Enzymatic activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans

ARTIGO

Enzymatic activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans

Andréa Scaramal Silva^I; Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira Camargo^I; Robson Andreazza^II,*; Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques^III; Daiana Bortoluzzi Baldoni^III; Fátima M. Bento^IV

^IDepartamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91541-000 Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil

^IICentro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Almirante Barroso 1734, 96010-280 Pelotas - RS / Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91541-000 Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria - RS, Brasil

^IVDepartamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91541-000 Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental conditions for enzyme activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans in cell-free and immobilized extracts. The optimum conditions of pH, temperature, time course and effect of ions for enzyme activity were determined. Peak activity of C1,2O occurred at pH 8.0. The isolate exhibited the highest activity of C2,3O at pH 7.0 and 8.0 for the cell-free extract and immobilized extract, respectively. This isolate exhibited important characteristics such as broad range of pH, temperature and time course for enzyme activity.

Keywords: anthracene; enzyme activity; enzyme immobilization.

INTRODUCTION

Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to exhibit high toxicity and cancerous properties in humans and animals.¹ Thus, studies on environmental contamination by PAH compounds have increased over recent years.^2-5 However, the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites using the biodegradation technique is an efficient alternative for reducing these environmental problems.

The soil microorganisms are potential catalytic sources for biodegradation of organic compounds; however, PAHs are selective substances which provide a selective source of carbon as energy, and can promote a toxic effect in most microorganisms; therefore, the soil can be an important source of microorganisms for biodegradation of PAHs.⁶ However, it is necessary to determine the optimum environmental conditions of the efficien microorganisms for growth and to biodegrade different PAHs.

The use of microbial enzymes for biodegradation of toxic organic compounds such as PAH is promoting excellent results in the clean-up of different environments including water,^7-9 sludge² and soil.¹⁰ The enzymes for degradation of PAHs can be divided into two groups: the peripheral group and fission group.¹¹ The enzymes have a role in peripheral recognition and convert the degradable PAH molecules by enzymes in fission, allowing entry of these molecules to the common routes of energy generation and carbon in microbial cells.¹¹

Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.1) has Fe³⁺ as a prosthetic group and belongs to the enzymes that perform intradiol cleavage.¹² Many bacterial species do not have identical α and β subunits (αβ-Fe³⁺)_n; while others have simple polypeptides (α α-Fe³⁺) and present little or no activity to chloro-catechols.¹² Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.2) however, belongs to the extradiol cleaving enzyme class and has four identical subunits of 32KDa and contains a catalytic iron ion (Fe²⁺) per subunit.

Some species of Gordonia have been used for biodegradation of organic compounds such as diesel,¹³ biodiesel,¹⁴ crude oil,¹⁵ some PAHs such as dibenzothiophene (DBT),¹⁶ di-n-octyl phthalate,¹⁷ and some aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.¹⁸ Although detection of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase produced by Gordonia spp. has been described,¹⁹ there is a paucity of studies investigating optimum environmental conditions for biodegradation of anthracene by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans. The enzyme activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase can be an important tool for further use in biodegradation of PAHs.

Despite the many advantages of using enzymes in the bioremediation of wastewater, it has been observed that free enzymes tend to show low stability under certain environmental conditions. Therefore, immobilization technology has been widely used, improving activity, stability, specificity, selectivity while decreasing inhibition.¹⁹ The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental conditions that affect the activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, in cell-free and immobilized extracts, for further bioremediation studies in wastewater treatment.

EXPERIMENTAL

Microorganism, media and growth conditions

An aromatic hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortium was obtained from the enrichment culture of a petrochemical landfarm.²⁰ From this consortium, an isolate was characterized by the 16S rRNA region as Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, and was used for further analysis.

This isolate was inoculated in Erlenmeyer flasks with Luria Bertani broth (LB) amended with 250 mg L^-1 of anthracene as fine crystals (Merck^TM, Darmstadt, Germany). The LB broth medium comprised 5.0 g L^-1 of meat extract; 10.0 g L^-1 of tryptone; and 10.0 g L^-1 of NaCl. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 by adding aliquots of either HCl or NaOH. The media were sterilized by autoclaving at 121ºC for 20 min. Flasks were incubated at 30 ºC with orbital shaking (150 rpm) with three replicates used for each individual experiment.

Preparation of cell-free extract

After growth for 36 h, cells were harvested from LB by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, for 10 min at 5 ºC). The pellet was washed twice with phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) and re-suspended in 10 mL of the same buffer. Suspensions were sonicated with repeated 40 s bursts alternated with 1 min cooling in ice. Cell debris was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. Supernatants (cell-free extract) were used for enzyme assays and immobilization as outlined below.

