6 %

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES			DEPENDENT VARIABLES
	PEDAGOGICAL COPRODUCTION
	Pedagogical coproduction		Supporting the execution of homework		Asking the school for advice on how to help the child
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Gender (Ref.: male)
Female	1.50	0.335	1.11	0.786	1.40	0.313
Age	1.00	0.919	0.98	0.179	1.02	0.139
Level of education (Ref.: elementary school)
High school	0.68	0.436	0.96	0.911	0.97	0.932
Higher education/graduation school	0.86	0.783	1.62	0.277	1.27	0.516
Occupation (Ref.: active worker)
Homemaker	1.19	0.742	0.97	0.947	1.36	0.364
Unemployed	0.52	0.206	0.56	0.191	0.55	0.178
Student	0.45	0.153	0.52	0.190	1.06	0.900
Lives in the same neighborhood where the school is located (Ref.: No)
Yes	0.62	0.314	0.80	0.532	1.02	0.946
FAMILY HABITS
Leisure activities (Ref.: No)
Television (Yes)	1.24	0.589	0.97	0.925	0.85	0.574
Cinema (Yes)	1.15	0.702	1.10	0.748	0.76	0.284
Reading (Yes)	1.25	0.555	0.86	0.623	1.96	0.009
Sports (Yes)	0.58	0.129	0.83	0.542	0.92	0.773
Theater (Yes)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	1.15	0.799
Family practices (Ref.: No)
Communicates through writing (Yes)	1.16	0.677	1.14	0.670	1.39	0.208
Makes a supermarket` shopping list (Yes)	2.04	0.055	1.42	0.279	1.89	0.031
Carries out meal planning (Yes)	4.21	0.021	2.53	0.024	1.91	0.026
Writes a list of tasks to do (Yes)	1.18	0.660	1.15	0.655	1.64	0.059
Carries out financial control and planning (Yes)	1.99	0.084	1.69	0.117	1.98	0.029
Weekly reading hours	0.98	0.699	0.99	0.788	1.03	0.260
Weekly interaction hours	0.99	0.486	1.00	0.963	0.99	0.160
Nagelkerke’s R²	R² = 14.4 %		16.6 %		20.3 %

INDEPENDENT COPRODUCTION			DEPENDENT VARIABLES
	ECONOMIC COPRODUCTION
	Economic coproduction		Participating in school development activities		Donating financial or other resources
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Gender (Ref.: male)
Female	0.59	0.103	0.81	0.562	0.69	0.278
Age	1.02	0.316	1.02	0.177	1.03	0.050
Level of education (Ref.: elementary school)
High school	1.95	0.055	1.30	0.505	2.30	0.052
Higher education/graduation school	2.58	0.014	1.25	0.610	3.87	0.003
Occupation (Ref.: active worker)
Homemaker	1.08	0.814	1.14	0.724	1.17	0.667
Unemployed	1.55	0.296	1.57	0.310	1.17	0.727
Student	0.67	0.410	0.56	0.366	0.58	0.356
Lives in the same neighborhood where the school is located (Ref.: No)
Yes	1.05	0.877	2.11	0.057	0.70	0.255
FAMILY HABITS
Leisure activities (Ref.: No)
Television (Yes)	0.95	0.868	1.14	0.694	0.75	0.350
Cinema (Yes)	1.19	0.500	0.88	0.657	1.67	0.061
Reading (Yes)	1.94	0.011	1.56	0.125	2.42	0.001
Sports (Yes)	1.10	0.734	0.98	0.947	1.30	0.358
Theater (Yes)	4.68	0.020	3.70	0.015	2.83	0.052
Family practices (Ref.: No)
Communicates through writing (Yes)	1.21	0.455	1.44	0.228	1.30	0.356
Makes a supermarket shopping list (Yes)	2.07	0.013	1.80	0.092	2.76	0.004
Carries out meal planning (Yes)	1.82	0.040	1.84	0.052	2.97	< 0.001
Writes a list of tasks to do (Yes)	1.14	0.625	1.09	0.763	1.74	0.049
Carries out financial control and planning (Yes)	2.33	0.008	1.41	0.344	2.99	0.005
Weekly reading hours	1.03	0.334	1.01	0.824	1.05	0.134
Weekly interaction hours	0.99	0.380	0.99	0.331	1.00	0.960
Nagelkerke’s R²	R² = 18.3 %		29.5 %		31.1 %

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[1] Guilherme Ferreira Soares - Master of business administration of the business administration graduate program of the University of Brasília. E-mail: guilhermefsoares@gmail.com