Gestão Sustentável em uma Universidade à Luz da Teoria das Tensões da Sustentabilidade

Sehnem, Simone; Martignago, Graciella; Pereira, Susana Carla Farias; Jabbour, Charbel Jose Chiappetta

doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2019170294

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Revista de Administração Contemporânea

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Brasil

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Sumário

Artigos • Rev. adm. contemp. 23 (2) • Mar-Apr 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2019170294 copiar

Gestão Sustentável em uma Universidade à Luz da Teoria das Tensões da Sustentabilidade

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Com base na teoria das tensões da gestão da sustentabilidade, este trabalho original tem como objetivo analisar as tensões que emergiram durante o processo de inserção da sustentabilidade nos principais processos de uma importante universidade brasileira. Onze entrevistas foram realizadas e analisadas através da categorização temática e uso do software Atlas-ti. Uma análise documental também foi realizada. Os resultados sugerem que: (a) houve predominância de tensões provenientes da dimensão organizacional; (b) a dimensão do desempenho está associada à pluralidade de resultados esperados pelas partes interessadas; (c) a assimetria existente entre a expectativa dos sujeitos e os resultados concretos visualizados na universidade Unisul contribuíram para o fato de que os pontos de tensão convergiram para a dimensão de desempenho; e desafiam os gerentes a encontrarem mecanismos para minimizar os dilemas e conflitos que emergem e alinharem as expectativas dos diferentes stakeholders da Unisul Sustentável.

Palavras-chave:
sustentabilidade; tensões de sustentabilidade; urbanismo sustentável

Authors	Classification	Descriptor
T. Hahn, Figge, Pinkse and Preuss (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...	1) Societal level 2) Industry level 3) Organizational Level 4) Individual level	1) Trade-offs between different economic, environmental and social results at the societal level; 2) Trade-offs between different economic, environmental and social results at the industry level; 3) Trade-offs between results of different economic, environmental and social organizations; 4) Trade-offs between individual interests and preferences of different actors in terms of economic, environmental and social outcomes
Csutora (2011)Csutora, M. (2011). From eco-efficiency to eco-effectiveness? The policy-performance paradox. Society and Economy, 33(1), 161-181. http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.12 http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.1...	1) Private value of shared value 2) Reach and depth 3) Management and measurement	1) suggests that improved sustainability efforts may be accompanied by a deterioration of sustainability performance. 2) proposes an existing trade-off between the scope and depth of sustainability agendas. The more we expand the list of items, the less we can capture the most important issues. 3) Researchers are increasingly aware of hidden pitfalls in policy performance and reach-depth paradoxes. Recently, new concepts have been developed to measure corporate sustainability positions or, at least, changes in these positions. More recent models are more focused on measuring performance than on policy measurement and address well-defined and substantial problems.
Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958...	1) Ownership 2) Performance 3) Organization 4) Learning	1) It suggests how organizational actors strive for self-expression and group affiliation; 2) Need to satisfy multiple stakeholders in the operations of the organization and result in competing strategies and goals; 3) It arises as complex organizational systems that create competing projects; Structures, processes and practices to achieve the desired results; 4) It provokes processes of innovation and transformation that reveal tensions between old and new practices.
T. Hahn, Preuss, Pinkse, and Figge (2014)Hahn, T., Preuss, L., Pinkse, J., & Figge, F. (2014). Cognitive frames in corporate sustainability: Managerial sensemanking with paradoxical and business case frames. Academy of Management Review, 39(4),463-487. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0341 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0341...	1) Personnel versus Sustainability agendas Organizational 2) Short-Term Corporate versus long-term orientation 3) Isomorphism versus structural and technological change 4) Efficiency versus resilience of socioeconomic systems	1) The tension refers to processes of change in regard to approach different economic, environmental and social aspects and is situated between the Individual and organizational levels. 2) Guidance for environment, protection and social equity. The tension refers to the different temporal Economic, Environmental and social aspects and is situated within the context of the temporal dimension; 3) Tension acts between environmental and social aspects in processes of change and operates between Organization and Systemic levels; 4) That is, its capacity to absorb shocks to tension refers to conflicting processes between the Organization and the systemic level
Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...	1) Performance 2) Organizational 3) Ownership 4) Learning	1) Related to performance: goals, metrics, stakeholder meeting and expectations. 2) Related to organizations: dynamic divergence due to different structure, culture, practices and processes. 3) Related to the feeling of belonging: divergent identities between groups, subgroups and the organization. 4) Related to learning: Timelines are different in the processes of change, growth, and scaling.
Haffar and Searcy (2017)Haffar, M., & Searcy, C. (2017). Classification of trade-offs encountered in the practice of corporate sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(3), 495-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2678-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2678-...	1) Private Value-Shared Value Tension 2) Scope-Depth Tension 3) Measurement management tension	1) Social / environmental performance vs Financial Performance or Environmental Performance vs Social Performance; 2) Approach to implementation of performance objectives; Management and measurement approach and approach to conflict and performance areas; 3) Management approach (centralization versus decentralization) and measurement approach (relative versus absolute)

