AN ADAPTED UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLING

D. Neto, José C.; Resque, Ian S.; Avelino, Rodrigo A.; Santos, Vagner B. dos; Leite, Lucas S.; Cesar, Lucas O.; Belo, Paulo H. da Silva; Albuquerque, Jones; Lima Filho, José L. de

doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20170892

José C. D. Neto

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-6197

Ian S. Resque

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

Rodrigo A. Avelino

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

Vagner B. dos Santos ^**e-mail: vagner.bsantos@ufpe.br

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

Lucas S. Leite

Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brasil

Lucas O. Cesar

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

Paulo H. da Silva Belo

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife - PE, Brasil

Jones Albuquerque

Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brasil

Instituto para Redução de Riscos e Desastres de Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brasil

José L. de Lima Filho

Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brasil

*e-mail: vagner.bsantos@ufpe.br

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
The adapted UAV with a sampling system. On the left, the flow system with the solenoid valve (SV) and peristaltic mini-pump (PP) is shown. On the right, the UAV is highlighted to show the four sampling flasks (SF) below the stems of the UAV. Also is shown a notebook used to in situ set up the parameters of the C algorithm developed. The remote control of the UAV is connected to the smartphone and powered by DJI GO 4^® software. SP is the sample probe, a cylindrical copper tube employed to avoid the pendulum effect

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Figure 2
Images obtained by our research group during the environmental water sampling. Satellite image (adapted from Google Maps^®) shows the collection points in the region close to the Port of Suape-PE-Brazil (P1, P2 and P3) (a). Sampling of water in the estuary area (P2) (b) and water in the mangrove area (P1) (c) using the adapted UAV

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Figure 3
Analytical curves for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o, m, p-xylenes by GC-MS. He gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min, a column DB-5ms (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm) and benzaldehyde as internal standard were used

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Table 1
Results of the conductivity, pH and temperature of the different samples collected with the automatic system

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Table 2
Result of the quantification of each BTEX in the collected water. Found concentration for no spiked sample (0.0 µg L^-1), and for spiked samples with 10 µg L^-1 and 40 µg L^-1 for each analyte. A = analytes. C = control sample, P1 = sample 1 (mangrove water), P2 = sample 2 (estuary water) and P3 = sample 3 (sea water). BZ = Benzene, TL = toluene, EB = ethylbenzene and Xy = o, m, p-xylenes. The results of the percentage of recovery are expressed as found average value ± standard deviation with n = 3

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Table 3
Result of the sequential sampling, from P1 (mangrove water) to P2 (estuary water) to evaluate possible cross-contamination. BZ = Benzene, TL = toluene, EB = ethylbenzene and Xy = o, m, p-xylenes. The results of relative error (RE), and t-paired test (t) for 95% confidence level with n = 2 (t_tabulated = 12.706) were calculated using the results of the BTEX concentration presented in for comparison purposes. The results of concentrations with ± standard deviation are presented

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Table 4
Evaluating the automated and manual sampling of environmental waters. For this, the P1 (mangrove water), P2 (estuary water) and P3 (sea water) were automated and manually collected for BTEX analysis by GC-MS. BZ = Benzene, TL = toluene, EB = ethylbenzene and Xy = o, m, p-xylenes. The results of concentrations with ± standard deviation with n = 2 are presented such as relative error (RE) and t-paired test (t). t_tabulated = 12.706 for n = 2

Sample	Conductivity / µS cm^-1	pH	Temperature/ °C
Control-sea	29,901.7 ± 9.4	8.67 ± 0.01	30 ± 1
P1-mangrove	29,968.3 ± 15.6	8.19 ± 0.01	33 ± 1
P2- estuary	29,817.3 ± 15.0	8.10 ± 0.01	32 ± 1
P3-sea	30,018.0 ± 4.0	8.22 ± 0.01	31 ± 1

A	Added/ µg L^-1	C / µg L^-1	P1/ µg L^-1	P2/ µg L^-1	P3/ µg L^-1
BZ	0.0	1.21±0.04	0.19±0.02	0.92±0.03	0.47±0.05
	10.0	9.21±0.03 (92.1%)	10.10 ±0.09 (101%)	8.68±0.05 (86.8%)	8.52±0.05 (85.2%)
	40.0	39.68±0.02 (99.2%)	41.2±0.06 (103%)	43.6±0.06 (109%)	39.84±0.11 (99.6%)
TL	0.0	4.72±0.02	1.48±0.06	4.26±0.06	4.83±0.23
	10.0	9.55±0.05 (95.5%)	8.46±0.25 (84.6%)	9.41±0.46 (94.1%)	9.44±0.40 (94.4%)
	40.0	33.56±0.80 (83.9%)	39.20±0.59 (98.0%)	34.84±0.97 (87.1%)	35.97±0.47 (89.9%)
EB	0.0	1.31 ± 0.03	0.38±0.02	1.60 ± 0.08	1.43 ± 0.03
	10.0	10.36±0.07 (104%)	9.29±0.20 (92.9%)	10.21±0.32 (102%)	9.45±0.14 (94.5%)
	40.0	43.88 ± 0.42 (110%)	39.2 ± 0.59 (98.0%)	41.82 ± 3.0 (103%)	44.8 ± 0.12 (112%)
Xy	0.0	2.97 ± 0.05	1.11±0.02	3.40 ± 0.08	3.21 ± 0.06
	10.0	11.76±0.04 (118%)	10.37±0.50 (104%)	11.81±0.20 (118%)	10.60±0.13 (106%)
	40.0	36.17 ± 0.12 (96.2%)	44.12 ± 1.73 (110 %)	41.2 ± 0.31 (103%)	44.9 ± 0.02 (112%)

A	¹P1_M2/μg L^-1	²P1_M1/μg L^-1	RE_P1/%	t_P1	¹P2_M2/μg L^-1	²P2_M1/μg L^-1	RE_P2/%	t_P2
BZ	0.20 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.02	5.26	0.50	0.96 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.03	4.35	0.74
TL	1.49 ± 0.01	1.48 ± 0.06	0.67	0.23	4.24 ± 0.04	4.26 ± 0.06	-0.47	0.39
EB	0.38 ± 0.01	0.38 ± 0.02	0.00	0.00	1.56 ± 0.07	1.60 ± 0.08	-2.50	0.53
Xy	1.08 ± 0.04	1.11 ± 0.02	-2.70	0.95	3.37 ± 0.06	3.40 ± 0.08	-0.88	0.42

A	¹P1_M2/ μg L^-1	²P1/ μg L^-1	RE₁/%	t_P1	¹P2 _M2/ μg L^-1	²P2/ μg L^-1	RE_P2/%	t_P2	¹P3 _M2/ μg L^-1	²P3/ μg L^-1	RE_P3/%	t_P3
BZ	0.20±0.02	0.19±0.03	5.26	0.39	0.96±0.07	1.01±0.09	-4.95	0.62	0.51±0.08	0.50±0.07	2.00	0.13
TL	1.49±0.01	1.50±0.03	-0.67	0.45	4.24±0.04	4.27±0.06	-0.70	0.59	4.87±0.09	4.82±0.05	1.04	0.68
EB	0.38±0.01	0.36±0.03	5.56	0.89	1.56±0.07	1.52±0.08	2.63	0.53	1.54±0.06	1.45±0.04	6.20	1.76
Xy	1.08±0.04	1.06±0.08	1.89	0.32	3.37±0.06	3.23±0.07	4.33	2.15	3.21±0.07	3.15±0.06	1.90	0.92

[1] *e-mail: vagner.bsantos@ufpe.br