Enzyme immobilization

The enzyme was immobilized using the sodium alginate matrix technique.²¹ One milliliter of cell-free extract (9000 U) was suspended in 9 mL of 2% (w/v) sodium alginate prepared in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0). After homogenization of the mixture, the enzyme was dripped into 100 mL of solution of 0.2 M of CaCl₂, using a pipette. Upon contact with the solution, the drops gelled to form defined-sized spheres (3 mm of diameter) which remained in the solution under gentle agitation to complete gel formation. After 1 h of incubation, the beads were removed, washed twice with sterile distilled water and stored at 4 ºC.

Enzyme activity

Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity in the cell-free and immobilized extracts was assayed spectrophotometrically with measurement of absorbance at λ = 260 nm, corresponding to the formation of cis,cis-muconic acid. The reaction mixtures contained 1 mL of soluble or immobilized enzyme preparations; 1 mL of 0.8 mM catechol; 0.8 mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0) and 0.2 mL of 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoetanol.²² The activity of the cell-free and immobilized catechol 2,3-dioxygenase was determined spectrophotometrically with the measurement of absorbance at λ = 375 nm, as described by Baggi et al..²³

The reaction mixtures contained 1 mL of soluble or immobilized enzyme preparation; 1 mL of 0.3 mM catechol; and 0.8 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). All determinations were made in duplicate for each sample. After the addition of the enzymes (for both cell-free and immobilized extract), mixtures were incubated at 30 ºC in a water-bath. At set time intervals, aliquots were used to monitor reaction progress in the spectrophotometer.

Effect of pH, temperature and time course

The optimum pH was determined by measuring activity at 30 ºC over the pH range 4.0 to 9.0, using the following buffers: 50 mM acetate (pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5), 50 mM phosphate (pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0) and 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0). The optimum temperature was determined by assaying the enzyme activity at various temperatures (from 5 to 70 ºC) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0). The time course of the enzyme activity was determined by measuring the activity in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0), at 30 ºC for 90 min with intervals of 10 min.

Effect of ions

The ions tested were Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, K⁺ and NH₄⁺ at a concentration of 1.0 mM for each ion and 10 mM for NH₄⁺ in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0), at 25 ºC in cell-free and immobilized extracts. Ions were not added to the control or those in the buffer. The chemicals used were copper sulphate, magnesium chloride, mercury chloride, manganese chloride, iron chloride, potassium acetate and ammonium sulphate.

RESULTS

Effect of pH

The pH affected the enzyme activity of both enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) in the cell-free extract (Figure 1). The highest activity of C1,2O was at pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. In the phosphate buffer, the C1,2O enzyme was high at pH 8.0 achieving the highest relative activity of almost 100%; on the other hand, the enzyme activity was low at pH levels lower than 5.5 (acetate buffer), showing sensitivity for H⁺ presence in the solution. The activity of the enzyme C2,3O was greatest at pH 7.0 in the phosphate buffer. In Tris-HCl, activity of the C2,3O enzyme was highest at pH 7.5; however, in the acetate buffer the C2,3O activity produced by Gordonia was higher than 30%, showing the capacity of this enzyme to adapt under different conditions for enzyme activity.

The activity of the enzyme C2,3O produced by the isolate Gordonia polyisoprenivorans exhibited a different behavior with cell-free and immobilized extracts at different pH ranges (Figure 2). C2,3O exhibited less interference in the enzyme activity at all extremes of pH range. The isolate showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 with the cell-free extract, in the phosphate buffer. On the other hand, the immobilized extract showed the highest activity of the enzyme C2,3O at pH 8.0, also in the phosphate buffer; however, the enzyme C2,3O showed high activity in a pH range of between 6.5 and 8.0 for both buffers, Tris-HCl and phosphate.

Effect of temperature

The different temperatures affected activity of both enzymes C1,2O and C2,3O; however, the different temperatures promoted similar behaviors for both enzymes (Figure 3). The activity of C2,3O peaked at a temperature of 30 ºC, and the enzyme C1,2O at 25 ºC. Upon comparing the two enzymes (C1,2O and C2,3O), it is notable that C2,3O exhibited a higher relative activity than C1,2O across all temperatures, differing only for the optimum temperature. However, C2,3O showed high relative activity of 45 and 37% at 45 and 50 ºC, respectively, showing a high potential to oxidize aromatic rings at high temperatures whereas C1,2O did not exhibit the same results.