Method	Classification of this Study
Research approach	Qualitative
Search strategy	Descriptive
Research method	Case study
Data collection technique	Interview script Documents Website
Subjects involved in research	2 idealizers of the University City 2 Unisul administrators 2 residents of the University City 5 Unisul students (Listen to the user's point of view)
Data tabulation technique	Full transcript of the respondents' speeches using the Atlas-ti software
Data analysis technique	Categorical analysis and content analysis

Interviewee Profile	Codename Adopted in Article
2 project creators	Ideal 1 Ideal 2
2 current project leaders	Administrator1 Administrator 2
2 project residents	Dweller 1 Dweller 2
5 students- (Listen to the user's point of view)	Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 Student 5

Interviewed	Sustainable Practices	Limitations and Frailties
Ideal 1	Meets the Kyoto Protocol Reduction of water and energy consumption Reducing CO₂emissions Encouragement to walk, cycle and use public transport Establishment of small businesses to serve the city	Advance in the parameterisationso as not to remain only in the qualitative discourse
Ideal 2	Greenbuildings 100% treated sewage Urbanism that would make it easier to leave the car in the garage, live and work at home or nextdoor. Infrastructure with high performance and focused on sustainability Buildings that reduce their impact over time, i.e. consume less energy, have a low maintenance cost, capture rainwater for day-to-day use. Use of LED lamps to reduce energy consumption, including in public spaces. More sustainable water heating within buildings Green office with air conditioning and air renovation, with modern machines. Artesian wells within the neighbourhood Only 10% of water loss from capture to consumption (the country average is 50% loss) Incentive to use bicycles. ·Now studying at Unisul Pedra Branca. You can rent a nice flat here, have a pub, have a Japanese, have a barbecue, have co-working. Events are happening, creates a cooler environment ·Technologies that have generated a cost decrease	Green office implied an increased cost burden for the owner in buying more sophisticated air conditioning than the standard model. Solve the problem of refuse inside the neighbourhood, so you do not need more than onelorry to transport it to the landfill ·Use the smartphone, applications and the community's own participation in the solutions ·Co-create a new, innovative bus stop with GPS, etc.
Adminstrator 1	·Green office, ·LEED Certification - leadership in energy and environmental design ·Actions related to waste ·Use of special glass to promote luminosity ·Specific floor grout that does not contain volatiles
Adminstrator 2	·Recycled refuse sites, waste separation ·Water reuse ·LEED Certification for Buildings ·Adopt a dog instead of buying ·Not all devices should stay on stand-by (unplug to decrease electricity consumption) ·I do most of my shopping on foot ·Certification of buildings with the Bill Clinton Foundation ·Use of led lamps ·There is sewage treatment ·We have security, well-being, comfort, mobility, places to stroll, places to walk with the dog	·The residents' association should not charge a monthly fee, but rather, request responsibility; ·It's no use having a sustainable mega city if people in the community throw litter on the ground ·People lack awareness to do the basics ·It's no use bringing a great architect with worldwide experience, if the corner guy does not practice sustainability ·The concept is oriented to marketing and not to sustainability, the university and creativity
Dweller 1	·Residents sorttheir refuse ·Isolated movements of rainwater reuse ·Within Unisul, the solar heating project ·It has a bike rack and is empty ·Wooded streets, there are squares ·The sewage is treated	·There are no pavements in the streets ·There is no bike path ·There is no engagement ·No waste bins for separatiingrefuse. ·There is a project in partnership with Eletrosul to change all the electrical fittings at Unisul and install led bulbs ·Must have sustainability policies ·There is no evidence of effective integration with the local community
Dweller 2	·Waste, you need to separate, wash and take to a collection point ·Partially use solar energy ·Lighting with photovoltaic cell on pavement ·Some buildings with water reuse ·There is sewage treatment ·The commercial rooms use air-conditioning - green air model ·Pedra Branca works in line with the guidelines of the Bill Clinton Foundation ^* * Initiatives in the themes: climate change, economic development, girls and women, global health and health and well-being ·"We have macaws, jackdaws, toucans on the balconies of our residences; ·The supermarket Hippo has a vegetable garden	·Constantly missing power and burning appliances Constant power failures, low tension and surges that damage electrical goods ·Residents do not make compost
Student 1	·There is less litter in the street (it's cleaner) ·Reuse of paper and cardboard boxes at Unisul ·Coloured boxes to put paper that can be reused in Unisul ·Solar energy on the promenade (main street)
Student 2	·Houses with solar panels ·Making paper blocks for sketching ·On the promenade there is solar energy (main street)	·Unisul should institute a selective collection policy
Student 3	·Use both sides of paper and subsequent donation to an indigenous tribe ·euse of glass ·Classes of students plant trees and put up small signs. ·Unisul Solar Project in elementary school	·There is no selective collection within Unisul ·Deploy project with Install solar panels in Unisul buildings
Student 4	·The structure of the new building (sustainable architecture) ·Collection of paper, in the colored boxes, where we store the paper that can be reused ·The xerox companies also recycle ·Hitchhiking incentive ·People who live nearby come on foot
Student 5	·Nature preservation practices ·Separation of organic waste from recyclable ·Existence of photovoltaic panels