The immobilization of C2,3O produced by the Gordonia polyisoprenivorans promoted the highest activity at 50 ºC, which is 20 ºC higher than the cell-free extract with the same relative activity (Figure 4). Furthermore, the immobilization of the enzyme C2,3O increased activity at high temperatures. For both cell-free and immobilized extracts, C2,3O exhibited high enzyme activity; however, temperatures lower than 25 ºC drastically decreased C2,3O activity for the immobilized extract. In summary, the immobilization of the enzyme C2,3O increased stability and the temperature range with high enzyme activity.

Time course

Enzymatic activity for both C1,2O and C2,3O decreased with the time course (Figure 5). C1,2O was more sensitive with the time course than enzyme C2,3O. The enzyme C1,2O exhibited activity for 60 min, maintaining high activity during the first 30 min losing only 10% of the initial relative activity. After 40 min of incubation, relative activity was less than 40%, further decreasing until 60 min. The enzyme C2,3O exhibited the highest stability, with relative activity during the entire time course. However, at 30 min of incubation, enzymatic activity had lost 48% of the initial relative activity, and after 60 min, the level of activity was very low (22%) where it remained until the end of the experiment.

The cell-free extract and immobilized extract showed the same behavior in enzyme activity for C2,3O produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans during the time course (Figure 6). However, the cell-free extract of the C2,3O enzyme showed higher activity than the immobilized extract during the 90 min of incubation.

Effect of ions

The activity of both enzymes C1,2O and C2,3O was affected differently for the cations added (Figure 7a). The presence of K⁺ and Cu²⁺ inhibited 25% of the enzyme activity for both enzymes C1,2O and C2,3O. The presence of Hg²⁺ ions in the reaction mixture of C2,3O inhibited 22% of enzyme activity, yet the same metal boosted the activity of C1,2O by 12%. On the other hand, the presence of Mg ions inhibited the activity of C1,2O by 28%, and stimulated the activity of C2,3O by 23% of the relative activity. The addition of the Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺ and NH₄⁺ cations stimulated the enzyme activity of both enzymes. Mn showed the highest stimulation for both enzymes, with almost 100% stimulation for the C1,2O enzyme, and 132% stimulation for the C2,3O enzyme.

The activity of C2,3O produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans showed the same behavior for both cell-free and immobilized extracts in the presence of the different cations K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, Hg²⁺, and Mn²⁺ (Figure 7b). However, the cell-free extract showed slightly greater activity for all treatments, compared with the immobilized extract. The immobilization of C2,3O did not exhibit protection against the deleterious effects of Hg²⁺, K⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions, and even promoted the activity with most of the cations with the exception of iron. The greatest difference obtained was for the presence of Cu²⁺, which showed 51% of relative activity in the immobilized extract versus 76% for the cell-free extract.

DISCUSSION

Gordonia polyisoprenivorans was first isolated degrading polymers of rubber from used tires.²⁴ This microorganism is an actinomycete that forms hyphae, which by breaking the down produces rod-shaped or coccus cells. Several studies have reported the use of this specie in the degradation of aliphatic compounds,²⁵ crude oil,^15,26 diesel,¹³ biodiesel,¹⁴ some PAHs^16,27 and di-n-octyl phthalate.¹⁷ However, there is a paucity of studies on enzyme degradation use by Gordonia for bioremediation. Furthermore, there are few studies on dioxygenases produced by actinomycetes in the treatment of waste contaminated with aromatic pollutants.

In this study of enzymatic activity, two routes for degradation of anthracene via ortho and meta pathways were identified for which the activity of the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) was quantified. In this study, environmental conditions that affect the activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) from Gordonia polyisoprenivorans were assessed in cell-free extract and immobilized extract. According to the results obtained, there was a predominance of the enzyme C2,3O produced by the isolated G. polyisoprenivorans. This may be related to the economy of energy by the bacteria which decreases the production of the enzyme C1,2O and is part of a more complex route for degradation.²⁸

The enzyme activity of C2,3O was higher than that of C1,2O under most of the environmental conditions tested. H⁺ concentration affects enzyme activity in various ways. One way to be considered is that the catalytic process requires this enzyme, with specific catalytic groups in an ionized or non-ionized state, to interact with the substrate without alteration in its active conformation and stability of enzymes. Consequently, it does not drastically reduce its activity.²⁹ The enzyme can be immobilized on a solid support, such as sodium alginate and thus the optimum pH tends to increase by two units.³⁰ This increase is due to the fact that the surface of the immobilized enzyme concentration of H⁺ ions is greater than the concentration of H⁺ ions in the solution where the pH is measured. Thus, the enzyme activity of the C2,3O isolate of G.polyisoprenivorans in the cell-free extract showed higher activity at pH 7.0 in phosphate buffer, whereas the immobilized extract showed the highest activity of this enzyme in the phosphate buffer at pH 8.0.

Enzyme activity is dependent upon temperature.²⁹ Most enzymes have an optimum temperature which can be related to the temperature of the environment in which microorganisms were isolated.³¹ Other enzymes, such as copper reductase, are also influenced by different temperatures.^32,33 At low temperatures the movement of the molecules is slow and no activity is required to convert the substrate into a product, while at higher temperatures, the thermal movement of the molecules is too high to ensure enzyme conformation, thus causing their denaturation and activity loss.²⁹ Fernandez-Lafuente et al.³⁴ determined the optimum temperature for the activity of the enzyme C2,3O as 50 ºC, where the enzyme was produced by Bacillus stearothermophilus and showed optimum growth at 55 ºC.

The enzyme C1,2O showed the lowest activity at 5 ºC. This activity increased to achieve an optimum temperature at 25 ºC. At 35 ºC, relative activity was 40%, with activity close to zero at temperatures above 45 ºC. This demonstrates that the enzyme has a well-defined optimum temperature, and a small variation above or below this value can generate substantial activity losses. Similar results were found by Kalogeris et al.³⁵ when evaluating the enzyme activity of C1,2O produced by Pseudomonas putida.

The time course of enzyme activity is an important and very practical issue; since this evaluation enables determination of the time required for the substrate to be converted into a product.²⁹ Immobilization is due to implementing a support that modifies the micro-environment in which the enzyme works.³⁶ However, immobilized enzymes may have low enzyme activity compared to free enzymes, allowing greater catalytic efficiency of enzymes, as well as defining their kinetic properties and stability.³⁷ Thus, the application of nutrients did not increase the activity of immobilized extract, probably due to lower diffusion through the solid barrier (sodium alginate), where the same occurred with inhibitors, confirming the theory that immobilized enzymes may have lower activity due to reduced availability of nutrients, but greater stability as they are less affected by inhibitors compared to their free form.³⁶ Our results corroborated this notion, where the cell-free extract exhibited higher activity than the immobilized extract under many of the environmental conditions tested.

In many proteins, metal ions interactions play catalytic roles whereas in others the metals appear to have a purely structural role. Independently of enzyme (C1,2O or C2,3O) and cellular extract (free or immobilized), Mn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions stimulated enzyme activity. Conversely, K⁺ and Cu⁺² ions inhibited enzymatic activity. Other studies have showned that manganese as a divalent cation is present in the structure of enzymes as well as iron dioxygenases, but in smaller proportions, especially for enzymes with intradiol cleavage, i.e. catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and protocatechol 3,4-dioxygenase.³⁸ This fact can be explained by the chemical properties of manganese compared to iron II or iron III properties for this ion, such as a core element that indicates the specific location of the addition of O₂, producing the opening of an aromatic ring.³⁹ Both types of catechol dioxygenase contain an active-site iron that is essential for enzyme activity.³⁹ At the adequate concentration in mineral medium, the iron improved PAH degradation by Pseudomonas isolates.⁴⁰ In relation to the effect of Cu⁺², many studies have shown inhibition promoted by this element in enzymatic systems. Copper has been shown to drastically inhibit catechol dioxygenases activity produced by P. putida,⁴¹Geobacillus sp.²³ and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans.⁴²

CONCLUSIONS

The enzyme activity of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase in the cell-free extract was higher than catechol 1,2-dioxygenase under most of the environment conditions evaluated. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase exhibited higher activity in upper and lower pH ranges, at higher temperatures, and maintained activity over a broad time course. Enzyme activity stimulus and inhibitions were similar for both enzymes with presence of ions in the reaction mixture. The immobilization of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase did not result in higher activity for this enzyme in the peaks of pH, low temperatures and presence of toxic ions. Nevertheless, enzyme activity steadily increased with higher temperatures. Both enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase produced by Gordonia polyisopre showed activity over a wide range of environmental conditions and exhibited great potential for use in bioremediation techniques applied to liquid waste contaminated with aromatic pollutants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Brazil.

Recebido em 23/1/12; aceito em 23/4/12; publicado na web em 20/7/2012

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Sept 2012
• Date of issue
  2012

History

• Received
  23 Jan 2012
• Accepted
  23 Apr 2012