Mapped Tensions at Unisul^* * The number that accompanies the tension was generated by Atlas ti and corresponds to the number of times that this aspect was cited by the investigated	Alignment with Theoretical Dimensions	Author Reference
Inefficient communication {26-2}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Few isolated practices {24-1}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958...
Commitment {19-0}	Dimension Ownership and Individual level	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; T. Hahn et al. (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...
Lack of disclosure of sustainability indicators {11-0}	Societal level	T. Hahn et al. (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...
Lack of infrastructure {10-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Lack of understanding of the concept of sustainable urbanism {9-0}	Individual level	T. Hahn et al. (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...
Too much marketing {9-1}	Dimension Range and Depth	Csutora (2011)Csutora, M. (2011). From eco-efficiency to eco-effectiveness? The policy-performance paradox. Society and Economy, 33(1), 161-181. http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.12 http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.1...
Absence of a policy for sustainability {8-4}	Dimension Private value of shared value	Csutora (2011)Csutora, M. (2011). From eco-efficiency to eco-effectiveness? The policy-performance paradox. Society and Economy, 33(1), 161-181. http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.12 http://doi.org/10.1556/SocEc.33.2011.1.1...
Waste of natural resources {8-1}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Difficulty of access {8-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Geographical location isolated {8-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Lack of connectivity {7-1}	Dimension Ownership	Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Absence of selective collection {7-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Collective coexistence {6-1}	Learning Dimension	Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
There is no engagement. {6-2}	Dimension Ownership	Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Lack of security {5-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Many conflicts {5-3}	Dimension Ownership	Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Affordable Sustainability {5-1}	Societal level	T. Hahn et al. (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...
Lack of knowledge of sustainable practices {4-0}	Individual level	T. Hahn et al. (2010)Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Editorial trade-offs in corporate sustainability: You can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 19, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.674...
Management of organic matter {4-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Difficulty establishing in the region {3-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Poor transport systems {3-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Investment in education for sustainability {3-0}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958...
Urban and rural integration {3-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Urban planning {3-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Absence of collectivity {3-0}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... and Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958...
Absence of adequate access roads {2-2}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Absence of qualified professionals {2-1}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958...
Absence of the State {2-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Exhaustion of natural resources {2-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Lack of social interaction {2-0}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Neighbourhood management {2-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Omission of public authority {2-1}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Internal pressure of shareholders. {2-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Overlap of responsibilities (neighbourhood and public authority) {2-1}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... and Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Technology delayed {2-2}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
High cost of living in the region {1-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Difficulty integrating different social classes {1-0}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Exaggerated exploitation of natural resources {1-0}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Lack of security {1-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Legislation of cities {1-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Process of urbanisation: residential and industrial {1-0}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Land area relief {1-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Resistance of neighbours {1-1}	Learning Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
Environmental constraints {1-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...
Segregation of cities {1-2}	Performance Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040... ; Smith and Lewis (2011)Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958 http://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958... .
High property value {1-1}	Organizational Dimension	Iizuka et al. (2015)Iizuka, E., Varela, C., & Larroudé, E. (2015). Social business dilemmas in Brazil: Rede Asta case. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(4), 385-396. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150403 http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902015040...

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